Interactions of high hydrostatic pressure, pressurization temperature and pH on death and injury of pressure-resistant and pressure-sensitive strains of foodborne pathogens

The objective of this study is to determine the interactions between high hydrostatic pressure, pressurization temperature, time and pH during pressurization on death and injury of pressure-resistant and pressure-sensitive strains of four foodborne pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus 485 and 765, Listeria ,monocytogenes CA and OH2, Escherichia coli O157:H7 933 and 931, Salmonella enteritidis FDA and Salmonella typhimurium E21274. Among these strains S. aureus 485, L. monocytogenes CA, E. coli O157:H7 933 and S. enteritidis FDA were reported to be more pressure-resistant than the respective strain of the same species (Alpas et al., 1999). In general, viability loss of all pathogens was enhanced significantly as the level of pressure and temperature were increased (P < 0.05). All the strains except S. aureus 485 demonstrated more than 8 log cycle reduction when pressurized at 345 MPa at 50 degrees C for 5 min. This strain seemed to be the most pressure-resistant strain within the conditions of the study. Pressurization in the presence of either citric or lactic acid increased the viability loss by an additional 1.2-3.9 log cycles at pH 4.5 for both acids at 345 MPa. This study has indicated that high hydrostatic pressure applied in conjunction with mild heat and acidity can be an effective method for inactivating pressure-resistant and pressure-sensitive strains of four foodborne pathogens in organic acid solutions. This combination treatment indicates possible pressure pasteurization applications to liquid foods that have low pH. reserved.     

Beef carcass contamination in a slaughterhouse and prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in isolates of selected microbial species

Meat contaminating bacteria may be the direct cause of foodborne diseases and represent a potential cause for the drug resistance of human pathogenic agents. The prevalence and resistance to 17 antimicrobial drugs of isolates of selected bacterial species were investigated in 70 swabs of beef carcasses and 70 subsequent samples of beef meat. Molecular techniques (coagulase gene typing Staphylococcus aureus and original gene typing Escherichia coli) were used in the differentiation of isolates. Carcasses were already contaminated after evisceration, least frequently with S. aureus strains (7.5% of samples), most frequently with coagulase-negative staphylococci strains (52.2% of samples). During carcass processing, contamination with resistant or polyresistant strains of S. aureus and E. coli significantly increased (P<0.01). Gene typing isolates of S. aureus and E. coli indicated that the strains probably originated in the processing plant.     

Use of high pressure treatment to attenuate starter bacteria for use as adjuncts for Cheddar cheese manufacture

Attenuated starter bacteria cannot produce acid during cheese manufacture, but contain enzymes that contribute to cheese ripening. The aim of this study was to investigate attenuation of starter bacteria using high pressure treatment, for use in combination with a primary starter for Cheddar cheese manufacture, and to determine the effect of such adjunct cultures on secondary proteolysis during ripening. Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris HP and L. lactis ssp. cremoris 303 were attenuated by pressure treatment at 200 MPa for 20 min at 20 °C. Cheddar cheese was manufactured using untreated cultures of both these starter strains, either alone or in combination with their high pressure-treated equivalents. High pressure-treated starters did not produce acid during cheese manufacture and starter counts in cheeses manufactured using high pressure-treated starter did not differ from those of the controls. Higher levels of cell lysis were apparent in cheese manufactured using high pressure-treated strains than in the controls after 26 d of ripening. Small differences were observed in the peptide profiles of cheeses, analysed by reversed-phase HPLC; cheeses manufactured using high pressure-treated starters also had slightly higher levels of amino acids than the relevant controls. Overall, addition of high pressure-treated starter bacteria as a secondary starter culture accelerated secondary proteolysis in Cheddar cheese.

Industrial relevance

Attenuated starters provide extra pool of enzymes, which can influence cheese ripening, without affecting the cheese making schedule. This paper presents an alternative method for attenuation of starter bacteria using high pressure treatment and their subsequent use to accelerate secondary proteolysis in Cheddar cheese during ripening.     

