Exact solutions for thin-walled open-section composite beams with arbitrary lamination subjected to torsional moment

The exact solutions for torsional analysis of thin-walled open-section composite beams with arbitrary lamination subjected to torsional moment are presented for the first time. For this, a general thin-walled composite beam theory with arbitrary lamination is developed by introducing Vlasov's assumption and the equilibrium equations and the force–deformation relations are derived from the energy principle. Applying the displacement state vector consisting of 14 displacement parameters and the nodal displacements at both ends of the beam, the displacement functions are derived exactly. Then, the exact stiffness matrix for torsional analysis is determined using the force–deformation relations. As a special case, the closed-form solutions for symmetrically laminated composite beams with various boundary conditions are derived. Finally, the finite element procedure based on Hermitian interpolation polynomial is developed. To demonstrate the validity and the accuracy of this study, the numerical solutions are presented and compared with the closed-form solutions and the finite element results using the Hermitian beam elements and ABAQUS's shell elements.     

Flexural–torsional behavior of thin-walled composite beams

This paper presents a flexural–torsional analysis of I-shaped laminated composite beams. A general analytical model applicable to thin-walled I-section composite beams subjected to vertical and torsional load is developed. This model is based on the classical lamination theory, and accounts for the coupling of flexural and torsional responses for arbitrary laminate stacking sequence configuration, i.e. unsymmetric as well as symmetric. Governing equations are derived from the principle of the stationary value of total potential energy. Numerical results are obtained for thin-walled composites under vertical and torsional loading, addressing the effects of fiber angle, and laminate stacking sequence.     

Dynamic response of axially loaded monosymmetrical thin-walled Bernoulli–Euler beams

The dynamic bending–torsion coupled vibrations of elastic axially loaded slender thin-walled beams with monosymmetrical cross-sections are investigated by using normal mode method. The Bernoulli–Euler beam theory is employed and the effects of warping stiffness and axial force are included in the present formulations. The theoretical expressions for the displacement response of axially loaded slender thin-walled beams subjected to concentrated or distributed loads are presented. The method is illustrated by its application to two test examples to describe the effects of warping stiffness and axial force on the dynamic behavior of thin-walled beams. The numerical results for the dynamic bending displacements and torsional displacements are given. The proposed theory is fairly general and can be used for thin-walled beam assemblage of arbitrary boundary conditions subjected to various kinds of loads.     

薄壁复合箱型梁的弯曲-扭转屈曲分析

对一轴心受压薄壁复合构件的屈曲进行研究。提出一个广义的分析模型,可用于分析轴心受压薄壁复合箱型梁的弯曲、扭转以及弯扭屈曲作用。此模型基于经典层压理论,考虑了任意层压堆积规律,结构的弯曲和扭转模式的耦合问题,如非对称以及对称和各种边界条件。采用一个基于位移的一维有限元模型来预测薄壁复合钢筋的临界荷载和随后的屈曲模式。从总势能的平稳值原则中推导出屈曲控制方程。轴心受压薄壁复合件的数值计算结果可用于估测纤维角、各向异性和边界条件对临界屈曲荷载和复合件模态的影响。     

Lateral buckling analysis of thin-walled laminated composite beams with monosymmetric sections

Lateral buckling of thin-walled composite beams with monosymmetric sections is studied. A general geometrically nonlinear model for thin-walled laminated composites with arbitrary open cross-section and general laminate stacking sequences is given by using systematic variational formulation based on the classical lamination theory. All the stress resultants concerning bar and shell forces are defined, and nonlinear strain tensor is derived. General nonlinear governing equations are given, and the lateral buckling equations are derived by linearizing the nonlinear governing equations. Based on the analytical model, a displacement-based one-dimensional finite element model is developed to formulate the problem. Numerical examples are obtained for thin-walled composite beams with monosymmetric cross-sections and angle-ply laminates. The effects of fiber orientation, location of applied load, modulus ratio, and height-to-span ratio on the lateral buckling load are investigated. The torsion parameter and a newly-defined composite monosymmetry parameter are also investigated for various cases.     

