考虑FACTS配置的电网输电能力计算

灵活交流输电(FACTS)技术是提高电网输电能力的有效手段。文章基于连续潮流法,将静止无功补偿器(static var compensator,SVC)和可控串联补偿器(thyristor controlled series capacitor,TCSC)的稳态模型加入潮流方程中,建立了计及SVC和TCSC的可用输电能力计算模型。考虑到确定元件安装位置的重要性,利用连续潮流法求取系统极限功率点的输电能力,以该值与网络参数的灵敏度系数作为指标,选择最有利于提高输电能力的SVC和TCSC安装位置。对IEEE 30和IEEE 118节点系统进行的仿真计算证明了所提出模型和方法的有效性。     

用于提高输电能力的TCSC选址和定容方案

支路传输功率、节点电压等的越限是制约系统输电能力提高的重要因素,为此文章采用连续潮流模型,在临界运行点推导了输电能力对支路电抗灵敏度的数学表达式,提出根据此灵敏度排序结果确定可控串联补偿器(thyristor controlled series capacitor,TCSC)安装地点的新方法。该方法中,TCSC安装位置确定以后,将安装TCSC之前发生越界的不等式约束在其边界值处用等式形式表示出来,并设定为已知条件,将TCSC对其所要安装支路的补偿度设定为一个新的未知量,扩展常规潮流方程,以求取扩展潮流不匹配函数的最小值为目标,计算支路的最优补偿度。对IEEE30节点和IEEE118节点系统的仿真计算结果表明该文所提出的选址和定容方法是有效的。     

ATC enhancement in electricity markets with GUPFC and IPFC – A comparison

Available transfer capability (ATC) needs to be declared well in advance by the system operator to reserve transactions and avoid any congestion in the network. In this paper, an optimal power flow based approach has been utilized for bilateral/multi-transactions deregulated environment to obtain the ATC. The ATC has been obtained with generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) and interline power flow controller (IPFC) for intact and line contingency cases. The impact of ZIP load model has been evaluated on the ATC with both the devices. The main contribution of the paper is the comparison of the ATC obtained with. GUPFC and IPFC for intact and contingency cases with constant P,Q load model and ZIP load model. The results have been determined for intact and line contingency cases taking simultaneous as well as single transaction cases. The results obtained are also compared with DC/AC and PTDFs. The proposed method have been applied for IEEE 24 bus RTS.     

A study of thyristor controlled series capacitor models for power system stability analysis

The thyristor‐controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is promising as a powerful device to increase power transfer capability and transient stability. The basic configuration of the TCSC consists of a series of capacitors connected antiparallel with thyristor‐controlled reactors, so that firing angle control of the thyristors makes the TCSC capable of achieving impedance control in a wide range with quick response. It is important to clarify the relationship between the fundamental reactance of the TCSC and the firing angle of the thyristors, thus leading to practical applications of the TCSC for enhancement of power transfer capability and transient stability in transmission lines. Two relationship equations for the TCSC's fundamental reactance have already been proposed. One is the relationship equation derived from a TCSC circuit whose source is a voltage. The other is the relationship equation derived from a TCSC circuit whose source is a current. For TCSC installed in a transmission line, it is clear which equation is more adequate for analyzing power system stability. In this paper, the authors determine whether either of the equations is valid for analyzing a power system stability.

• 1. In the steady state, the TCSC fundamental reactance is analyzed and compared with the two equations and EMTP. It is clear that the TCSC reactance based on current source is adequate.
• 2. The swing angle of a generator when the firing angle is stepped up is analyzed with EMTP and an analytical model using the TCSC model based on current source. It is shown that the proposed model is effective for power system stability analysis. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(1): 20–28, 1999

     

计及FACTS装置的可用输电能力计算

利用功率注入法,建立广义统一潮流控制器(generalized unified power flow controller,GUPFC)和线间潮流控制器(interline power flow controller,IPFC)的数学模型。将GUPFC和IPFC的目标控制约束及运行约束即内部功率平衡约束和考虑等效功率注入模型的潮流约束嵌入到最优潮流计算模型中,得到计及GUPFC和IPFC的可用输电能力(available transfer capability,ATC)计算模型,并利用跟踪中心轨迹内点法对模型进行求解。IEEE-30节点系统的仿真计算显示GUPFC对节点电压和多条线路甚至某一子网络潮流的灵活控制能力及IPFC对线间潮流的合理分配能力;同时验证模型和算法的有效性和可行性。     

考虑暂稳约束下含TCSC联络线的传输能力

可控串补(TCSC)通过改变线路电抗值即改变网络结构来实现对系统的控制.随着现代电力系统的发展,系统规模越来越大、电压等级越来越高,电网输送能力赶不上负荷的需求、而电力市场化运营又需要系统采用更多的控制手段,在输电电网中应用TCSC来增加输电能力、控制系统潮流、提高系统稳定性显得尤为迫切.文中研究输电线路安装了TCSC...     

