Use of terrestrial based lipids in aquaculture feeds and the effects on flesh organohalogen and fatty acid concentrations in farmed Atlantic salmon

Consumption of salmon, wild or farmed, has been encouraged by many scientists and by national and international health organizations due to the potential health benefits associated with their high contents of omega-3 (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs). In 2004, there was increased public concern regarding the safety of farmed Atlantic salmon following the publication of several studies that indicated higher levels of organohalogens in their flesh relative to those noted in the flesh of wild Pacific salmon. Farmed salmon obtain most of these contaminants from the consumption of marine fish oil (MFO) present in salmon feed. In both a laboratory feeding trial and an on-farm field study, partial replacement of MFO in aquaculture feeds with economical and abundant lipids of terrestrial origin resulted in farmed Atlantic salmon with reduced flesh polychlorinated biphenyl and polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and furan concentrations. Flesh levels of n-3 HUFAs (g/(100 g serving)) were lower in farmed Atlantic salmon fed diets with alternative lipids relative to farmed salmon fed more traditional MFO-based diets. However, the former salmon were found to have higher flesh levels of n-3 HUFAs and also similar or lower flesh levels of organic contaminants than some species of market-size wild Pacific salmon. These findings showthat consumption of either farmed Atlantic salmon or wild Pacific salmon can meet recommended weekly n-3 HUFA levels with minimal concurrent intake of flesh organohalogens.     

Flesh quality of market-size farmed and wild British Columbia salmon

This study compared the flesh quality of farmed and wild sources of British Columbia (BC) salmon with respect to concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans and their associated toxic equivalents, total mercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg), and selected fatty acids of known importance for human health viz., omega-3 (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs) and (n-6) fatty acids. Skinned fillets from known sources of farmed Atlantic, coho, and chinook salmon (n = 110) and wild coho, chinook, chum, sockeye, and pink salmon (n = 91) were examined. Atlantic salmon contained higher PCB concentrations (means, 28-38 ng/g) than farmed coho or chinook salmon, and levels in these latter species were similar to those in wild counterparts (means, 2.8-13.7 ng/g). PCB levels in Atlantic salmon flesh were, nevertheless, 53-71-fold less than the level of concern for human consumption of fish, i.e., 2000 ng/g as established by Health Canada and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA). Similarly, THg and MeHg levels in all samples were well below the Health Canada guideline (0.5 microg/g) and the US-FDA action level (1.0 microg/g). On average, THg in farmed salmon (0.021 microg/g) was similar to or lower than wild salmon (0.013-0.077 microg/g). Atlantic salmon were a richer source (mean, 2.34 g/100 g fillet) of n-3 HUFAs than the other farmed and wild sources of salmon examined (means, 0.39-1.17 g/100 g). The present findings support the recommended weekly consumption guidelines for oily fish species (includes all BC salmon sources) for cardio-protective benefits as made by the American Heart Association and the UK Food Standards Agency.     

A preliminary comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations relative to lipid content and to levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are environmental contaminants structurally similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and correlations between PBDE concentrations and concentrations of lipid, PCBs, dioxins and furans in feed and farmed Atlantic salmon filet indicate PBDEs may be derived from similar sources. PBDE concentrations (3.9 ± 0.6 ng g^?1 wet wt) in farmed Atlantic salmon correlated well with lipid content and these other halogenated contaminants, however, lower concentrations of PBDEs (1.6 ± 0.3 ng g^?1 wet wt) showed no correlation. Possible explanations for the non‐linear behaviour of PBDE concentrations in Atlantic salmon are discussed.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in salmon and salmon feed: global differences and bioaccumulation

Concentrations of 160 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners or congener groups were determined in approximately 600 farmed Atlantic salmon from around the world and wild (ocean-caught) Pacific salmon from the Northeast Pacific. Concentrations and PCB congener profiles were analyzed to provide insight into the sources and uptake of PCBs in salmon as well as regional differences. Although total PCB concentrations in wild salmon appeared to be correlated to total lipid content, the increased proportion of total lipids in the farmed salmon could not account for the much greater PCB concentrations. We investigated the PCB congener patterns of hundreds of salmon samples using principal component analysis to further illuminate regional and species differences. Three major PCB patterns were observed, in most wild fish (except British Columbia and Oregon chinook), in farmed fish from the Atlantic, and in most farmed fish from the Pacific. The PCB congener profiles of farmed salmon often closely corresponded to a sample of commercial feed purchased in the same region, indicating that the feed is likely to be the major source of PCBs for farmed salmon. In such cases where PCB profiles in fish and feed were similar, a comparison of congener concentrations in fish and the feed showed that the majority of congeners, with some notable exceptions, were bioaccumulative to the same extent, irrespective of physical properties.     