Finite element method for stability and free vibration analyses of non-prismatic thin-walled beams

In this paper, a numerical method is presented for the free vibration and stability analyses of tapered thin-walled beams with arbitrary open cross sections. The proposed method takes the flexural–torsional coupling effect of tapered thin-walled beams with arbitrary open cross sections into account. The total potential energy is derived for an elastic behavior from the strain energy, the kinetic energy and work of the loads applied on the cross section contour. Free vibration is considered in the presence of harmonic excitations. The effects of the initial stresses and load eccentricities are also considered in stability analysis. The governing equilibrium equations, motion equations and the associated boundary conditions are derived from the stationary condition. As in the presence of tapering, stiffness quantities are not constant; therefore, the power series approximation is used to solve the fourth-order differential equations. Displacement components and cross-section properties are expanded in terms of power series of a known degree. Then, the shape functions are obtained by deriving the deformation shape of tapered thin-walled member as power series form. Finally, stiffness and mass matrices are carried out by means of the principle of virtual work along the member׳s axis. In order to measure the accuracy and check the validity of this method, the natural frequencies and buckling loads of non-prismatic thin-walled beams with web and flange tapering and various boundary conditions are obtained and compared to the results of finite element analysis using Ansys software and those of other available numerical and analytical ones. It can be seen that the results of present study are in a good agreement with other available theoretical and analytical methods.     

Mechanics of shear deformable thin-walled beams made of composite materials

In this paper, a new theoretical model is developed for the generalized linear analysis of composite thin-walled beams with open or closed cross-sections. The present model incorporates, in a full form the shear deformability by means of two features. The first one may be addressed as a mechanical aspect where the effect of shear deformability due to both bending and non-uniform warping is considered. The second feature is connected with the constitutive aspects, and it contemplates the use of different hypotheses adopted in the formulation. These topics are treated in a straightforward way by means of the Linearized Principle of Virtual Works. The model is developed by employing a non-linear displacement field, whose rotations are formulated by means of the rule of semitangential transformation. This model allows studying many problems of static's, free vibrations with or without arbitrary initial stresses and linear stability of composite thin-walled beams with general cross-sections. A discussion about the constitutive equations is performed, in order to explain distinctive aspects of the effects included in the theory. This paper presents the theoretical formulation together with finite element procedures that are developed with the aim to obtain solutions to the general equations of thin-walled shear deformable composite beams. A non-locking fourteen-degree-of-freedom finite element is introduced. Numerical examples are carried out in several topics of static's, dynamics and buckling problems, focusing attention in the validation of the theory with respect to experimental data and with 2D and 3D computational approaches. Also, new parametrical studies are performed in order to show the influence of shear flexibility in the mechanics of the thin-walled composite beams as well as to illustrate the usefulness of the model.     

Mechanics of thin-walled curved beams made of composite materials, allowing for shear deformability

In this paper, a new theoretical model is developed for the generalized linear analysis of composite thin-walled curved beams with open and closed cross-sections. In the present model two important concepts concerning to composite thin-walled curved beams are addressed. The first one is the incorporation in the model of what is called full shear deformability, i.e. shear flexibility due to both bending and non-uniform warping is considered. The second feature is connected with the constitutive aspects, and it contemplates the use of different hypotheses that can be adopted in the formulation. These topics are treated in a straightforward way by means of the Linearized Principle of Virtual Work. In order to obtain the motion equations of the model a non-linear displacement field, whose rotations are formulated by means of the rule of semitangential transformation, is employed. This model allows the study of many problems of statics, free and forced vibrations with arbitrary initial stresses and linear stability of composite thin-walled curved beams with general cross-sections. A discussion about the constitutive equations is performed in order to explain characteristic features of the effects included in the theory. This paper presents the theoretical formulation together with finite element procedures that are developed to obtain the numerical approximations to the general equations of thin-walled shear-deformable composite curved beams. For this kind of structural member, iso-parametric finite elements are introduced. Numerical examples are carried out in several topics of statics, dynamics and buckling problems, focusing attention in the validation of the theory with respect to experimental data and with 2D and 3D computational approaches. Also, new parametric studies are performed in order to show the influence of shear deformability on the mechanics of the thin-walled composite curved-beams with open and closed cross-sections as well as to illustrate the utility of the model.     

