Comparison of quality and shelf life of buffalo meat patties stored at refrigeration temperature

Scientific investigation on the quality changes of processed meat products will boost and sustain the meat production and utilization in buffalo abundant countries. A programme was undertaken to compare the quality of buffalo meat patties made from intensively reared young male, semi extensively reared spent male and female groups and stored at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1 °C). Buffalo meat patties were evaluated for shelf life attributes by analysing the changes in physicochemical, microbiological and sensory attributes. The overall acceptability of patties was better in spent buffalo group than young male group. Increasing storage time resulted in significantly higher pH, TBARS, total aerobic mesophils, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and psychrophilic counts but decreased appearance, flavour, juiciness, tenderness, connective tissue residue and overall acceptability scores of buffalo meat patties. The patties were well acceptable within 20 days in young male group and 25 days in spent buffalo group respectively during refrigerator storage.     

Effect of ammonium hydroxide on ultrastructure and tenderness of buffalo meat

This study was conducted with an objective to improve the tenderness of tough buffalo meat using ammonium hydroxide. Buffalo meat chunks from Biceps femoris muscle were marinated with distilled water (control), 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% solution of ammonium hydroxide for 48 h at 4±1 °C and subjected to various physico-chemical analysis and ultrastructural studies. Ammonium hydroxide increased (P<0.05) the pH, water holding capacity (WHC), collagen solubility, total and salt soluble protein extractability and cooking yield. Reduction (P<0.05) in Warner-Bratzler shear force values were observed in all ammonium hydroxide treated samples compared to non-treated control. Electrophoretic pattern of muscle proteins exhibited reduction in the intensity and number of certain protein bands for 0.1% and 0.5% ammonium hydroxide treated samples compared to control. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy also revealed breakdown of endothelium layers surrounding muscle fibers and weakening of Z-discs respectively, in treated samples compared to controls. These results suggest that ammonium hydroxide might be used to tenderize tough buffalo meat.     

Effect of comminution temperature on the quality and shelf life of buffalo meat nuggets

Buffalo meat nuggets were prepared after equilibrating the ingredients to temperatures of 4, 10, 25 and 37 °C. Following comminution for 6 min, the temperatures of the batters were 16.3, 19.3, 27.4 and 34.8 °C and their pH and emulsion stability ranged from 6.18 to 6.29 and 88.76 to 95.33%, respectively. Increasing temperature of comminution led to increased cooking losses and TBARS values. However, even at 37 °C, complete emulsion breakdown did not occur as the cooking losses were still only about 12%. Texture profile analysis revealed an inverse relationship between chopping temperature and shear force. Sensory evaluation indicated that, at least up to comminution temperatures of 27.4 °C, the nuggets were acceptable. The aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts were higher for the nuggets made from batters with higher temperatures but, even at the 21st day of storage, the counts were well below the levels likely to cause spoilage in meat products. Results suggested that comminuted buffalo meat products can be manufactured in conditions where refrigeration is not available, by a preservation system (mostly chemical) to decrease microbial and chemical spoilage and also by devising an efficient marketing system for their early distribution (preferably 14 days).     

植物蛋白肉的加工及品质特性研究进展

由于动物蛋白需求增加导致的环境压力增大、供给压力增大以及人体健康等问题,近年来植物蛋白肉受到国内外研究人员的广泛关注,成为食品行业的新风口。植物蛋白肉是以植物原料或其制品为蛋白质、脂肪的主要来源加工制成的具有与动物蛋白的质构、风味、形态等品质特征类似的替代肉制品。目前国内外已有多种加工方式来制备生产植物蛋白肉,但植物蛋白肉的品质与动物蛋白相比仍具有一定的差距,因此探究植物蛋白肉品质特性以及提升方法刻不容缓。本文总结了植物蛋白肉生产原料、加工技术及加工中的化学变化;阐述了植物蛋白肉的结构特性、质构及感官特性、营养特性等品质特性及分析评价方法;最后提出了改善植物蛋白肉品质的研究方向,以期为植物蛋白肉产品品质提档升级提供参考。     