计及FACTS装置的最大输电能力研究

输电能力是电力市场的参与者进行交易活动所必需的重要信息。文中提出了一种考虑常见FACTS装置（如UPFC,TCPS,TCSC等）的最大输电能力计算模型,在模型中考虑了电压水平、线路和设备过负荷等静态安全性约束条件,以及由于潮流方程解的鞍点分叉导致的电压稳定必约束条件。在算法上选用逐次线性化优化方法,并对每一个线性化子问题采用新算法－预测校正原始对偶对数障碍内点法求解。算例计算结果不仅说明了不同的FACTS装置和安装位置对电网的输电能力有不同程序的影响,同时也表明了文中的模型和算法是有效的,具有一定的应用价值。     

基于失负荷期望的河北南部电网重要输电线路可用输电能力

研究和评估输电线路的可用输电能力,对于确定电网的合理运行方式和优化配置电网资源具有重要意义,为此,将失负荷期望概率应用于可用输电能力计算,以河北南网重要输电线路为研究对象,基于重要输电线路的典型潮流对河北南网进行地理分区,分析了典型运行方式下各分区的失负荷期望概率。最后确定了使河北南网各分区失负荷期望概率小于0.1 d/a的廉彭双回、清沧和辛沧两线的可用输电能力。研究结果可为确定线路输送功率和减小电网失负荷期望概率的措施提供参考。     

Fast evaluation of available transfer capability using cubic-spline interpolation technique

This paper presents a new computationally fast and accurate method for evaluating available transfer capability (ATC) based on a curve fitting technique so-called as the cubic-spline interpolation technique. The advantage of the technique used in the computation of ATC is that it has the ability to reduce the time consuming ac power flow computations. The cubic-spline interpolation technique traces the curves of voltage magnitude and power flow variations with respect to the increase of real power transfer. ATC is then determined at the point where the voltage or power flow limits intersect the curves. Prior to the ATC evaluation, contingency ranking and selection techniques are used to define the critical lines in a system that can adversely affect the transfer capability assessment. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by illustrating the ATC evaluation on a practical test system. ATC results obtained from the proposed cubic-spline interpolation technique prove that the method is satisfactorily accurate and it is faster than the ATC method using the recursive ac power flow computations.     

可控串联补偿电容器控制角模型及其在静态电压稳定研究中的应用

提出一个可控串联补偿电容器(TCSC)静态模型，将TCSC基频等值电抗表达为其控制角的显函数并考虑了其自身的功率损耗。将控制角作为状态变量处理，推导了4种典型控制模式下的TCSC牛顿潮流方程并在连续潮流算法中予以实现，并指出恒功率控制、恒电流控制和恒相角差控制中所需的控制参考量由系统基本工况下指定线路补偿度的恒阻抗控制获得。用IEEE30母线系统进行仿真计算，结果表明该模型具有较高的求解效率及数值稳定性，通过控制角可以方便地获取线路的补偿度。用该模型进行电压稳定分析表明，选择最优的安装位置及合适的控制模式是提高电压稳定性的关键因素。恒阻抗控制对提高电压稳定性的效果是最好的，而不适当的控制模式以及不适当的安装位置则可能导致系统的电压稳定裕度降低。     

基于直流分布因子的可用输电能力灵敏度分析

交易的可用输电能力是在一定的基态潮流下计算得到的,一旦节点功率发生变化,最大可用输电能力会发生变化。文章通过对基于直流分布因子的可用输电能力计算过程的分析,根据决定可用输电能力的关键约束线路或约束断面潮流在节点功率变化后的变化情况得到可用输电能力与节点功率之间的灵敏度,该灵敏度能给出节点功率变化后可用输电能力的变化趋势,可用于计算节点功率变化后交易的可用输电能力,在节点功率变化后可避免反复计算可用输电能力指标,灵敏度有效区间能保证灵敏度应用时的可信性。算例结果证明了所提出方法的有效性。     

牛顿法和内点罚函数法相结合的概率可用功率交换能力计算

区域间可用功率交换能力(ATC)是所有电力市场的参与者进行交易活动所必需的重要信息。文中运用改进牛顿法和内点罚函数法相结合进行最优潮流计算，取得相应的单点．ATC值；在负荷预测和故障选择的基础上，作概率上的统计分析，得到未来时刻的可能的ATC概率分布情况。根据概率上的要求，将可得到未来时刻所要安全概率对应的ATC值。在模型中，考虑了发电机发电极限，电压水平，线路和设备过负荷等安全性约束条件。IEEE-30节点系统的计算结果表明了用该方法计算ATC的有效性和实用性。     

ATC enhancement using TCSC via artificial intelligent techniques

Procurement of optimum available transfer capability (ATC) in the restructured electricity industry is a crucial challenge with regards to open access to transmission network. This paper presents an approach to determine the optimum location and optimum capacity of TCSC in order to improve ATC as well as voltage profile. Real genetic algorithm (RGA) associated with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy sets are implemented as a hybrid heuristic technique in this paper to optimize such a complicated problem. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is examined through different case studies.     