Effect of Fish and Oil Nature on Frying Process and Nutritional Product Quality

ABSTRACT: The modifications on a lean fish (cod—Gadus morhua) and a fatty fish (farmed salmon—Salmo salar) after the application of pan-frying using 2 types of oil with different lipid profile (extra virgin olive oil and sunflower oil) was the aim of this study. Fat content and total energetic value increased significantly after the frying process only in the lean fish, without relevant changes in the fatty fish. Extra virgin olive oil led to a higher fat absorption rate than sunflower oil in both fish. Frying hardly affected the lipid profile of farmed salmon regardless the oil used, however it drastically changed in fried cod compared to raw cod. Omega-6/omega-3 ratio increased from 0.08 in raw cod to 1.01 and 6.63 in fried cod with olive oil and sunflower oil, respectively. In farmed salmon, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio was 0.38 (raw), and 0.39 to 0.58 in fried salmon. The amount of EPA + DHA slightly decreased with frying in salmon, and increased in cod. The type of oil has more influence in the nutritional fish quality for the lean fish compared to that of the fatty fish. The use of extra virgin olive oil was efficient to avoid a significant increase of the lipid oxidation intensity during frying in cod but not in salmon. Practical Application: Food modifies its composition and nutritional value with the application of cooking technologies. As most food table composition tables are based on raw food products, this article contributes with interesting data on pan-fried fish composition, which may improve the approach to achieve a real intake of healthy nutrients as omega 3 fatty acids.     

Identification of the farm origin of salmon by fatty acid and HR C NMR profiling

Lipid analyses by gas chromatography (GC) and by high resolution (HR) ¹³C NMR combined with chemometrics were used to identify wild and farmed Atlantic salmon and the farm origin of farmed salmon. Reference samples were 59 specimens from four different farms in the Hardangerfjord (Norway) and the test fish were 17 free-living fish, caught in the same fjord. Four free-living fish were identified as wild by their fatty acids profile, n3/n6 ratio and by principal component analysis. To identify the farm of origin of farmed salmon, Bayesian belief networks (BBN) and support vector machines (SVM) were the best methods classifying correctly 58 (BBN and GC) and 56 (SVM and ¹³C NMR) of the 59 reference samples. Of the 12 free-living fish identified as farmed, four seemed to originate from farm 2 and 3 from farm 4. The rest could not be clearly attributed to any of the four farms and may originate from any of the other 26 farms located in the fjord.     

PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and organochlorine pesticides in farmed Atlantic salmon from Maine, eastern Canada, and Norway, and wild salmon from Alaska

Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from Maine and eastern Canada, wild Alaskan Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and organically farmed Norwegian salmon samples were analyzed for the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxin-like PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzo-p-furans (PCDFs), and chlorinated pesticides. PCDD and PCDF congeners were not detected in > 80% of the samples analyzed. Total PCB concentrations (7.2-29.5 ng/g, wet weight, ww) in the farmed salmon were significantly higher than those in the wild Alaskan Chinook samples (3.9-8.1 ng/g, ww). Concentrations of PCBs, WHO PCB TEQs, and chlorinated pesticides varied significantly by region. PCB and WHO PCB TEQ concentrations in farmed salmon from eastern Canada were lower than those reported in samples collected two years earlier, possibly reflecting recent industry efforts to lower contaminant concentrations in feed. Organically farmed Norwegian salmon had the highest concentrations of PCBs (mean: 27 ng/g, ww) and WHO PCB TEQs (2.85 pg/g,ww); their TEQ values are in the higher range of those reported in farmed salmon from around the world. Removal of skin from salmon fillets resulted in highly variable reductions of lipids and contaminants, and in some skin-off samples, contaminant levels were higher, suggesting that skin removal does not protect the consumer from health risks associated with consumption of farmed salmon.     

Fatty acid profile of wild and farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Historically farmed fish were frequently found to exhibit a lower ratio of n3/n6 fatty acids compared to wild fish. This study compares the proximate and fatty acid composition of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream fish from a lagoon in NW Greece. Wild fish contained less fat and showed different fatty acid profiles. Farmed fish exhibited threefold higher concentrations of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) in muscle and twofold in visceral fat. Their muscle tissue contained higher levels of saturated fatty acids and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (0.49?±?0.04 vs. 0.03?±?0.01; ???<?0.001). Wild fish exhibited lower levels of muscle n-3 fatty acids (15.87?±?0.82 vs. 19.89?±?1.06; P?<?0.001) but a higher ratio of n-3/n-6 (2.22?±?0.14 vs. 1.64?±?0.10, ???<?0.001). These results emphasize the need to further explore dietary manipulation of fatty acid content as a method of improving the fatty acid profile and maximise the health benefits of consuming farmed fish.     

