Effects of sustained axial load and cooling phase on post-fire behaviour of reinforced concrete stub columns

In this paper is presented an experimental investigation of the effects of preload and cooling phase on the residual strength, stiffness and ductility of reinforced concrete stub columns which were heated and cooled down to room temperature under sustained axial load. Reinforced concrete stub columns were axially loaded and heated to designed temperatures in a specially built electrical furnace. After the specimens cooled down to ambient temperature with the axial loads kept constant, the stub columns were loaded to failure. The sustained preload led to significant residual deformations of reinforced concrete stub columns during the cooling phase. The test results showed that the mechanical behaviour of the fire-damaged reinforced concrete stub columns with preload was remarkably different from those without preload. The sustained axial loads resulted in obviously increased strength and stiffness during the loading phase, but reduced stiffness and deteriorated ductility in the unloading phase. Based on the test results, it is recommended that the effects of sustained axial loads during the fire and cooling phase should be taken into consideration in assessing the fire-damaged reinforced concrete columns.     

Effects of heating and loading histories on post-fire cooling behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular columns

A finite element method (FEM) program is developed and used in this paper to analyse the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns during the entire stage of fire exposure, including: loading at ambient temperature, heating, cooling to the ambient temperature and post-fire loading to failure. The emphasis of this paper is on CFST column behaviours during the cooling and post-fire stages because these behaviours are affected by the loading and heating histories, but they have not previously been studied. This paper will present the mechanical property models for these different loading and heating stages. To validate the FEM program, some experimental data, including fire resistance, axial deformation and ultimate strength of CFST columns are compared and it is found that the FEM program can predict the test results with good accuracy. Using the FEM program, a parametric study is then conducted to investigate the influences of ambient temperature loading and heating history on the cooling and post-fire behaviours of CFST columns. It is concluded that various parameters (such as load ratio and elevating temperature time ratio etc.) affect the residual strength of CFST columns severely. Finally, this paper proposes a set of formulas which can be used to predict the residual strength of CFST columns after going through the whole fire exposure process.     

Mechanical behavior of stirrup-confined circular concrete-filled steel tubular stub columns under axial loading

通过井字形拉筋、米字形拉筋和圆环箍筋等3组拉筋约束形式带拉筋圆钢管混凝土短柱轴压性能对比试验,研究不同拉筋约束形式、拉筋体积配箍率对圆钢管混凝土轴压短柱的承载力和延性等的影响;采用合理的混凝土三轴受力本构模型和钢材本构模型,应用ABAQUS非线性有限元分析软件对带拉筋圆钢管混凝土轴压短柱进行三维有限元分析,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;在此基础上,分析了带拉筋圆钢管混凝土轴压短柱中钢管、拉筋或箍筋、核心混凝土之间的组合作用。结果表明：井字形拉筋圆钢管混凝土轴压短柱的承载力最高,延性最好,钢管、拉筋和核心混凝土之间的组合作用最强;提高体积配箍率可以有效提高圆钢管混凝土短柱的轴压承载力和延性。     

热成型不锈钢圆管混凝土轴压短柱受力性能试验研究

对热成型不锈钢圆管混凝土短柱在轴向压力作用下的承载性能进行试验研究,试验主要参数为混凝土强度（C30和C40）、不锈钢管壁厚t（0.9 mm、1.0 mm和1.2 mm）和试件的高径比λ（3.0、3.5、4.0）,试验观测了不锈钢圆管混凝土短柱在轴向压力作用下的破坏现象、试件荷载-轴向变形曲线、荷载-环向应变曲线、荷载-轴向应变曲线等。根据试验的破坏现象,将试件分为5种破坏模式,并分析了不锈钢管壁厚t和试件的高径比λ对试件的承载力、延性、刚度的影响。分析结果表明：试件在屈服后表现出明显的承载力提高;随着钢管壁厚的增加,试件的受压承载力、延性及刚度均有所提高;随着试件高径比增大,试件的延性增大,刚度降低;试件的受压承载力在高径比3.5时最大,4.0时次之,3.0时最小。与普通钢管混凝土相比,不锈钢管混凝土约束放大系数有一定的提高。     