金黄色葡萄球菌定性定量检测中显色培养基的效果评价

目的 评估显色培养基对金黄色葡萄球菌定性定量的检测效果。方法 对金黄色葡萄球菌标准菌株、食品样本分离菌株：30株金黄色葡萄球菌、30株其他葡萄球菌,5株常见食源性致病菌分别用金黄色葡萄球菌显色培养基和Baird-Parker培养基进行培养试验,并用国标法和全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析系统对培养结果进行确证鉴定。结果 试验定性结果显示金黄色葡萄球菌在显色培养基上呈紫红色,30株其他葡萄球菌呈蓝色或乳白色,5株常见食源性致病菌其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌呈蓝绿色、表皮葡萄球菌呈乳白色、其余3株不生长,可在直观上对几种食品中常见葡萄球菌进行有效区别,而且目标菌在显色培养基和Baird-Parker培养基上计数值无显著差异(P＞0.05),确证结果显示全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析系统结果与GB 4789.10-2016方法结果一致。结论 显色培养基能快速锁定疑似目标菌落,为溯源调查指明方向,定量计数直观有效,配合全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析系统更提高了对目标菌的鉴定效率,更适用于金黄色葡萄球菌定性定量检测。     

浆水中细菌多样性分析及乳酸菌的分离鉴定

为研究自然发酵浆水中细菌的多样性并分离可以用于批量生产浆水的乳酸菌菌株,分析从3个不同地方采集的浆水中的细菌多样性,分离和鉴定浆水中对常见食源性致病菌抑菌效果好的优势菌乳酸菌。提取浆水总DNA,采用Mi Seq技术对细菌16S r RNA的V3~V4区进行测序分析,获得浆水中的细菌多样性。结果显示,乳杆菌在3种浆水中为优势菌,3种浆水中的细菌多样性存在差异,TS_taian和XA_changan 2种浆水中的细菌多样性组成比较相近,而XA_yanta则与前面2种浆水差异性比较大,在3种浆水中检测到致腐菌和可能的致病菌(或条件致病菌)。利用改良的MRS培养基从3种浆水中分离获得35株产生溶钙圈的菌株,挑选其中10株对4种常见食源性致病菌抑制效果好的菌株进行16S r RNA测序鉴定,其中8株为植物乳杆菌,2株为鼠李糖乳杆菌,说明该2种菌在浆水中为优势菌,为今后利用此两株菌进行单菌发酵或混合发酵生产浆水提供一定的理论和实践的依据。     

Modulation of cell surface hydrophobicity and attachment of bacteria to abiotic surfaces and shrimp by malaysian herb extracts

The use of simple crude water extracts of common herbs to reduce bacterial attachment may be a cost-effective way to control bacterial foodborne pathogens, particularly in developing countries. The ability of water extracts of three common Malaysian herbs (Andrographis paniculata, Eurycoma longifolia, and Garcinia atroviridis) to modulate hydrophobicity and attachment to surfaces of five food-related bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus ATCC 14576, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) were determined. The bacterial attachment to hydrocarbon assay was used to determine bacterial hydrophobicity. Staining and direct microscopic counts were used to determine attachment of bacteria to glass and stainless steel. Plating on selective media was used to determine attachment of bacteria to shrimp. All extracts were capable of either significantly ( P < 0.05) increasing or decreasing bacterial surface hydrophobicity, depending on the herb extract and bacteria combination. Bacterial attachment to all surfaces was either significantly (P < 0.05) increased or decreased, depending on the herb extract and bacteria combination. Overall, hydrophobicity did not show a significant correlation (P > 0.05) to bacterial attachment. For specific combinations of bacteria, surface material, and plant extract, significant correlations (R > 0.80) between hydrophobicity and attachment were observed. The highest of these was observed for S. aureus attachment to stainless steel and glass after treatment with the E. longifolia extract (R = 0.99, P < 0.01). The crude water herb extracts in this study were shown to have the potential to modulate specific bacterial and surface interactions and may, with further work, be useful for the simple and practical control of foodborne pathogens.     

2017年楚雄地区餐饮业过桥米线微生物污染状况调查分析

目的 了解楚雄地区过桥米线微生物污染状况, 获得地域代表性数据。方法 按照《2017年云南省食品安全风险监测方案》, 采用国家标准规定的检测方法, 对60份过桥米线样品进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌计数、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、变形杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特杆菌8个微生物指标检测。结果 60份过桥米线样品中,菌落总数检出率83.33%(50/60), 大肠埃希氏菌计数检出率40.00%(24/60), 霉菌计数检出率65.00%(39/60); 致病菌总检出率33.33%(20/60), 共检出食源性致病菌23株, 检出菌株数(检出率)分别是: 蜡样芽胞杆菌9株(15.00%)、金黄色葡萄球菌6株(10.00%)、变形杆菌5株(8.33%)、沙门氏菌3株(5.00%), 单核细胞增生李斯特杆菌未检出。结论 楚雄地区过桥米线微生物污染严重, 应加强监管, 控制食用安全风险; 同时应尽快制定云南省地方特色食品过桥米线的食品质量或安全标准。     

