On the inter-area optimal voltage and reactive power control

Scheduling voltage and reactive power is one of the major problems and concerns of the Transmission System Operators (TSOs) especially after deregulation of power market. Due to locally provision of the reactive power resources, each TSO has developed its own specific method. Hence, the voltage and reactive power coordination in the interconnected system has got less attention. In this respect, current practices of different TSOs in Europe and North America, as examples of interconnected power systems, are investigated in this paper. Afterwards, it focuses on the inter-area optimization of the voltage and reactive power. Instead of performing the studies around one particular optimization, different aspects of the mathematical formulation of the optimization problem in the interconnected power system, including objective function, constraints and appropriate modeling of neighboring areas, are revisited more in depth. Various possible implementations of coordinated approaches, including centralized and decentralized structures, as well as non-coordinated approach in collaborative and non-collaborative environments are studied. In this respect, new contributions are proposed in this paper by using the distributed slack bus model and the limitation of the voltage and reactive power in the interconnections links. The comparative analysis between the available and proposed methods are discussed in terms of sub-optimality and time to convergence. The discussions are based on New England 39 bus system and the presented results in the literatures.     

Optimal operation of large-scale power systems

A method for optimal operation of large-scale power systems is presented that it is similar to the one utilized by the Houston Lighting and Power Company. The main objective is to minimize the system fuel costs while maintaining an acceptable system performance in terms of limits on generator real and reactive power outputs, transformer tap settings, and bus voltage levels. Minimizing the fuel costs of such large-scale systems enhances the performance of optimal real power generator allocation and of optimal power flow that results in an economic dispatch. To handle large-scale systems of this nature, the problem is decomposed into a real and a reactive power optimization problem. The control variables are generator real power outputs for the real power optimization problem and generator reactive power outputs, compensating capacitors, and transformer tap settings for the reactive power optimization. The gradient projection method (GPM) is utilized to solve the optimization problems. It is an iterative procedure for finding an extremum of a function of several constraint variables without using penalty functions or Lagrange multipliers. Mathematical models are developed to represent the sensitivity relationships between dependent and control variables for both real and reactive-power optimization procedures and thus eliminate the use of B-coefficients     

基于模型预测的分布式电压协调控制

电力系统电压控制是维持系统电压水平的重要环节.文中基于模型预测控制理论和方法,利用分解协调法及辅助问题原理构造了分布式电压协调控制模型,实现了电压预测控制模型及结构的分解,使全局集中的优化问题转化为若干个只需本区域系统模型及数据的可分布式协调求解的子优化问题,有效降低了优化问题的求解规模,提高了计算和控制的灵活性及安全性.仿真结果表明,该方法能有效地控制系统电压,防止电压失稳,获得与集中电压预测控制相似的控制效果.     

基于协同进化算法的西北电网无功优化

西北电网全网无功分布具有典型的结构性特征。而常规遗传算法忽略了无功优化问题的结构性特征,计算时间过长,甚至找不到最优可行解。就此,采用协同进化算法对西北电网的无功优化问题进行研究,将西北全网划分成了甘青、陕西、宁夏3个子区,建立了每个子区自身的目标函数,采用常规遗传算法对子区内的控制变量先行优化,并将运算结果作为下一步协同进化计算的初始值,从而预先对参与运算的初始点进行了有效地筛选,以提高运算效率。实际运行算例表明,在收敛速度和迭代精度上,此协同进化算法均优于常规遗传算法。     

考虑光储型电热协同系统灵活性的多代理削峰填谷策略

为解决光储型电热协同系统（electric-thermal system, ETS）协作参与电网削峰填谷问题,并减小负荷预测误差和新能源波动对调节效果的影响,提出一种多代理削峰填谷策略。该策略依托由配网代理、区域代理、ETS/光伏发电（PV）代理和执行单元构成的多代理系统实施,包含集中式能量优化和分布式能量管理环节。在集中式能量优化过程中,配网代理可通过求解以自身运行成本最小为优化目标的模型预测控制（model predictive control,MPC）优化模型,为区域代理及其内部的光伏系统提供日内有功功率上限计划。分布式能量管理过程中,区域代理和ETS/PV代理基于多智能体一致性算法获取供暖设备的有功功率修正值,从而减小实际区域代理有功功率与其计划值间的偏差。仿真结果表明：该策略可使系统协同参与削峰填谷且结果更精确。     

