龙眼叶乙醇提取物自由基清除活性研究

采用二苯基苦味肼基自由基体系,研究龙眼叶乙醇冷浸法提取物对抗自由基的能力,并测定其总黄酮含量,探讨自由基清除活性和总黄酮含量之间的关系。结果表明,龙眼叶乙醇提取物在非常低的浓度即表现出很强的自由基的清除能力。龙眼叶乙醇提取物浓度增加后DPPH自由基清除活性迅速增加。此外,龙眼叶乙醇提取物的自由基清除率和作用时间的关系变化不明显。     

不同溶剂绞股蓝提取物清除自由基性能

分别以80℃水和25℃50%的乙醇溶液为提取溶剂,固液比1∶30,以普通震荡法提取绞股蓝中黄酮类(包括儿茶素、原花青素)物质,紫外显色法测定两种提取液中黄酮类物质含量。结果表明:提取液中黄酮类物质含量分别为18.0 mg/g和6.00 mg/g,提取液温度对绞股蓝中黄酮类物质的提取效果影响较大。80℃水提取液比25℃50%的乙醇提取液清除DPPH自由基的能力更强;清除自由基能力与提取物中黄酮类物质含量并不完全呈正比。     

罗汉果提取液对自由基的清除作用

以邻苯三酚自氧化产生超氧自由基(02-),Fenton反应产生羟自由基(.OH),用分光光度法测定罗汉果提取物对O2-和.OH的清除作用。结果表明,罗汉果提取物对O2-和.0H均有显著清除作用。     

三白草提取物对自由基的清除作用研究

考察了三白草乙醇提取物经不同溶剂萃取所得的各部分对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、羟基自由基和超氧自由基的清除能力。以2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)为参考。结果表明,三白草乙醇提取物经不同溶剂萃取所得的各部分对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧自由基都具有清除能力,且随着提取物浓度的增加,清除能力逐渐增高;其中乙酸乙酯部分对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧自由基的清除作用最强。     

黄山贡菊提取物对羟自由基清除作用

采用邻二氮菲—Fe(Ⅱ) /H2 O2 体系产生羟自由基(·OH) ,用分光光度法(波长5 36nm)研究了黄山贡菊提取物对·OH的抑制和清除作用。结果表明:黄山贡菊提取物对·OH具有显著的抑制和清除作用。     

三种云南产鲜花醇提液对ABTS自由基的清除作用

以3种常见食用花卉(玫瑰花、菊花、茉莉花)为原材料,经乙醇浸提得鲜花醇提液,考察了鲜花醇提液对ABTS自由基的清除作用。结果表明,浓度为2.5mg·mL~(-1)时,玫瑰花、菊花和茉莉花醇提液对ABTS自由基的清除率分别为80.61%、93.90%和83.71%,对ABTS自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC50值)分别为1.15mg·mL~(-1)、1.02mg·mL~(-1)和1.21mg·mL~(-1),其中菊花醇提液清除ABTS自由基的能力最强。食用玫瑰花、菊花、茉莉花醇提液均对ABTS自由基具有较强的清除作用,可作为天然抗氧化剂加以开发。为开发和利用云南鲜花资源作为天然高效食品抗氧化剂提供了理论依据。     

穿心莲总黄酮提取及对羟自由基清除作用

探讨穿心莲总黄酮的提取、鉴别及对羟自由基清除作用.采用超声波乙醇浸提法从穿心莲中提取黄酮类物质,对所提取的黄酮类物质进行验证,并用分光光度法测定含量,用穿心莲总黄酮对羟自由基清除作用进行试验.结果测得样品中总黄酮的含量C=0.7679 mg·mL-1,回收率为102.5%,其纯度和产率均较高.该方法采用全物理过程,无任何污染,是提取穿心莲黄酮类物质的有效途径.穿心莲总黄酮提取液对Fenton体系产生的·OH自由基有很好的清除作用.     

蒲公英总黄酮提取及对羟自由基清除作用

为充分利用蒲公英植物资源,避免资源的浪费,探讨蒲公英总黄酮的提取、鉴别及对羟自由基清除作用。采用超声波乙醇浸提法从蒲公英中提取黄酮类物质,对所提取的黄酮类物质进行验证,并用分光光度法测定含量,用蒲公英总黄酮对羟自由基清除作用进行试验。结果测得样品中总黄酮的含量C=0．9366mg／mL,回收率为103％,其纯度和产率均较高。由此知该方法采用全物理过程,无任何污染,是提取蒲公英黄酮类物质的有效途径。蒲公英总黄酮提取液对Fenton体系产生的＊OH自由基有很好的清除作用。     

枇杷核总黄酮的提取及对羟基自由基清除作用的考察

以市售枇杷核为原料,用不同溶度乙醇浸提,研究其提取物对羟基自由基的清除效果。采用正交试验法对影响枇杷核总黄酮提取率的主要因素进行研究和分析,考察了乙醇浓度、回流温度、回流时间及料液比等四个因素对枇杷核总黄酮提取率的影响。并筛选出最佳工艺条件。枇杷核黄酮乙醇浸提最佳条件为：浸提时间2 h,固液比1∶20,浸提温度50℃。同时考察了在Fe2＋-水杨酸和H2O2发生羟基自由基的模拟体系中测定枇杷核提取液对.OH的清除效果。     