Effects of salt and ammonium hydroxide on the quality of ground buffalo meat

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ammonium hydroxide (AH) and sodium chloride on the quality of ground buffalo meat patties. Ground buffalo meat was treated with distilled water (control), 0.5% v/w AH, 1.0% v/w AH, 2.0% v/w AH and 1.0% w/w sodium chloride was added for all the samples. Treatment with AH increased (P<0.05) the pH and water holding capacity (WHC) of ground buffalo meat patties during storage relative to their controls. Hunterlab a* (redness) and chroma values increased (P<0.05) and hue decreased (P<0.05) in all AH treated samples in comparison to controls during storage. Ammonium hydroxide significantly (P<0.05) inhibited metmyoglobin formation compared to control after 3rd day of storage. There was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in all AH treated samples compared to control throughout storage. These results indicate the potential antioxidant and myoglobin redox stabilizing effect of AH in ground buffalo meat patties.     

低温贮藏过程中水牛肉质构特性的变化

以广西水牛肉为原料,采用质地多面剖析法探究了低温贮藏过程中水牛肉质构特性变化规律,并进一步分析了水牛肉质构特性各指标间的相关性。结果显示:随着贮藏时间的延长,水牛肉的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和胶着性呈不断降低的趋势,但水牛肉的内聚性呈不断增加的趋势。低温贮藏期间,水牛肉的硬度与弹性、胶着性、咀嚼性显著正相关(P0.05),但水牛肉的内聚性与各指标没有显著的相关性(P0.05)。3种低温贮藏条件下,-60℃冻藏水牛肉质构特性变化相对缓慢,其保鲜效果优于4℃冷藏和-18℃冻藏。     

Improvement of shelf-life of buffalo meat using lactic acid, clove oil and vitamin C during retail display

Buffalo meat steaks dipped in either (1) distilled water (control), (2) lactic acid (LA), (3) LA + clove oil (clove), or (4) LA + clove + vitamin C (Vit C) were displayed at 4 ± 1 °C, illuminated by a standard fluorescent lamp. The pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), instrumental colour (CIE L^∗, a^∗, b^∗), aerobic plate counts (APC), psychrotrophic counts (PPC), coliform counts and sensory colour and odour were determined up to 12th day of display at 3 days interval. Results showed that, all the treatments have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the TBARS values compared to control. Among treatments, use of LA + clove has exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lowest TBARS values throughout display period than others. Buffalo meat steaks treated with either LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C had significantly (P < 0.05) lower APC, PPC and coliform counts than control or LA treated samples. LA + clove + Vit C treated samples maintained significantly (P < 0.05) higher a^∗ and b^∗ values during display as well as improvement in sensory colour and odour than others. Treatment with either LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C extended the display life of buffalo meat steaks at 4 ± 1 °C. There appears to be a significant advantage to using LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C over LA alone.     

Effect of carnosine preblending on the quality of ground buffalo meat

A study was conducted on carnosine preblending at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% levels with ground buffalo meat obtained from spent, adult, male Murrah buffalo carcasses, to identify the level of carnosine required for improving the quality of the meat during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C. It was observed that meat samples containing 1.0% and 1.5% carnosine significantly inhibited metmyoglobin formation and brown colour development. Carnosine also improved meat pH, and water-holding capacity and lowered cooking loss and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) values as compared to control sample. Carnosine also improved desired visual colour and odour, and gave higher LTCU ‘R’ and chroma of meat samples. Visual colour was inversely correlated with metmyoglobin, aerobic mesophiles and psychrotrophs plate count, and odour was inversely correlated with TBARS values. Use of 1.0% carnosine for preblending extended the shelf life of ground buffalo meat up to 8 days under refrigerated storage.     

螺杆转速对素肉饼质构特性和结构特性的影响

为了改善素肉饼的质构特性,本研究以大豆分离蛋白和谷朊粉为主要原料,调节不同的螺杆转速,经双螺杆挤压机混合高湿挤压、拆丝混料、调味、煎烤等过程制备植物蛋白基素肉饼,分析不同螺杆转速条件下素肉饼的质构特性、微观结构、二级结构、热转变特性和表面疏水性。结果表明,感官评定人员认为螺杆转速为280r/min的条件制备的素肉饼整体可接受程度最大,硬度为1413.33g,咀嚼性为12.95mJ;从结构特性来看,氢键发生断裂,表面疏水作用增强,素肉饼从有序结构向无序结构发生转变,此条件下素肉饼的纤维结构最为明显。     