PCR detection of Bacillus and Staphylococcus in various foods

A broad-range PCR assay for the detection of bacteria belonging to Bacillus and Staphylococcus genera was developed. Primers targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were newly designed and used in a PCR assay. To determine the specificity of the assay, 81 different bacterial strains (of 50 genera), 2 fungi, 3 animals, and 4 plants were tested. Results were positive for every tested Bacillus, Staphylococcus, or Aerococcus strain. In addition, the result for Listeria grayi was positive with lower PCR product. For all other bacterial strains and eukaryotes tested, results were negative. Bacterial DNA was prepared with the use of achromopeptidase and Chelex 100 resin from culture after growth in brain heart infusion medium. To test the sensitivity of this PCR assay for Bacillus or Staphylococcus genus, either Bacillus cereus or Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into various foods with undetectable levels of endogenous microbial contamination as an indicator. Inoculation of bacteria at 10 to 30 CFU/g of food was followed by a 5-h enrichment culture step after which the PCR assay allowed the detection of bacterial cells. When the inoculation (B. cereus or S. aureus) of 10 to 90 CFU/g into noodle foods containing endogenous microflora (10(3) to 10(5) CFU/g) was followed by a 6-h enrichment culture step, the PCR assay detected the bacteria. Including the enrichment culture step, the entire PCR detection process can be completed within 8.5 h.     

Bacterial inactivation by high-pressure homogenisation and high hydrostatic pressure

The resistance of five gram-positive bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Listeria innocua and Leuconostoc dextranicum, and six gram-negative bacteria, Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas fluorescens and two strains of Escherichia coli, to high-pressure homogenisation (100-300 MPa) and to high hydrostatic pressure (200-400 MPa) was compared in this study. Within the group of gram-positive bacteria and within the group of gram-negative bacteria, large differences were observed in resistance to high hydrostatic pressure, but not to high-pressure homogenisation. All gram-positive bacteria were more resistant than any of the gram-negative bacteria to high-pressure homogenisation, while in relative to high hydrostatic pressure resistance both groups overlapped. Within the group of gram-negative bacteria, there also existed another order in resistance to high-pressure homogenisation than to high hydrostatic pressure. Further it appears that the mutant E. coli LMM1010, which is resistant to high hydrostatic pressure is not more resistant to high-pressure homogenisation than its parental strain MG1655. The preceding observations indicate a different response of the test bacteria to high-pressure homogenisation compared to high hydrostatic pressure treatment, which suggests that the underlying inactivation mechanisms for both techniques are different. Further, no sublethal injury could be observed upon high-pressure homogenisation of Y. enterocolitica and S. aureus cell population by using low pH (5.5 7), NaCl (0 6%) or SDS (0-100 mg/l) as selective components in the plating medium. Finally, it was observed that successive rounds of high-pressure homogenisation have an additive effect on viability reduction of Y. enterocolitica and S. aureus.     

鲜牛奶中耐药性细菌的分离与鉴定

目的:分离鉴定鲜牛奶中耐药性细菌的分布。方法:利用含有四环素(16μg/mL)、环丙沙星(4μg/mL)或庆大霉素(16μg/mL)的Luria-Bertani平板,分离样品中的耐药性细菌;采用K-B纸片法对分离菌株的耐药性进行确认;利用血平板测定分离菌株的溶血性;利用16S rRNA方法对分离菌株进行鉴定。结果:对30份采自河北张家口地区新鲜无菌牛奶样品的平板筛选结果显示,具有耐受1种以上抗菌素细菌的样品为23份(76.67%),具有耐受2种以上抗菌素细菌的样品为7份(23.33%),具有耐受3种以上抗菌素细菌的样品为1份(3.33%);共分离得到耐受四环素菌株37株、耐受环丙沙星8株、耐受庆大霉素菌株7株;随机挑选6株(每种抗菌素耐受细菌选取2株)进行16S rRNA鉴定,结果为黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)1株、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)2株、琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii)1株、阪崎肠杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii)1株和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)1株;6株细菌中α溶血3株,β溶血1株,γ溶血2株;纸片法验证结果显示,只有1株分离细菌对庆大霉素敏感。结论:鲜牛奶样品中普遍存在多种耐药性细菌,抗菌素平板可以用于初步分析牛奶样品的耐药性细菌。     

阿尤恩地区自然发酵牛乳中乳酸菌分离鉴定及多样性研究

为了分离、保藏自然发酵乳中乳酸菌菌种,丰富自然发酵乳中乳酸菌多样性信息.本文采用传统的纯培养分离方法和宏基因组16S rRNA基因测序技术对阿尤恩地区自然发酵牛乳的乳酸菌多样性进行研究.纯培养结果表明:5份自然发酵牛乳中共分离出111株乳酸菌,鉴定为5个属10个种,其中Lactococcus lactis,占总分离株的...     