Free Radical Scavenging and Cellular Antioxidant Properties of Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin is a coloring agent which is used as a feed additive in aquaculture nutrition. Recently, potential health benefits of astaxanthin have been discussed which may be partly related to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. Our electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin trapping data suggest that synthetic astaxanthin is a potent free radical scavenger in terms of diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and galvinoxyl free radicals. Furthermore, astaxanthin dose-dependently quenched singlet oxygen as determined by photon counting. In addition to free radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching properties, astaxanthin induced the antioxidant enzyme paroxoanase-1, enhanced glutathione concentrations and prevented lipid peroxidation in cultured hepatocytes. Present results suggest that, beyond its coloring properties, synthetic astaxanthin exhibits free radical scavenging, singlet oxygen quenching, and antioxidant activities which could probably positively affect animal and human health.     

Characterization of the SWEET Gene Family in Longan (Dimocarpus longan) and the Role of DlSWEET1 in Cold Tolerance

Sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEET), a group of relatively novel sugar transporters, that play important roles in phloem loading, seed and fruit development, pollen development, and stress response in plants. Longan (Dimocarpus longan), a subtropic fruit tree with high economic value, is sensitive to cold. However, whether the SWEET gene family plays a role in conferring cold tolerance upon longan remains unknown. Here, a total of 20 longan SWEET (DlSWEET) genes were identified, and their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, cis-acting elements, and tissue-specific expression patterns were systematically analyzed. This family is divided into four clades. Gene structures and motifs analyses indicated that the majority of DlSWEETs in each clade shared similar exon–intron organization and conserved motifs. Tissue-specific gene expression suggested diverse possible functions for DlSWEET genes. Cis-elements analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that DlSWEET1 responded to cold stress. Notably, the overexpression of DlSWEET1 improved cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting that DlSWEET1 might play a positive role in D. longan’s responses to cold stress. Together, these results contribute to a better understanding of SWEET genes, which could serve as a foundation for the further functional identification of these genes.     

Radical Scavenging Activity of Lipophilized Products from Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of Triolein with Cinnamic and Ferulic Acids

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of triolein with cinnamic and ferulic acids using an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the lipophilized products as model systems for enhanced protection of unsaturated oil. The lipophilized products were identified using ESI-MS. Free radical scavenging activity was determined using the DPPH radical method. The polarity of the solvents proved important in determining the radical scavenging activity of the substrates. Ferulic acid showed much higher radical scavenging activity than cinnamic acid, which has limited activity. The esterification of cinnamic acid and ferulic acid with triolein resulted in significant increase and decrease in the radical scavenging activity, respectively. These opposite effects were due to the effect of addition of electron-donating alkyl groups on the predominant mechanism of reaction (hydrogen atom transfer or electron transfer) of a species with DPPH. The effect of esterification of cinnamic acid was confirmed using ethyl cinnamate which greatly enhances the radical scavenging activity. Although, compared to the lipophilized cinnamic acid product, the activity was lower. The radical scavenging activity of the main component isolated from lipophilized cinnamic acid product using solid phase extraction, monocinnamoyl dioleoyl glycerol, was as good as the unseparated mixture of lipophilized product. Based on the ratio of a substrate to DPPH concentration, lipophilized ferulic acid was a much more efficient radical scavenger than lipophilized cinnamic acid.     

龙眼核中的神经酰胺和脑苷脂的分离和鉴定

研究龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)果核的化学成分,采用硅胶柱色谱对龙眼果核石油醚提取物和体积分数95%乙醇提取物进行分离,并利用理化性质和光谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。从龙眼果核的提取物中分离得到一组混合神经酰胺(化合物1、2)和一组混合脑苷脂(化合物3～6),结构鉴定为Rel-(3S,4S,5S)-3-[(2'R)-2'-羟基二十二酰胺]-4-羟基-5-[(4″Z)-十四烷-4″-烯]-2,3,4,5-四氢呋喃(1)、Rel-(3S,4S,5S)-3-[(2'R)-2'-羟基二十四酰胺]-4-羟基-5-[(4″Z)-十四烷-4″-烯]-2,3,4,5-四氢呋喃(2)、1-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-(2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-(2'-羟基二十四酰胺)-8-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(3)、1-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-(2S,3S,4R,8Z)-2-(2'-羟基二十四酰胺)-8-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(4)、1-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-(2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-(2'-羟基二十二酰胺)-8-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(5)、1-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-(2S,3S,4R,8Z)-2-(2'-羟基二十二酰胺)-8-十八烯-1,3,4-三醇(6)。     

Ozone Reactivity and Free Radical Scavenging Behavior of Phenolic Secondary Metabolites in Lichens Exposed to Chronic Oxidant Air Pollution from Mexico City