Effects of frying on the fatty acid composition in farmed and wild gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The effects of frying in soybean (FWSO) and olive oils (FWOO) on the fatty acid composition of farmed and wild gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata were evaluated. The fat content increased with both frying treatments. However, after FWOO the moisture content of the fish was reduced to a greater extent than that in fish FWSO. The concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) decreased significantly during both frying processes ( P  < 0.01). However, the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) increased significantly in fish fried in olive oil ( P  < 0.01). The fried fish contained a higher level of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a lower level of n-3 PUFA compared to raw fish. The n-3/n-6 ratio decreased in wild fish FWSO and FWOO from 0.94 ± 0.08 to 0.15 ± 0.01 and 0.15 ± 0.02, respectively. In farmed bream, the ratios decreased from 2.51 ± 0.03 to 0.18 ± 0.03 and 0.36 ± 0.01, respectively. The concentration of trans fatty acids decreased significantly in both fish types after frying ( P  < 0.05). The frying process widely affected the EPA and DHA content, limiting the positive effects of n-3 PUFA.     

海水鱼与淡水鱼omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量的比较研究

研究杭州市场常见野生和饲养淡水鱼以及海水鱼omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的成分及含量。将购买的四个品种淡水鱼（野生和饲养）和六种海水鱼鱼肉去骨切碎,用有机溶剂提取总脂肪,甲酯化后的脂肪酸用气相色谱分离分析。结果表明：总PUFA的含量为从海水刺鲳的37．2mg／100g到淡水野生桂鱼的1821．8mg／100g,其中omeg-3PUFA有C18：3n-3,C18：4n-3,C20：5n-3,C22：5n-3,C22：6n-3,总omega-3PUFA含量为从海水刺鲳的32．3mg／100g到淡水饲养黑鱼的1104．3mg／100g。不同品种鱼脂肪酸含量存在显著性差异（p〈0．001）。结论：野生和饲养淡水鱼以及海水鱼中omega-3PUFA的含量及成分均因品种不同而异,淡水鱼的摄入完全能满足人体日常所需的omega3多不饱和脂肪酸。     

Comparative assessment of proximate composition,physicochemical parameters,fatty acid profile and mineral content in farmed and wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study was conducted to determine differences between farmed and wild rainbow trout in terms of proximate and fatty acid composition, physicochemical parameters and mineral content. Fat content of farmed fish fillets was higher, while moisture content was lower than wild fish. However, wild fish had higher pH value and water‐holding capacity comparing to farmed fish. The muscle lipids of farmed fish contained higher proportions of 20:0, 18:1n‐9 and 20:1n‐9; and lower proportions of 18:2n‐6, 20:2cis, 18:3n‐3, 20:3n‐6, 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 fatty acids than wild fish. The percentage of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) was similar in both fish. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n‐3 PUFAs and n‐3/n‐6 PUFAs ratio were higher in the wild fish comparing to farmed fish, whereas its total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and n‐6 PUFAs contents were lower. Among the seventeen minerals analysed in fish flesh, differences existed between farmed and wild rainbow trout in Ca and Fe contents. Moreover, toxic trace minerals (As, Cd, Pb and Hg) were all present in amounts below their toxic levels. The differences observed between farmed and wild fish may be attributed to the diet constituents and environmental conditions of the fish.     

Fatty acid profile of wild and farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Historically farmed fish were frequently found to exhibit a lower ratio of n3/n6 fatty acids compared to wild fish. This study compares the proximate and fatty acid composition of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream fish from a lagoon in NW Greece. Wild fish contained less fat and showed different fatty acid profiles. Farmed fish exhibited threefold higher concentrations of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) in muscle and twofold in visceral fat. Their muscle tissue contained higher levels of saturated fatty acids and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (0.49 ± 0.04 vs. 0.03 ± 0.01; Ρ < 0.001). Wild fish exhibited lower levels of muscle n-3 fatty acids (15.87 ± 0.82 vs. 19.89 ± 1.06; P < 0.001) but a higher ratio of n-3/n-6 (2.22 ± 0.14 vs. 1.64 ± 0.10, Ρ < 0.001). These results emphasize the need to further explore dietary manipulation of fatty acid content as a method of improving the fatty acid profile and maximise the health benefits of consuming farmed fish.     