Non-linear model for stability of thin-walled composite beams with shear deformation

A geometrically non-linear theory for thin-walled composite beams is developed for both open and closed cross-sections and taking into account shear flexibility (bending and warping shear). This non-linear formulation is used for analyzing the static stability of beams made of composite materials subjected to concentrated end moments, concentrated forces, or uniformly distributed loads. Composite is assumed to be made of symmetric balanced laminates or especially orthotropic laminates. In order to solve the non-linear differential system, Ritz's method is first applied. Then, the resulting algebraic equilibrium equations are solved by means of an incremental Newton–Rapshon method. This paper investigates numerically the flexural–torsional and lateral buckling and post-buckling behavior of simply supported beams, pointing out the influence of shear–deformation for different laminate stacking sequence and the pre-buckling deflections effect on buckling loads. The numerical results show that the classical predictions of lateral buckling are conservative when the pre-buckling displacements are not negligible, and a non-linear buckling analysis may be required for reliable solutions.     

Consideration of the problem of shearing and torsion of thin-walled beams with arbitrary cross-section

In structural analysis it is often necessary to determine the geometrical properties of cross-sectional areas. The location of the shear center is of greater importance for a thin-walled cross-section. The purpose of this paper is the computation of the shear center of arbitrary thin-walled cross-sections using the finite element method. The coupling problem of shearing and torsional deformation of thin-walled beams based on Saint Venant's theory is considered. This problem of coupled shearing and torsional deformation was analyzed using the finite element method in which the matrix of shear rigidity and torsional rigidity were determined. The shear center can be obtained by determining the coordinate axes so as to eliminate the nondiagonal terms. Then, applying the stiffness matrix of shear rigidity and torsional rigidity obtained in the above, the stiffness matrix of the space framework elements in which the shear deformation is taken into consideration is developed.     

Distortional theory of thin-walled beams

The classic thin-walled beam theory for open and closed cross-sections is generalized to include one distortional mode of deformation. Distortional cross-section parameters are introduced and the new orthogonality conditions for uncoupling of the axial displacement modes are given. A normalization technique for the distortional modes leads to unique distortional cross-section properties. The theoretical formulations for torsion and distortion are nearly similar and result in nearly identical equilibrium equations. However, for closed single- or multi-cell cross-sections the torsional and distortional shear flows may couple. A study of the order of magnitude of the governing torsional and distortional parameters shows the difference between open and closed cross-sections and the related solution types. The difference in the order of magnitude of the governing cross-section parameters also leads to approximate solution techniques. In the examples, section three cross-sections are used to illustrate variations of the theoretical parameters.     

工字形截面圆弧曲梁的非线性理论

从任意开口薄壁截面圆弧曲梁精确的翘曲位移出发 ,针对常见的单轴对称工字形、槽形和无对称轴的H形截面曲梁 ,通过参数分析找到一个统一的数学表达式 ,给出相应的应力、应变计算式。在这个基础上 ,依据大变形理论 ,建立了工字形截面圆弧曲梁非线性分析的基本理论 ,并考虑了横向正应力的影响。推导过程中未就材料性质做任何假定 ,所以该理论同样可以应用于曲梁弹塑性阶段的分析。最后给出单轴对称工字形截面两种常见放置条件下曲梁的总势能表达式。     