内填料石钢管混凝土短柱轴压性能研究及承载力计算

为合理重复利用废弃石材,将抗压强度高、脆性强的石材置于钢管混凝土柱(CFST)中部,利用钢管的约束充分发挥石材的抗压强度并延缓其压溃,形成内填料石钢管混凝土(SCFST)柱。为研究SCFST短柱的轴压受力机理,采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS建立SCFST短柱精细化3D有限元模型,并利用已经完成的18根SCFST短柱和6根传统钢管混凝短柱试件的破坏形态和荷载-变形关系试验结果对模型的可靠性进行验证。通过验证后的有限元模型,分析SCFST短柱各部件之间的相互作用及荷载分配规律。在此基础上,进一步开展系统的参数分析,研究内填料石尺寸、钢管壁厚、钢管屈服强度和混凝土强度等参数对SCFST柱轴压性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,不同部件间的相互作用随钢管壁增厚和混凝土强度提高而增大,受内填石料尺寸的影响较小。提出了适用于SCFST短柱的轴压承载力计算式,在研究参数范围内计算式具有较好的计算精度。     

方钢管混凝土短柱轴压极限承载力研究

采用统一强度理论,对方钢管混凝土短柱的核心混凝土有效约束区和非有效约束区进行受力分析,通过方钢管的宽厚比对方钢管与核心混凝土间的约束效应进行控制,提出了方钢管混凝土短柱轴压极限承载力的计算公式,并对其影响因素进行了分析。然后将其推广到不同截面形式的钢管混凝土短柱轴压极限承载力的计算中,将计算值与试验值进行对比,验证了公式的合理性。该研究为钢管混凝土短柱承载力的研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

Analytical behaviour of concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) stub columns

This paper reports a finite element analysis of the compressive behaviour of CFDST stub columns with SHS (square hollow section) or CHS (circular hollow section) outer tube and CHS inner tube. A set of test data reported by different researchers were used to verify the FE modelling. Typical curves of average stress versus longitudinal strain, stress distributions of concrete, interaction of concrete and steel tubes, as well as effects of hollow ratio on the behaviour of CFDST stub columns, were presented. The influences of important parameters that determine sectional capacities of the composite columns were investigated.     

Experiment study of stirrup-confined concrete-filled square double-skin steel tubular stub columns under axial loading

通过带拉筋方中空夹层钢管混凝土轴压短柱受力性能试验,研究了拉筋配箍率对试件承载力、刚度、延性及横向变形系数的影响。采用混凝土三轴受力状态本构模型和钢材本构模型,应用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立并验证了带拉筋方中空夹层钢管混凝土轴压短柱三维实体有限元模型,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合良好;在此基础上,分析了拉筋对内外方钢管和混凝土约束作用机理。研究结果表明:拉筋能有效缓解了方钢管的局部屈曲,对短柱承载力、刚度、延性的提高效果明显;拉筋加强了内钢管对混凝土的约束作用,使得内钢管受力更加合理,并且拉筋配箍率越大,约束作用越明显。     

Mechanical performances of concrete-filled steel tubular stub columns with round ends under axial loading

An experimental study of 22 concrete-filled round-ended steel tubular (CFRT) stub columns under axial compression is conducted compared with 4 circular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) stub columns. The influences of width–thickness ratio, concrete strength, steel yield strength and wall-thickness of steel tube on the ultimate bearing capacity of the CFRT columns are discussed. The 3D finite element (FE) model is also developed to analyze the behavior of the CFRT columns under axial compression. From the results, local buckling of the round-ended steel tube associated with shear failure of in-filled concrete could be observed. With the increasing width–thickness ratio, the corresponding load–strain curves have a shorter elastic–plastic stage. The parametric studies indicate that the concrete strength, tube thickness and width–thickness ratio of the steel tube also have a great effect on the ultimate bearing capacity. The numerical results also show that the confinement effect of the stub columns decreases with the increasing width–thickness ratio. A practical calculation formula for the bearing capacity of the CFRT stub columns is proposed, which is well in agreement with the experimental results.     

Experimental investigation on concrete-filled stainless steel stiffened tubular stub columns