肉制品的质构特性及其评价

肉制品质构品质受添加物的种类和数量、肌肉蛋白质周围环境条件以及肉制品加工和贮藏方式的较大影响。文章针对含水量、pH及盐类、胶体和淀粉类、大豆蛋白质、生物酶制剂等影响肉制品质构品质特性的影响因素及其评价方法的研究进展进行综述。     

Relationship between the solubility,dosage and antioxidant capacity of carnosic acid in raw and cooked ground buffalo meat patties and chicken patties

Antioxidant capacity of oil soluble and water dispersible carnosic acid (CA) extracted from dried rosemary leaves using HPLC was evaluated at two different dosages (22.5 ppm vs 130 ppm) in raw and cooked ground buffalo meat patties and chicken patties. Irrespective of total phenolic content, CA extracts reduced (p < 0.05) the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 39%–47% and 37%–40% in cooked buffalo meat and chicken patties at lower dosage (22.5 ppm) relative to control samples. However, at higher dosage (130 ppm) the TBARS values were reduced (p < 0.05) by 86%–96% and 78%–87% in cooked buffalo meat and chicken patties compared to controls. The CA extracts were also effective in inhibiting (p < 0.05) peroxide value and free fatty acids in cooked buffalo meat and chicken patties. The CA extracts when used at higher dosage, were also effective in stabilizing raw buffalo meat color.     

Effect of processing and storage on neutral lipids of buffalo meat

Three muscles viz. Triceps brachii (TB), Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Biceps femoris (BF) from different anatomical locations of adult male buffaloes were stored after broiling and pressure cooking under refrigerated (4°C) condition for 3, 6, 9 days and 30, 60, 90 days under frozen (-10°C) storage. At the end of each storage interval they were analysed for total lipids, cholesterol contents and glyceride fractions i.e. monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), and triglycerides (TG). Muscles differed significantly in total lipids as well as contents of all glyceride fractions. Muscle LD had significantly higher total lipid content than TB and BF. Muscles differed significantly in their esterfied cholesterol (EC) contents. Heat processing increased total lipids, cholesterol, MG, DG and TG contents of all the buffalo muscles studied. Total cholesterol contents remained unchanged during refrigerated and frozen storage. However, EC, MG, DG and TG contents declined during storage. The influence of anatomical locations on fatty acid composition of neutral lipids was observed. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased due to cooking. A gradual decrease in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids was recorded during refrigerated and frozen storage.     

新型辅助加工技术提高肉制品消化特性的研究进展

随着国民生活质量的提高,人们对肉制品的需求也不再仅仅局限于感官质量和卫生质量等基本特性。肉制品中蛋白质含量高达10%-20%,是人体不可缺少的营养物质。近年来,如何提高肉制品的消化率这一问题受到了广泛的关注。目前,改善肉制品中蛋白质的结构和功能特性是提高消化率的主要可行性途径。在传统蒸煮、烘烤等加工方式的前提下,肉制品的制作过程中辅以新型加工技术(如超声波,超高压,脉冲电场,真空低温烹饪,酶解技术等),可以达到改变蛋白质结构、提高蛋白质分解酶活性的目的,从而提高肉制品的消化率。本文系统综述新型辅助加工技术在提高肉制品消化特性方面的研究进展,旨在探求更经济有效的加工方法,为改善提高肉制品的消化特性提供理论基础。     

发酵肉制品的营养、加工特性与研究进展

简述了肉类的组成结构及发酵肉制品的营养价值,并对发酵肉制品的种类及其加工特性进行了介绍.阐述了国内外发酵肉制品的研究进展及目前存在的一些问题,提出国内外发酵肉制品的发展前景.     