Effect of axial restraint in composite bars under nonlinear inelastic uniform torsion by BEM

In this paper, the effect of axial restraint in the elastic–plastic uniform torsion analysis of cylindrical bars taking into account the effect of geometric nonlinearity is presented employing the boundary element method. The bar is axially elastically supported at the centroids of its end cross sections, treating the cases of free axial boundary conditions (vanishing axial force), restrained axial shortening or given axial force as special ones. The cross section of the bar is an arbitrary doubly symmetric composite one, consisting of materials in contact, each of which can surround a finite number of inclusions, while the case of a homogeneous cross section is treated as a special one. The stress–strain relationships for the materials are assumed to be elastic–plastic-strain hardening. The incremental torque–rotation relationship is computed based on the finite displacement (finite rotation) theory, that is the transverse displacement components are expressed so as to be valid for large rotations and the longitudinal normal strain includes the second-order geometrically nonlinear term, often described as the “Wagner strain”. The proposed formulation does not stand on the assumption of a thin-walled structure and therefore the cross section’s torsional rigidity is evaluated exactly without using the so-called Saint-Venant’s torsional constant. The torsional rigidity of the cross section is evaluated directly employing the primary warping function of the cross section depending on both its shape and the progress of the plastic region. A boundary value problem with respect to the aforementioned function is formulated and solved employing a BEM approach. The developed procedure retains most of the advantages of a BEM solution over a pure domain discretization method, although it requires domain discretization, which is used only to evaluate integrals. The significant increase of the torsional rigidity of the bar and the arising axial force due to the axial restraint are concluded.     

Flexural–torsional buckling of thin-walled composite box beams

Buckling of an axially loaded thin-walled laminated composite is studied. A general analytical model applicable to the flexural, torsional and flexural–torsional buckling of a thin-walled composite box beam subjected to axial load is developed. This model is based on the classical lamination theory, and accounts for the coupling of flexural and torsional modes for arbitrary laminate stacking sequence configuration, i.e. unsymmetric as well as symmetric, and various boundary conditions. A displacement-based one-dimensional finite element model is developed to predict critical loads and corresponding buckling modes for a thin-walled composite bar. Governing buckling equations are derived from the principle of the stationary value of total potential energy. Numerical results are obtained for axially loaded thin-walled composites addressing the effects of fiber angle, anisotropy and boundary conditions on the critical buckling loads and mode shapes of the composites.     

Torsion analysis of thin-walled beams including shear deformation effects

The first part of the paper develops a theory for the torsional analysis for open thin-walled beams of general cross-sections which accounts for shear deformation effects. Statically admissible stress fields are postulated in agreement with those resulting from the Vlasov thin-walled beam theory. The principle of stationary complementary energy is then adopted to formulate the governing field compatibility condition under the stress fields postulated. The naturally arising boundary terms are found to relate the warping deformations to the internal force fields. A torsion beam example is solved using the new theory in order to illustrate its applicability to practical problems. The second part of the paper implements the solution numerically in a force-based finite element context. Two finite elements are developed by assuming linear and hyperbolic bimoment fields. The FEA solutions are shown to provide lower bound representations of the stiffness when compared to those based on conventional beam theories founded on postulated kinematic assumptions.     

Coupled stability analysis of thin-walled composite beams with closed cross-section

For the coupled stability analysis of thin-walled composite beam with closed cross-section subjected to various forces such as eccentric constant axial force, end moments, and linearly varying axial force, the efficient numerical method to evaluate the element stiffness matrix is newly presented based on the homogeneous form of simultaneous ordinary differential equations. The general bifurcation type of buckling theory for thin-walled composite box beam is developed based on the energy functional corresponding to semitangential rotations and semitangential moments. The coupled stability equations including variable coefficients and the force–displacement relationships are derived from the energy principle and explicit expressions for displacement functions are presented based on power series expansions of displacement components. The element stiffness matrix is evaluated by applying member force–displacement relationships to these displacement functions. In addition, the finite element model based on the cubic Hermitian interpolation polynomial is presented. In order to verify the accuracy and validity of this study, numerical solutions are presented and compared with the finite element solutions using the Hermitian beam elements and the available results from other researchers. Particularly, the influence of the eccentricity and the force ratio of axial forces, the fiber orientation, and the boundary conditions on the buckling behavior of composite box beam are parametrically investigated. Also the emphasis is given in showing the phenomenon of buckling mode change.     