基于解空间分解的电力系统无功优化

为解决大型电力系统无功控制变量维数灾的问题,提出一种基于解空间分解的方法对电力系统进行无功优化。通过摄动分析选出无功优化中最活跃的控制变量,根据该控制变量分解解空间,最后在JADE(Java agent development)平台上对分解后的问题进行并行计算。应用该方法对IEEE30节点系统进行无功优化计算,结果表明基于解空间分解的办法在电网无功优化计算中具有较强的全局搜索能力和较高的收敛精度。     

基于高斯混合模型及近似线性规划的风电系统校正控制方法

提出一种基于高斯混合模型及近似线性规划的风电系统校正控制方法。考虑到风电及负荷功率预测误差的非高斯特性及相关性,建立了描述风电及负荷功率联合概率分布的高斯混合模型。考虑切负荷、发电机功率调整以及统一潮流控制器等控制措施,以控制代价最小为目标函数,构建了计及电压、频率及线路潮流等静态安全约束的风电系统校正控制优化问题的数学模型。为求解含不确定变量的非线性优化问题,依据高斯混合模型的性质,在稳态运行点的邻域内将非线性约束近似转化为线性约束,用线性规划方法求解,并不断迭代直至收敛。最后,将该方法应用于修改后的IEEE 10机39节点算例系统验证其有效性,与场景法的对比结果表明该方法求解效率较高,且具有较好的经济性。     

基于两层遗传算法的多时段无功优化方法

提出了一种基于两层遗传算法的多时段无功优化方法,将复杂的无功优化问题转化为多个时段静态无功优化的并行处理问题。第一层优化是针对调度周期内的每个时段,建立传统静态无功优化模型,对全调度周期内各个时段进行并行计算,并统计出多组较好的优化状态,构成全调度周期内控制设备动作次数的寻优状态空间;第二层优化是针对整个调度周期,建立以动作次数最少为目标的无功优化模型,从第一层形成的状态空间中寻出控制设备动作次数较少所对应的潮流分布,从而得到有功网损、电压质量及控制设备动作次数的综合优化效果。此外,该方法易于实现并行处理。算例表明,所提出的方法优化效果好,有在线应用的前景。     

海上油田群电网的综合潮流优化控制

将发电控制、电压控制和潮流优化结合在一起,综合考虑电网的功率约束、电压质量和经济性指标,建立了海上油田群电网的潮流优化控制模型,并给出了其求解方法。通过将海上油田群电网潮流优化控制问题转化为一个多目标非线性优化问题,从而设计并实现了一套基于内点法和分支定界法的优化求解算法,并通过调整目标权重来适应海上油田群电网各种运行控制模式的需求。采用涠西南油田群电网实际数据进行测试,表明适当设定权重参数可在保证电压质量、功率平衡的基础上,优化机组的出力,获得经济运行的效果。     

基于变电站九区图调节的地区电网分层无功优化

根据地区电网的实际管理模式,提出了基于变电站九区调节的地区电网分层无功优化方法:将地区电网分成次输电电网和配电网。先对次输电网进行无功优化时,将配电网等效为负荷,此时控制变量少,采用传统算法可以快速求解。在此基础上,再采用九区图方法调整配电网的无功电压,进行迭代,逐层进行无功优化直到问题收敛。实际算例表明,这种方法优化了地区电网的运行,提高了无功优化的计算速度,并且更符合实际电网的管理模式,为地区电网无功电压调节提供了有益参考。     