牦牛肉组织蛋白酶L酶学特性的研究

以牦牛背最长肌为原料,从中提取组织蛋白酶L并对其酶学性质进行研究。结果表明,该酶水解专一性荧光底物Z-Phe-Arg-AMC的最适反应pH和温度分别为5.5和40℃,在pH5.0～6.0、40～50℃条件下酶活稳定性最高。最适酶促反应时间和底物浓度分别为30min和25μmol/L。金属离子Ca2+、Cu2+、Mn2+、K+、Fe3+、Fe2+、Zn2+均能抑制酶活。EDTA和EGTA对酶有一定的抑制作用,L-Cys和β-ME对酶起激活作用。      

Effects of acidification on physico-chemical characteristics of buffalo milk: A comparison with cow’s milk

Composition and physico-chemical properties of buffalo and cow milks were compared at their initial pH and during acidification. As compared to cow milk, buffalo milk was richer in fat, lactose, protein (especially caseins) and minerals such as calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate. Along with these differences of major components, the capacity of milk to be acidified (named buffering capacity) was higher for buffalo milk than for cow milk. The precipitation/aggregation of caseins at their isoelectric pH, solubilization of calcium and inorganic phosphate and decrease in hydration of casein as a function of decrease in pH were significant for both milks. For both species, these molecular changes were qualitatively similar but quantitatively different. These quantitative differences during acidification were related to the differences of composition between the milks.     

不同日龄和性别白羽王鸽肉品质、主要营养成分及肌纤维特性的比较研究

目的比较研究不同日龄和性别白羽王鸽胸肌肉的常规肉品质、主要营养成分和肌纤维特性。方法随机选取健康28日龄乳鸽、600日龄左右老鸽公(♂)母(♀)各30只,屠宰取胸肌待测。使用色差仪、pH计、膨胀仪、肌肉嫩度仪等测定常规肉品质指标,参照国标方法测定营养成分,制作石蜡切片并通过生物显微镜观察肌纤维特性。结果乳鸽胸肌肉肉色a值和b值均极显著高于老鸽(P0.01);乳鸽胸肌肉pH高于老鸽,且乳鸽(♂)显著高于老鸽(♂)(P0.05);不同日龄和性别对白羽王鸽胸肌肉失水率没有显著影响(P0.05);老鸽胸肌肉剪切力大于乳鸽,且老鸽(♂)显著大于乳鸽(♀)(P0.05)。不同日龄和性别白羽王鸽胸肌肉水分含量无显著差异(P0.05),蛋白质和脂肪含量有显著差异(P0.05);蛋白质和脂肪含量:老鸽(♀)老鸽(♂)乳鸽(♀)乳鸽(♂)。乳鸽胸肌肉肌纤维饱满致密,老鸽细且纤维之间的空隙较大。老鸽胸肌肉的肌纤维密度极显著高于乳鸽(P0.01),肌纤维直径极显著低于乳鸽(P0.01);相同日龄公母鸽胸肌肉肌纤维密度和肌纤维直径没有显著差异(P0.05)。结论性别仅对白羽王鸽胸肌肉中蛋白质和脂肪的沉积有影响,对常规肉品质和肌纤维特性影响不大。日龄对白羽王鸽胸肌肉的肉品质、微观结构和化学成分均有影响。乳鸽肉色红润,肉质鲜嫩,肌纤维饱满,脂肪含量低;老鸽肌纤维细密,肌间脂肪和蛋白含量高。     

生物酶制剂在肉类加工中的最新应用动态

阐述了我国肉类产品市场概况及肉类产品加工技术动态,介绍了生物酶制剂对肉制品的改善特性及其在肉制品加工中的应用。     

超高压处理对肉及肉制品的影响

超高压处理应用于肉与肉制品时可降低酶活性,抑制微生物生长繁殖,延长货架期。同时它对肉的色泽、风味、营养成分、蛋白质凝胶、嫩度等也有一定影响。为了推进超高压在肉品中的应用,本文综述了肉及肉制品应用超高压时受到的影响。      

不同腌制工艺对鸡胸肉品质的影响

为了选择适合企业生产实际和安全高效的肉品腌制工艺,本文以鸡胸肉为原料,分别以高压技术（150MPa）、真空技术（-86kPa）以及常压技术三种不同的腌制方法,对比研究了三种腌制工艺中鸡胸肉相关的品质指标特性。真空腌制（-86kPa）条件下鸡胸肉的保水性、挥发性盐基氮、过氧化物值、盐溶蛋白以及亚硝酸含量等指标相对其他组最优。真空腌制技术相对于常压技术,提高了腌制效率以及改善腌制品品质,较高压腌制技术也更安全,操作更方便。