跨区域互联电网的可用输电能力计算方法

为确保电网安全,保证跨区域电力交易的正常进行,提出了计算跨区域互联电网可用输电能力的方法。相比于其他方法,该方法仅需交换边界节点电压和购电用户有功负荷增长量即可准确地计算出跨区域互联电网的可用输电能力。首先,建立了适用于可用输电能力计算的外网等值模型,使各个区域从互联电网中解耦。同时,建立了虚拟的平衡节点和自动调节的边界注入功率,使各个区域可以进行独立的潮流计算。然后,采用分布式潮流计算对区域电网的潮流进行校正,旨在减小各个区域电网潮流计算的偏差。最后,根据定义计算出了跨区域互联电网的可用输电能力。通过IEEE 118节点系统的仿真计算,证明了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

A new dynamic control strategy for power transmission congestion management using series compensation

The growth of electricity market due to increase in demand and infrastructure made the power system more complex. Managing the transmission congestion is one of the main challenges faced by the utilities. To relieve from the bottlenecks, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and Distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) devices can be used in controlling the transmission line power flows. The real power flow control is realized by varying the transmission line impedance. The power flow in transmission line should satisfy inequality constraints to maintain the system in normal state. To achieve this, an algorithm is developed to control the FACTS/D-FACTS devices connected to all the transmission lines of n-bus system. The significant changes required in line impedance which will be deployed by FACTS devices are decided by the algorithm. In this paper, a 5 bus system and a 14 bus system with FACTS devices in all the transmission lines is considered. The transmission lines of the 5 and 14 bus systems are made to be overloaded in different combinations by choosing appropriate loading conditions. The control algorithm is tested on all the overloaded conditions to overcome the congestion. The FACTS devices controlled by the algorithm removes the overloading effect and improve the reliability of the network.     

基于TCSC的优化阻塞模型设计与应用研究

针对柔性交流输电装置控制线路潮流的特点,在传统OFF的基础上,将调整网络参数与经济调度方法相结合,研究了计及TCSC的优化阻塞调度模型。求解过程中,把TCSC对系统的调节作用表述成节点附加功率的形式,并将TCSC控制参数纳入变量空间内寻优。IEEE5系统的仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

含TCSC的电力系统潮流计算研究

为了寻找能够充分考虑FACTS元件对整个电力系统影响的潮流计算方法,在常规的潮流计算基础上,根据可控串联补偿器(TCSC)的工作原理和数学模型,采用节点等效注入功率法处理网络中的TCSC支路,建立了计及TCSC的潮流计算数学模型,并以TCSC所在线路的有功功率为控制目标进行潮流计算。通过潮流结果分析,可以证明该计算方法能够将TCSC的影响考虑到潮流计算中。在采用牛顿-拉夫逊法进行求解时,含TCSC的潮流计算与普通潮流区别不大,编程时做一下改动即可。通过比较,可以得出了在不同的线路安装TCSC后得到不同的潮流结果的结论,并对TCSC的最佳安装地点问题进行简单讨论。IEEE 4节点系统和IEEE14节点系统的仿真验证了该计算方法的有效性。编程采用MATLAB语言,利用稀疏矩阵潮流算法形成导纳矩阵则节省了存储空间,加快了运算速度。     

基于TCSC技术和粒子群优化算法的电力系统阻塞疏导方法

提出了一种基于晶闸管控制的串连电容器(thyristor controlled series capacitor,TCSC)技术和粒子群优化算法的电力系统阻塞疏导方法。首先根据线路灵敏度分析确定安装TCSC的线路;然后提出了电力市场环境下电网中含有TCSC装置的阻塞疏导计算数学模型;最后运用粒子群优化算法对这一数学模型进行参数优化,达到疏导电网阻塞的目的。IEEE 14节点系统算例表明,基于TCSC技术进行电网阻塞疏导是有效、合理的。     

基于功率增长优化模式的交直流电网可用输电能力计算

针对交直流混合电网输电能力计算这一问题,建立包含多端直流系统的交直流电网可用输电能力（available transfer capability,ATC）的计算模型,提出一种主从迭代连续潮流算法,针对常规连续潮流算法中节点功率的恒功率因数增长模式,提出采用模态分析技术从考虑静态电压稳定的角度,找出一种对特定区域间ATC影响最大的负荷增长方式;发电机出力调整采用经济调度模式,实现了考虑静态电压稳定约束、兼顾安全性与经济性的ATC计算。将直流系统灵活的控制及调整策略以安全合理性原则融入迭代过程中。改进的IEEE30节点系统算例表明：所采用的节点注入功率优化模式及主从迭代连续潮流法能计算交直流电网的考虑静态电压稳定约束的安全经济的ATC,还能指出对系统ATC影响大的关键节点。     

电力市场下区域间输电能力的定义和计算

阐述了在电力市场新形势下的可用输电能力计算问题,介绍了可用输电能力的定义、计算原则及相关的新术语;提出了使用连续潮流法计算可用输电能力的步骤。