Coupled axial–torsional vibration of thin-walled Z-section beam induced by boundary conditions

The coupled axial–torsional vibration of thin-walled Z-section beam induced by the boundary conditions is investigated. The value of the warping function is not zero at centroid for Z-section beam. If the axial displacement of the pin end is restrained at the centroid of the Z-section for thin-walled Z-section beam, the axial vibration and torsional vibration may be coupled. The governing equations for linear axial and torsional vibration of a thin-walled Z-section beam are derived by the d’Alembert principle and the virtual work principle. The bending vibration is uncoupled from axial and torsional vibrations and is not dealt with in this paper. For harmonic vibration, the general solution of these equations with undetermined constant coefficients may be obtained. Substituting the general solution into the displacement and force boundary conditions, a set of homogeneous equations can be obtained. The natural frequencies and the coefficients of the general solution may be obtained by solving the homogeneous equations using the bisection method.Numerical examples are studied to verify the accuracy of the proposed method and to investigate the effect of boundary conditions and the value of warping function at centroid on the coupled axial and torsional natural frequency of Z-section beam.     

Analysis of thin-walled composite box beam under torsional load without external restraint

A procedure for analyzing the mechanical behavior of laminated thin-walled composite box beam under torsional load without external restraint is presented. The method is based on the theory of composite laminated plates and is deduced by means of the free torsion theory of thin-walled beams, which makes the procedure simple and practical. In the present theory, the stresses are considered distributing unequally along the wall thickness and various coupling effects are taken into account. The calculation formulas of torsional angle and stress given by this method are concise and easy to use. The present analysis results indicate that by reason of coupling effects, in general, the free torsion of composite box beams may not exist definitely, so a concept of torsion without external restraint is suggested. Finally, the examples are given and their numerical results are analyzed and discussed. The values of torsional angle, ply stresses (including their variation with the off-axis ply angle) obtained by this paper are compared with those obtained by model test or finite element method (FEM).     

冷弯薄壁型钢住宅结构整体扭转效应分析

为了研究冷弯薄壁型钢住宅结构平面质量中心、楼层形心与刚度中心偏差较大时,结构整体扭转效应的不利影响,将楼层平面内水平荷载(风、地震)作用下结构位移分解为平动和转动2种状态,得到相应状态下各组合墙体所承担的剪力,然后将其效应进行叠加,推导出了结构的线弹性层间扭转角及组合墙体剪力和侧移变形计算公式.对某冷弯薄壁型钢多层住宅结构在水平荷载作用下的层间扭转效应进行了简化计算,并运用ANSYS进行了数值模拟分析.结果表明:水平扭转效应对该类结构影响显著,简化计算公式和有限元程序数值模拟所得结果具有较好的一致性,简化计算公式可供实际工程中对该类结构整体扭转效应的计算分析时参考.     

轴压组合叠合梁自由振动的动态刚度分析

采用动态刚度分析方法,对自由振动和轴压组合叠合梁的屈曲性能进行研究。在公式中考虑了轴力、泊松效应、轴向变形、剪切变形和转动惯量的影响。通过直接求解轴压组合叠合梁自由振动的控制微分方程,建立严格的动态刚度矩阵,并用该矩阵对已有文献中其他组合梁进行计算比较,证明了动态刚度矩阵的适应性。同时,论证了轴力和边界条件对自然频率、屈曲荷载和叠合梁模式的影响。