This paper presents an experimental investigation on concrete-filled normal-strength stainless steel stiffened tubular stub columns using the austenitic stainless steel grade EN 1.4301 (304). The stiffened stainless steel tubes were fabricated by welding four lipped angles or two lipped channels at the lips. Therefore, the stiffeners were formed at the mid-depth of the sections. In total, five hollow columns and ten concrete-filled columns were tested. The longitudinal stiffener of the column plate was formed to avoid shrinkage of the concrete and to behave as a continuous connector between the concrete core and the stainless steel tube. The behavior of the columns was investigated using two different nominal concrete cubic strengths of 30 and 60 MPa. A series of tests was performed to investigate the effects of cross-section shape and concrete strength on the behavior and strength of concrete-filled stainless steel stiffened tubular stub columns. The measured average overall depth-to-width ratios (aspect ratio) varied from 1.0 to 1.8. The depth-to-plate thickness ratio of the tube sections varied from 60 to 90. Different lengths of columns were selected to fix the length-to-depth ratio to a constant value of 3. The concrete-filled stiffened stainless steel tubular columns were subjected to uniform axial compression over the concrete core and the stainless steel tube to force the entire section to undergo the same deformations by blocking action. The column strengths, load–axial strain relationships and failure modes of the columns are presented. Several comparisons were made to evaluate the test results. The results of the experimental study showed that the design rules, as specified in the European specifications and the ASCE, are highly conservative for square and rectangular cold-formed concrete-filled normal-strength stainless steel stiffened stub columns.     

设纵肋钢箱混凝土轴压短柱试验研究

为研究钢箱内填混凝土、含钢率以及钢箱内纵向加劲肋是否开孔等对钢箱混凝土轴压短柱力学性能的影响,进行了3个钢箱混凝土和1个钢箱轴压短柱的模型试验。试验结果表明：钢箱内填混凝土可有效提高试件的轴压刚度和承载力;纵肋可充分参与构件整体受力,其中纵肋开孔试件变形能力更强,延性更好。与设纵肋薄壁钢管混凝土短柱现有试验数据对比表明：随含钢率的提高,混凝土强度提高系数有所增大。建议设纵肋钢箱混凝土轴压短柱承载力可按叠加原理进行计算,其中钢箱截面积可计入纵肋的面积。     

轴压下带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱的试验研究

对7根轴压下L形钢管混凝土短柱(6根带约束拉杆,1根无约束拉杆)进行试验,介绍试件和试验方案的设计,分析钢板厚度、约束拉杆的直径和水平间距等主要参数对带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱极限承载力和延性的影响.试验表明,在L形钢管混凝土短柱上设置约束拉杆,可以有效地延缓钢管壁的局部屈曲,改善钢板对核心混凝土的约束效应,提高该类构件的极限承载力和延性.最后,将带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱划分成1个方形和2个带约束拉杆的矩形钢管混凝土短柱,并借鉴带约束拉杆方形钢管混凝土承载力的计算公式,对带约束拉杆L形钢管混凝土短柱的极限承载力计算方法作初步探讨.     

方形截面不锈钢管混凝土短柱轴压承载性能试验研究

为研究不锈钢管混凝土(CFSST)短柱的轴压承载性能,对9根奥氏体型S30408和9根双相型S22053不锈钢管混凝土短柱以及6根对应相同尺寸的不锈钢空钢管进行了轴压试验,试验测得了荷载-位移曲线、荷载-应变曲线以及短柱的破坏情况等.结果 表明:CFSST短柱均呈腰鼓型破坏,不锈钢管呈现双面鼓曲、双面内凹的局部失稳破坏...     

Time-dependent behaviour of expansive concrete-filled steel tubular columns

Expansive concrete-filled steel tubes (ECFST) are commonly used in modern building and bridge applications. Despite their popularity, limited attention has been devoted to investigate the time-dependent behaviour of such elements. This paper intends to provide new experimental data for the benchmarking of numerical models. Particular attention is devoted to ECFST elements first loaded at quite early concrete ages, e.g. 5 days after concrete casting, to reflect the construction site practice. Eleven ECFST short columns were subjected to different levels of sustained axial loads applied at different concrete ages. Seven columns were then tested to failure to evaluate the long-term effects on their ultimate capacity. The accuracy of four currently available concrete models, EC2, MC90, AFREM and B3, in predicting the long-term response of ECFST elements was investigated based on the related experimental results. Investigation shows that the assumption of linear creep can apply to ECFST elements with initial concrete compressive stresses up to approximately 80% of the concrete strength, rather than the normally accepted upper limit of 40%-50%. During the service life, confinement does not affect the performance of ECFST elements. Model EC2 is adequate to predict the time-dependent response of ECFST elements.     

An experimental behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular columns

In this paper results of tests conducted on 27 concrete-filled steel tubular columns are reported. The test parameters were the column slenderness, the load eccentricity covering axially and eccentrically loaded columns with single or double curvature bending and the compressive strength of the concrete core. The test results demonstrate the influence of these parameters on the strength and behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular columns. A comparison of experimental failure loads with the predicted failure loads in accordance with the method described in Eurocode 4 Part 1.1 showed good agreement for axially and eccentrically loaded columns with single curvature bending whereas for columns with double curvature bending the Eurocode loads were higher and on the unsafe side. More tests are needed for the case of double curvature bending.     