Lichen secondary metabolites putatively protect lichens from a variety of environmental stress factors, but it is unknown whether these substances respond to air pollution. To assess such a possibility, the three major phenolics of two epiphytic lichen species with contrasting tolerance to chronic air pollution from Mexico City were studied by combining experimental reactivity data and measured field contents. The antioxidant activity and antiradical power of boninic (BO), 2-O-methylsekikaic (MA), and usnic (US) acids, isolated from the tolerant Ramalina asahinae and salazinic acid (SA), atranorin (AT), and chloroatranorin (CA), from the sensitive Parmotrema stuppeum, were determined in vitro by kinetic experiments with ozone and the free radical diphenyl picryl hidrazyl (DPPH^•), respectively. In addition, the field contents of these phenolics in the lichens, and the potential antioxidant capacity (PAC) they provide, were compared among three forested sites exposed to urban emissions and a similar, relatively clean site. The six phenolics had antioxidant activity and antiradical power according to these trends: CA >> AT > US > SA ≥ BO ≥ MA for O₃; and CA > AT > US > MA > SA = BO for DPPH^•. The three most reactive phenolics are cortical compounds, located in the lichen portion most exposed to the surrounding environment. In contrast, the less reactive SA, BO, and MA are medullary. Such reactivity patterns indicate that some phenolics may provide antioxidative protection at the air–lichen interface. The higher antioxidant power of CA and AT may be due to the reactive hydroxyl groups at positions 2 and 4 of ring A, instead of the less reactive methoxyl at the same positions in both BO and MA. In the field comparisons, total quantified phenolics were significantly higher near Mexico City for both lichens, except for the tolerant R. asahinae at one site. Nevertheless, only the latter species had significantly increased PAC values at all sites near the city. This result is explained by species-dependent changes in individual phenolics. At the polluted sites, R. asahinae had consistently higher contents of its most reactive phenolic, US, with values approximately twice that of the control site. In contrast, P. stuppeum only increased its less reactive SA (26–35%), but this was counteracted by CA and, to a lesser extent, AT degradation. Thus, the substantial increase in US at the polluted sites appears to be associated with the current ecological success of R. asahinae near the city. On the other hand, the inability of P. stuppeum to overcome degradation of its most reactive phenolic (CA) at the same sites seems to partially explain the declining status of this lichen. These results provide evidence for a protective mechanism in lichens against air pollution based on secondary metabolites, which may eventually determine which species survive in forests stressed by oxidative air pollution.     

Structure and Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities of a Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Dimocarpus longan Pulp

A new water-soluble polysaccharide (longan polysaccharide 1 (LP1)) was extracted and successfully purified from Dimocarpus longan pulp via diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose anion-exchange and Sephacryl S-300 HR gel chromatography. The chemical structure was determined using Infrared (IR), gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The results indicated that the molecular weight of the sample was 1.1 × 10⁵ Da. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that LP1 was composed of Glc, GalA, Ara and Gal in a molar ratio of 5.39:1.04:0.74:0.21. Structural analysis indicated that LP1 consisted of a backbone of →4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→ units with poly saccharide side chains composed of →2)-β-d-Fruf-(1→2)-l-sorbose-(1→ attached to the O-6 position of the α-d-Glcp residues. In vitro experiments indicated that LP1 had significantly high antitumor activity against SKOV3 and HO8910 tumor cells, with inhibition percentages of 40% and 50%, respectively. In addition, LP1 significantly stimulated the production of the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), increased the activity of murine macrophages and enhanced B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation. The results of this study demonstrate that LP1 has potential applications as a natural antitumor agent with immunomodulatory activity.     

7种茶氨酸类似物的合成及清除自由基活性

以L-谷氨酸为起始原料,经邻苯二甲酸酐保护、酰化开环、肼解脱保护等反应合成了7种茶氨酸类似物,结构经EA、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR和MS进行了确认,并测定了其清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基活性。结果表明:2-氨基-5-氧代-5-[(4-羟基苯基)氨基]戊酸清除自由基活性最强,0.002 mol/L时清除DPPH自由基率为90%,0.004 mol/L时清除羟自由基率达95%;2-氨基-5-氧代-5-[(4-氨基苯基)氨基]戊酸次之。由此可见,茶氨酸类似物中5位连有苯基或所连苯基对位有供电子基团时,可提高其清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基活性,且随对位所连基团供电性的提高,清除活性增强。     

活性自由基聚合反应与多种结构聚合物的制备

介绍了原民移自由基聚合反应这一新型的活性自由基聚合方式,并综述了利用这种聚合方法制备的多种结构的聚合物,包括嵌段共取物,交替共聚物,接枝共聚物,星形聚合物,超支化聚合物,梳形聚合物等。     

筛选和评价天然抗氧化剂的方法-DPPH法

从植物中筛选和提取天然抗氧化剂是食品科学研究的热点，用于筛选抗氧化剂、评价抗氧化活性的方法也随之增多。DPPH法是普遍采用的方法之一，此法使用稳定的自由基DPPH筛选抗氧化剂、评价抗氧化效果。本文对DPPH法的原理、操作过程、表示测定结果的方法及该法的特点及应用进行了概括，并对影响测定结果的因素进行了探讨。