Fatty acids in muscles and liver of Tunisian wild and farmed gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata

The total fat content and the fatty acids profile were analysed in the dorsal and ventral muscles and in the liver from wild and farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The amount of fish lipid was higher in farmed than in wild fish in all studied samples and the highest level of all was observed in liver. It was noted that, among all the samples studied for saturated fatty acids (SFA) and Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), whether farmed or wild, palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1 n − 9) acids were the principal saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. The results showed that farmed fish contained a higher level of n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), whereas wild fish contained a higher level of n − 6 PUFA. Arachidonic acid (C20:4 n − 6) was the primary n − 6 PUFA in wild fish whereas in farmed fish, linoleic acid (C18:2 n − 6) was the major n − 6 PUFA. Farmed fish were characterized by higher n − 3/n − 6 ratio for all samples studied, due to the abundance of n − 3 PUFA, particularly DHA.     

Fillet proximate composition,lipid quality,yields, and organoleptic quality of Mediterranean-farmed marine fish: A review with emphasis on new species

Species diversification in Mediterranean mariculture involves various important fish that contribute to the diet of many human populations. These include meagres (Sciaenidae), flatfishes, mullets, and various sparids. Their quality aspects (yields, fillet proximate composition, and lipid quality) are discussed in this review. Their filleting yield is mostly 40–45%. The viscerosomatic index ranges from 1.5% to 14%, depending on species. Low muscle fat contents of flatfishes and meagres differentiate them from the rest of the farmed species. Farmed fish contain high n-3 polyunsaturates fatty acids (PUFA; 12.3–36.3% vs. 5.48–37.2% in the wild) and have higher muscle fat and n-6 PUFA contents (mainly 18:2 n-6) than their wild counterparts. The aquaculture management, diet, and season can affect fillet composition and fatty acids, while season (i.e. food availability and maturation) largely affects lipid quality in wild fish. Data on the sensory quality of Mediterranean-farmed species are mainly limited to whether specific management differentiates the sensory quality; thus, further development of tools for sensory analysis is required. Observations on the quality features in farmed Mediterranean fish indicate that species diversification can also provide product diversification based on different commercial weights and fillet quality specifications.     

Toxicokinetic model assessment on the dechlorination of dietary toxaphene CHB-62 into CHB-44 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

European Union legislation on the upper limits of toxaphene in feed and food include the congeners CHB-26, CHB-62 and CHB-50 and is set at 50 µg kg^?1 feed for the sum of these three congeners. However, due to their elevated presence in fish, the congeners CHB-40 and CHB-41, CHB-44, and CHB-42 should also be included according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2005. Earlier trials with model zebra fish have shown in vivo dechlorination of dietary CHB-62 to CHB-44 and, to a lesser degree, of CHB-50 to CHB-40. Biomagnification patterns of Atlantic salmon, fed with technical toxaphene-enriched feeds, indicated that Atlantic salmon have a similar dechlorination. In the present study, a serial one-compartment physiological kinetic model, which includes differentiated growth of body components, is used to quantify the contribution of dechlorination to the congener-specific fillet accumulation of a mixture of dietary toxaphene congeners in Atlantic salmon. The model is assessed from experimental uptake and elimination kinetics of Atlantic salmon smolt fed with technical toxaphene for 122 days followed by a depuration period of 75 days in which the fish were fed toxaphene-free control feed. The serial one-compartment model shows that about 31% of CHB-44 that accumulated in the fillet originated from dietary CHB-62. In contrast, dechlorination of CHB-50 into CHB-40 is not significant. The results show that previously demonstrated in vivo dechlorination of CHB-62 into CHB-44 in zebra fish also occurs in the farmed fish species Atlantic salmon. This dechlorination can at least partly explain the relatively elevated CHB-44 observed in toxaphene fish surveys.     

野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉的成分分析及营养评价

本文对野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉中的营养成分进行了分析和营养评价。结果表明:野生乌鳢肌肉中粗脂肪含量显著低于养殖乌鳢(P0.05)。野生乌鳢n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量和c22:6(DHA)含量均高于养殖乌鳢,野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉中n-3/n-6的比例分别为1.21和0.65。两种乌鳢肌肉都检测到了17种氨基酸,养殖乌鳢肌肉中氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量均高于野生乌鳢,野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉中必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)的比值分别为42.66%和42.28%,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)的比值分别为74.40%和73.26%,均高于FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白质模式,野生和养殖乌鳢肌肉的必需氨基酸评分(EAAI)分别为63.48和70.82。两种乌鳢肌肉中矿物质元素均以钾最高,养殖乌鳢微量元素含量显著高于野生乌鳢(P0.05)。因此,以低值野杂鱼饵料为食物来源的养殖乌鳢具有良好的开发前景。     