单相光伏大量接入的三相不平衡配电网无功优化

随着光伏发电等大量非全相运行的分布式电源(DG)接入,配电网固有的三相不平衡特征更加突出,传统无功优化方法因忽略了三相不平衡导致效果较差。文中提出一种三相不平衡主动配电网的无功优化模型,以系统负序电压最小和网络损耗最小为目标,考虑有载调压变压器、分组投切电容器、静止无功补偿装置等离散和连续控制变量,形成一个带有二次约束的混合整数二次规划问题。利用分支定界法处理该混合整数规划问题,将原问题松弛为多个不含离散变量的子问题,分别求得各子问题中设备的控制量,进而求得原问题的最优解。采用扩展的IEEE 33节点三相测试系统仿真计算,验证了所述模型和方法的有效性。     

自律分散式AVC系统在地区电网中的应用

针对传统集中式AVC系统存在的问题,结合自律分散系统的思想,提出正常情况下集中控制与故障情况下自律分散控制相结合的控制模式,构建了地区电网自律分散式AVC系统;在地区电网内部进行分区,将大规模地区电网的无功优化问题分解为若干小规模子系统的优化问题,对粒子群算法进行改进,采用多线程技术实现各区域并行计算;并结合地区电网的...     

基于Ward等值的多区域无功优化分解协调算法

针对多区域电力系统的无功优化问题,提出了基于Ward等值的分解协调算法.将所有子区域分为主区域和从区域,并确定边界节点在不同区域中的节点类型和区域间相角传递方法.在基态条件下,根据潮流计算结果确定边界节点等值注入功率初值.采用矩阵求逆辅助定理,提高优化过程中外部网络变压器变比变化引起的等值导纳矩阵计算效率问题,且大幅度提高了外部网络等值精度.引入适合无功优化算法的外部协调策略,以较少的协调通信量获得较好的协调效果.以IEEE 39节点和538节点实际系统为例,通过与集中优化方法进行比较,验证了该方法的有效性.     

考虑通信缺失情景的光伏集群分散式电压控制方法

针对高渗透率分布式光伏接入配电网导致的电压越限问题,以及当前电力通信网络难以实现对接入光伏集中控制的现状,提出了一种光伏集群分散式电压控制方法。根据预测数据对配电网进行集群划分,采用集群间的协调控制策略,以电压越限量和网络损耗加权值最小为优化目标,基于交替方向乘子法进行优化计算。在集群间通信缺失的情景下,基于无功-电压控制曲线自主调节分布式电源逆变器的无功输出,即通过集群内的电压控制策略解决通信中断时发生电压越限的问题。以IEEE 33节点配电系统为例进行仿真分析,结果表明所提控制方法不仅对改善电压分布不均、降低网损、减轻控制器的计算负担具有积极的作用,还能在通信缺失的情景下具有良好的控制效果。     

电动汽车充电站有序充电调度的分散式优化

大量电动汽车无序充电会给电力系统尤其是配电系统的安全与经济运行带来影响甚至挑战。针对集中式优化与控制方法的不足和固定电价策略的缺陷,基于拉格朗日松弛法,将传统的电动汽车充电站有序充电调度集中式优化问题分解为N个子问题(N为需充电电动汽车数量),提出了有序充电调度的分散式优化策略。优化模型以充电站收益最大为目标函数,考虑了用户用电需求、充电时间、变压器容量等约束和充电站分时电价策略。为验证所提方法的有效性,采用蒙特卡洛法模拟电动汽车充电需求,对采用集中式优化和分散式优化策略的有序充电和无序充电情形,以及充电站售电固定电价和分时电价模式下的充电站收益、削峰填谷效果、计算效率等进行仿真计算和分析。结果表明,所提方法相比于无序充电及充电站固定电价策略,可显著提高收益;相比于集中式优化,计算效率更高;充电站采用售电分时电价虽有"填谷"效果,但平抑负荷波动效果并不十分理想。     