Confinement effect of stiffened and unstiffened concrete-filled stainless steel tubular stub columns

This paper presents a comparative study between stiffened and unstiffened concrete-filled stainless steel hollow tubular stub columns using the austenitic stainless steel grade EN 1.4301 (304). Finite element analysis of concrete-filled stainless steel unstiffened tubular stub columns is constructed herein based on the confined concrete model recently available in the literature. It is then compared with the experimental results of concrete-filled stainless steel stiffened tubular stub columns. The stiffened stainless steel tubular sections were fabricated by welding four lipped angles or two lipped channels at the lips. The longitudinal stiffener of the column plate was formed to avoid shrinkage of the concrete and to act as a continuous connector between the concrete core and the stainless steel tube. The behavior of the columns was investigated using two different nominal concrete cubic strengths of 30 and 60 MPa. The overall depth-to-width ratios (aspect ratio) varied from 1.0 to 1.8. The depth-to-plate thickness ratio of the tube sections varied from 60 to 90. The stiffened and unstiffened concrete-filled stainless steel tube specimens were subjected to uniform axial compression over the concrete and stainless steel tube to force the entire section to undergo the same deformations by blocking action. The ABAQUS 6.6 program, as a finite element package, is used in the current work. The results of the comparative study showed that the stainless steel tubes in stiffened concrete-filled columns offered a high average of increase in the confinement of the concrete core than that of the unstiffened concrete-filled columns.     

两种钢管混凝土T形柱的轴压性能

为了比较多室式钢管混凝土T形柱及普通钢管混凝土T形柱轴压性能的优劣,进行了3组共6个短柱试件的轴压对比试验。试验结果表明,两种钢管混凝土T形柱的破坏均属于局部鼓曲破坏,但多室式钢管混凝土T形柱的整体性能更为优良,承载能力和延性性能均高于同截面尺寸的普通钢管混凝土T形柱。按照矩形钢管混凝土承载力公式对试件的承载力进行了验算,发现计算结果偏于不安全,因此对钢管混凝土T形柱有必要建立考虑多因素影响的承载力计算方法。     

Effect of reinforcement stiffeners on square concrete-filled steel tubular columns subjected to axial compressive load

Eight stiffened square concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) stub columns with slender sections of encasing steel and two non-stiffened counterparts were tested subjected to axial compressive load. Four types of reinforcement stiffeners and steel tensile strips were introduced to postpone local buckling of steel tubes, in which the tensile strip was first used as stiffener in CFSTs. The stiffening mechanism, failure modes of concrete and steel tubes, strength and ductility of stiffened square CFSTs were also studied during the experimental research. A numerical modeling program was developed and verified against the experimental data. The program incorporates the effect of the stiffeners on postponing local buckling of the tube and the tube confinement on concrete core. Extensive parametric analysis was also conducted to examine the influencing parameters on mechanical properties of stiffened square CFSTs.     

Finite element modelling of concrete-filled lean duplex stainless steel tubular stub columns

This paper presents a finite element (FE) study on concrete-filled lean duplex slender stainless steel tubular (CFDSST) stub columns of square and L-, T-, and +-shape (Non-Rectangular Sections or NRSs) sections under pure axial compression. The effect of cross-sectional shape and concrete compressive strength, by considering equal steel consumption (i.e. equal cross-sectional area) for all the square and NRSs sections have been reported. In CFDSST stub columns, the axial deformation (δ _u ) at ultimate load (P _u ) decreases with increasing concrete strengths, but increases as the sections changes from Square→L→T→+-shape. For normal concrete strength (≤40 MPa), NRSs appear to have similar or slightly enhanced P _u , in comparison with the representaive square section. But in the case of a high strength concrete core (i.e. >40 MPa), NRSs are clearly at a disadvantage as far as the values of P _u is concerned, however as the NRSs are lighter by 37%, they still offer an attractive option for the designers. The FE strengths over predicts the EN 1994-1-1 (2004) specification by about an average of 21, 19, 14, and 4% for the square, L, T, and +-shape sections, respectively.     

多边形空心钢管混凝土轴压短柱非线性分析

在轴压试验结果的基础上,选择合理的材料本构关系模型,应用大型通用ANSYS有限元软件对四边形和八边形空心钢管混凝土短柱进行了有限元模拟,着重讨论了有限元模型的建立方法,并通过模拟结果与试验结果的对比,验证了有限元模型的合理性。