Investigation of selected persistent organic pollutants in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), salmon aquaculture feed,and fish oil components of the feed

There is extensive literature documenting the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment, but relatively little data are available on contamination pathways in aquaculture systems such as that for farmed salmon. In recent years,the salmon industry has grown significantly in Europe. This study reports on the determination of a wide range of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in farmed and wild European Atlantic salmon fish, aquaculture feeds, and fish oils used to supplement the feeds. The study confirms previous reports of relatively high concentrations of PCBs and indicates moderate concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs in farmed Scottish and European salmon. Concentrations of the selected persistent organic pollutants varied among the samples: PCBs (salmon, 145-460 ng/g lipid; salmon feeds, 76-1153 ng/g lipid; fish oils, 9-253 ng/g lipid), S DDTs (salmon, 5-250 ng/g lipid; salmon feeds, 34-52 ng/g lipid; fish oils, 11-218 ng/g lipid), and PBDEs (salmon, 1-85 ng/g lipid: salmon feeds, 8-24 ng/g lipid; fish oils, ND-13 ng/g lipid). Comparison of the samples for all groups of contaminants, except for HCHs, showed an increase in concentration in the order fish oil < feed < salmon. Homologue profiles were similar, with an increase in contribution of hepta- and octa-PCBs in the fish, and profiles of DDTs were similar in all three types of samples. With a constant contribution to the total PCB content, the ICES 7 PCBs appear to be reliable predictors of the PCB contamination profile through all the samples. For PBDEs, BDE 47 dominated the profiles, with no significant difference in the PBDE profiles for the three matrixes. Samples with higher PCB contents generally showed higher levels of the pesticide residues, but this was not the case with the PBDEs, indicating the existence of different pollution sources.     

Occurrence of dioxins (PCDDs,PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in wild,farmed and processed fish,and shellfish

Forty-eight composite samples of the most commonly consumed fish and shellfish species were prepared from up to 60 individual subsamples of each species and analysed for chlorinated dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These included 24 species of fresh wild fish, seven of farmed fish, seven of fresh shellfish, and ten processed fish and shellfish products. The ISO 17025-accredited analytical methodology used is consistent with the requirements given in European Commission Directive 2002/69/EC. Concentrations ranged from 0.03 ng kg^–1 PCDD/F plus PCB World Health Organization-toxic equivalent quantity (WHO-TEQ) for a sample of surimi, to approximately 6 ng kg^–1 for wild pilchards/sardines. The corresponding range for the ΣICES-6 PCBs was 0.04 μg kg^–1 to approximately 47 μg kg^–1. None of the samples showed concentrations above the European Union maximum permitted limits. Averaged PCDD/F and PCB concentrations for the two groups of farmed and wild fish show that there is little difference between the two categories, although individual species may show variations depending on factors such as the sampling location.     

Comparison of wild and cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata); composition, appearance and seasonal variations

Major quality parameters, such as muscle composition, fat deposition, muscle fatty acid composition and external appearance were studied in wild and cultured gilthead sea bream. Muscle fat content and total depot fat (peritoneal and perivisceral fat) indicated a seasonal variation with minimum values observed in late spring and maximum in late summer. Gonadosomatic indices of cultured fish were lower than those found in wild specimens. Lipid content of cultured sea bream was much higher than that of wild fish. Differences were also observed in fatty acid profiles. Cultured fish were characterized by higher levels of monoenes, n-9 and 18:2n-6 fatty acids and wild fish by higher levels of saturates, 20:4n-6, n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios. Differences were also noted in the external appearance of fish.     

野生与养殖鳡鱼肌肉的营养成分比较

对野生鳡鱼和养殖鳡鱼的营养品质进行研究。结果表明：这两种鱼肌肉中水分含量差异不显著(P＝0.07779＞0.05),而粗蛋白、粗灰分含量野生鳡鱼显著高于养殖鳡鱼(P＝0.00115、0.00415＜0.05),养殖鳡鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于野生鳡鱼(P＝0.000215＜0.05)。养殖鳡鱼的必需氨基酸指数为94.16,而野生鳡鱼则为66.03,其构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准。野生和养殖鳡鱼肌肉脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)+二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量分别为4.25%和4.8%。综合所得结果,养殖鳡鱼氨基酸组成及结构、EPA+DHA含量均优于野生鳡鱼,但野生鳡鱼蛋白质含量与n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比例优于养殖鳡鱼。