A decentralized control system for stabilizing multimachine power systems

A decentralized control system is studied for stabilizing multimachine power systems. A longitudinal power system with three areas, each having one machine, is considered in this study. A decentralized control design method is proposed, which is based on the optimal regulator theory. First a centralized control system is designed without any consideration on whether state variables are all available or not. Second a pseudo-decentralized control system is designed by omitting control gains corresponding to state variables which give hardly any effects on the power system stability. It is found that only one variable of phase angle of each machine is absolutely necessary for the pseudo-decentralized control system. This leads to an idea based on power system engineering, that is to say, new variables of tieline power flow are introduced in the decentralized control system design to substitute for the phase angle of each machine. Thus a decentralized control system for power system stability can be designed using the new variables of tieline power flow. It is demonstrated from simulation studies that the decentralized control system improves even longitudinal power system stability as well as the centralized control system.     

基于交替乘子法与Shapley分配法的多微网联合经济调度

针对多微网联合经济调度下的多主体利益与系统优化调度矛盾,提出一种考虑动态交流潮流约束的分布式优化与涌现利益再分配的多微网联合经济调度模型。其中,采用交替方向乘子法将全局变量——联络线功率、微电网向主网的购售电功率转化为局部变量,在满足局部优化条件基础上,实现系统整体优化目标;并利用Shapley值法按各微电网主体对系统边际贡献进行涌现收益再分配,解决系统优化与个体利益冲突矛盾。IEEE 33节点系统仿真结果表明:所提模型能有效克服独立式和集中式优化存在的缺陷,明显提高区域系统经济性和本地风电、光伏的消纳利用率,并有降低通信负担和保护微电网主体运行隐私作用,同时有效解决了联盟成员涌现收益分配不公平的问题。     

基于内点算法的电压校正控制

电力系统的实际运行中可能存在某些状态变量的越限，在线运动的无功／电压控制软件必须首先满足运行安全要求，保证电压在其合格范围内，并进一步在电压安全的基础上降低有功损耗。通过将越限约束转化为等式约束，推导了进行电压越限校正的原－对偶内点算法。求解目标函数为控制变量运作次数量少的优化问题得到电压校正控制。并针对控制变量的选取，违限约束校正方法问题进行了分析。实际计算表明，可以有效地降低问题规模，减少校正控制次数。     

Artificial bee colony algorithm for solving multi-objective optimal power flow problem

This paper presents a new and efficient method for solving optimal power flow (OPF) problem in electric power systems. In the proposed approach, artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is employed as the main optimizer for optimal adjustments of the power system control variables of the OPF problem. The control variables involve both continuous and discrete variables. Different objective functions such as convex and non-convex fuel costs, total active power loss, voltage profile improvement, voltage stability enhancement and total emission cost are chosen for this highly constrained nonlinear non-convex optimization problem. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method is tested with the IEEE 9-bus system, IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system, and the test results are compared with the results found by other heuristic methods reported in the literature recently. The simulation results obtained show that the proposed ABC algorithm provides accurate solutions for any type of the objective functions.     

Fuzzy reactive power optimization in hybrid power systems

Reactive power control, which is one of the important issues of power system studies, has encountered some intrinsic changes because of the presence of the hybrid AC/DC systems. The uncertainty in determination of some ill-defined variables and constraints underlines the application of fuzzy set as an uncertainty analysis tool. Herein a fuzzy objective function and some fuzzy constraints have been modeled for the purpose of reactive power optimization then this fuzzy model is dealt with as a linear programming problem to be solved. Contrary to the separate modeling of the conventional AC/DC optimization methods, this study attempts to attain the most optimal solution by the simultaneous employment of the total contributing factors of both AC and DC parts. In this way, the conventional issue of the coordinated control of firing angle and the transformer tap of the DC terminals is resolved, yet the method provides more flexibility to gain the most optimal condition since it uses more control factor for solving the optimization problem. The proposed method is performed on the modified IEEE 14 and 30-bus systems; and it is shown to have less computational burden and further minimized objective function than the conventional method.