市售猪肉金黄色葡萄球菌的分离及菌株耐消毒剂基因的检测

研究市售猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌的污染情况,测定季铵盐类消毒剂对分离菌株MIC范围,以及耐消毒剂基因携带情况。采集春夏季与秋冬季市售生猪肉样品576份,采用肉汤稀释法测定苯扎溴铵对分离菌株的MIC,采用PCR技术对分离菌株5种耐消毒剂相关基因(qacA/B、qacC/D、qacG、qacH、qacJ)进行检测。576份样品中分离得到297株金黄色葡萄球菌,总分离率为51.56%;其中,春夏季样品374份,分离出158株;秋冬季样品202份,分离出139株。苯扎溴铵对分离菌株的MIC在0.00125~0.01μg/mL,297株中168株检出携带耐消毒剂基因,总检出率为56.6%,qacA/B、qacC/D、qacG、qacH、qac J的检出率分别为2.36%、19.86%、40.74%、6.73%、0.67%。结果表明猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率和菌株消毒剂抗性基因携带率较高,猪肉中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌对季铵盐类消毒剂敏感。本研究为市售猪肉金黄色葡萄球菌的防控及消除提供参考。     

Ribotyping and a study of transmission of Staphylococcus aureus collected from food preparation facilities

Food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus is sometimes caused by improper handling of food items in food preparation facilities. Prevention of contamination by employees is particularly important in facilities where a significant amount of food preparation is performed by hand. Some experiments have been performed to describe bacterial cross-contamination in the food preparation process, but there have been few studies of cross-contamination in actual food preparation facilities. Aiming to shed light on the transmission of S. aureus in food preparation facilities, this study collected samples of 66 strains of this bacterium from the fingers of food preparation staff, foodstuffs, prepared foods, cooking utensils, and cooking equipment and typed them with the ribotyping method. S. aureus from the same ribogroup was detected on the hands of a study participant, a faucet, knife, frying pan, and a salad, indicating that bacteria found on the hands of the study participant was transmitted to cooking utensils and prepared foods. Transmission (from a faucet to a frying pan handle) of bacteria by another person, a third party, was also detected.     

Antimicrobial potential of immobilized Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 11454 against selected bacteria

Immobilization of living cells of lactic acid bacteria could be an alternative or complementary method of immobilizing organic acids and bacteriocins and inhibit undesirable bacteria in foods. This study evaluated the inhibition potential of immobilized Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 11454 on selected bacteria by a modified method of the agar spot test. L. lactis was immobilized in calcium alginate (1 to 2%)-whey protein concentrate (0 and 1%) beads. The antimicrobial potential of immobilized L. lactis was evaluated in microbiological media against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus) or Pseudomonas putida, a natural meat contaminant, and against seven gram-positive bacteria used as indicator strains. Results obtained in this study indicated that immobilized L. lactis inhibited the growth of S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus sakei, Kocuria varians, and Pediococcus acidilactici. Only 4 h of incubation at 35 degrees C resulted in a clear inhibition zone around the beads that increased with time. With the addition of 10 mM of a chelating agent (EDTA) to the media, results showed growth inhibition of E. coli; however, P. putida and Salmonella Typhi were unaffected by this treatment. These results indicate that immobilized lactic acid bacteria strains can be successfully used to produce nisin and inhibit bacterial growth in semisolid synthetic media.     

二重环介导等温扩增法快速检测乳粉中沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌

为建立能够同时检测乳粉中沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的二重环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)方法。针对沙门氏菌invA基因、金黄色葡萄球菌nuc基因保守区域设计LAMP引物,优化引物浓度,并通过熔解曲线分析判断扩增靶标来源,建立同时检测沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的二重LAMP检测方法。结果表明,当沙门氏菌与金黄色葡萄球菌引物浓度比为3∶1时,建立的二重检测体系扩增效率最佳;该方法特异性强、灵敏度高,对6株目标菌株和9株非目标菌株进行检测,未产生任何假阳性和假阴性结果,对2种食源性致病菌的检测灵敏度均达到102 fg/μL;根据熔解曲线中的退火温度可准确判断目标菌株,实现不同菌株的有效区分。建立的二重LAMP方法可用于乳制品企业大规模乳粉样品中沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的现场快速筛查。     

浙江玫瑰醋异常发酵微生物的鉴定及控制途径探索

为探究浙江玫瑰醋异常发酵的原因,从异常发酵玫瑰醋的表面膜醭分离菌株,并通过回接实验考察其发酵特征,采用形态观察、分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定,并探讨其发酵特性及控制途径。结果表明,分离到4株细菌和2株真菌,均有异常发酵特征,其中接种菌株X-4的醋样出现明显的发酵臭味,而接种菌株Z-1和Z-2的醋样表面形成膜醭。经鉴定,4株细菌分别为类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus sp.）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、表皮葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus epidermidis）、蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）,2株真菌分别为库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母（Pichia kudriavzevii）和盔形毕赤酵母（Pichia manshurica）。低温是异常发酵微生物成为优势菌的前提条件,毕赤酵母产生的膜醭阻断了醋酸菌的氧气供应是导致醋酸异常发酵的主要因素。一旦玫瑰醋发生异常,应及时翻缸、升高温度、加入醪液。     

Determinants of bacterial replication rates in mastitic whey

Bacterial growth was measured by a turbidimetric microtechnique in the whey of milk samples from quarters of cows with subclinical mastitis. Samples were grouped according to bacterial isolates recovered and the effects of bacterial species and whey on bacterial growth rates were analysed. Different strains of bacteria and different whey samples gave highly significant differences in bacterial replication rates. Except for penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria grew better in whey from mastitic milk where the inflammation was caused by the same bacterial species than in other mastitic milk samples. Inflammation caused by major pathogens generally enhanced the growth in whey of any type of major pathogen. Since mastitis pathogens showed enhanced growth in whey prepared from the same milk from which they were isolated, specific antibacterial factors in the whey did not appear to restrict bacterial growth in whey. The nutritional quality of the medium seems to be the important determinant of bacterial growth.     

基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱法溯源分析云南省肉制品中金黄色葡萄球菌

目的 利用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)技术对云南省肉制品中金黄色葡萄球菌进行溯源。方法 通过MALDI-TOF MS, 主成分分析及聚类分析等方法, 对来源于云南省肉制品的88株金黄色葡萄球菌, 包括耐苯唑西林或敏感金黄色葡萄球菌株(MRSA/MSSA)的进行溯源研究。结果 86株金黄色葡萄球菌可鉴定到种的水平, 2株可鉴定到属的水平。用MALDI-TOF MS鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌与生化和血清学方法的分型高度相关, 聚类分析表明, 88株菌株在距离水平为500的情况下被划分为4个类型, 其中5型同数据库中来自欧美的9株标准菌株亲缘关系最近。88株金黄色葡萄球菌中来源相同地区的菌株MALDI-TOF MS肽指纹图谱相似性较好, 相同类别来源或地区来源的金黄色葡萄球菌菌体蛋白表达更为相似, MRSA和MSSA菌株MALDI-TOF MS肽指纹图谱未观察到显著差异。结论 MALDI-TOF MS是一种快速、高敏感、高通量、高精度的金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定技术, 具有良好的可追溯性。     

金黄色葡萄球菌基质辅助激光解析电离-飞行时间质谱的鉴定与聚类分型

目的 建立基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱法(matrix assisted laser desorption lonization-time of flight mass spectrometer, MALDI-TOF MS)快速鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus)并自建数据库, 进行聚类分型。方法 基于MALDI-TOF MS技术, 对经全自动微生物分析仪(VITEK2 COMPACT)鉴定为S. aureus的25株分离株和1株标准菌株(ATCC 25923)进行鉴定。并进一步采集26株S. aureus特征性蛋白质指纹图谱, 使用flex Analysis软件进行分析, 汇总成标准图谱并构建本地分离株S. aureus的鉴定数据库, 命名为Staphylococcus aureus。结果 经标准菌株ATCC 25923验证, 自建数据库对S. aureus鉴定结果的可信度较设备自带数据库明显提高, 鉴定分值由2.251提高到了2.845。自建数据库进一步对26株S. aureus进行聚类分型, 在差异水平100时, 24株不同来源S. aureus被聚类成24个分支, 将食品中不同来源分离的S. aureus分为24个型。结论 MALDI-TOF MS作为一种快速、准确、高通量的全新微生物鉴定技术, 实现了对S. aureus的特异性快速鉴定与分型, 能够满足公共安全卫生、突发食品安全事件和口岸快速通关方面的需求。