Experimental techniques to determine the convective heat transfer coefficients for flat and curved surfaces

This paper surveys the techniques which are available or being developed for measuring local and mean convective heat transfer coefficients, primarily for forced convection between a surface ,and an incompressible gas. After defining the heat transfer coefficient, the paper summarizes methods of surface temperature measurement, outlines the direct and indirect methods of determining the heat transfer coefficient and compares the pertinent features of three techniques suitable for use during film and multijet impingement cooling and with annular ducts.     

Odako growth of dense arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes attached to carbon surfaces

A novel process is demonstrated whereby dense arrays of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are grown directly at the interface of a carbon material or carbon fiber. This growth process combines the concepts of SWNT tip growth and alumina-supported SWNT base growth to yield what we refer to as “odako” growth. In odako growth, an alumina flake detaches from the carbon surface and supports catalytic growth of dense SWNT arrays at the tip, leaving a direct interface between the carbon surface and the dense SWNT arrays. In addition to being a new and novel form of SWNT array growth, this technique provides a route toward future development of many important applications for dense aligned SWNT arrays. Electronic Supplementary Material  Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com     

Highly corrected close-packed microlens arrays and moth-eye structuring on curved surfaces

The fabrication of near-micrometer-sized close-packed coherent microlens arrays on spheric or aspheric surfaces has been accomplished by use of a compact holographic projector system that was developed for producing multimicrometer down to submicrometer grid patterning on curved surfaces. The microlens arrays, which can be utilized as moth-eye relief structures, are formed in a photoimageable bisbenzocyclobutene polymeric resin by a photolytic process involving standing-wave interference patterns from the holographic projector system. Because of absorption, each integral microlenslet of the finished arrays possesses a near-paraboloid contour. The trajectories of the meridional rays from each microlenslet can be optimized to intersect at either a single point or a locus of points.     

Heat transfer analysis of fin-and-tube heat exchangers with flat and louvered fin geometries

This paper analyzes the fluid flow and heat exchange on the air side of a multi-row fin-and-tube heat exchanger. A comparison is given between fin-and-tube heat exchanger characteristics with flat and louvered fins in a wider range of operating conditions defined by Reynolds number (based on fin spacing and air frontal velocities). The detailed representation of calculated data for the louvered heat exchanger shows significantly better heat transfer characteristics and a slightly higher pressure drop. The CFD procedure was validated by comparing the numerical simulation results with the experimental results showing the minimal average Nusselt number deviation and an almost perfectly corresponding pressure drop.     

Capacitive sensor arrays in dimensional analysis of surfaces

The theoretical aspects of dimensional analysis and shape reconstruction of surfaces by means of displacement sensor arrays are investigated. Although this analysis is focused on surface profiles and linear arrays of capacitive sensors, its results could be easily extended to surfaces and bidimensional arrays of displacement sensors. Capacitance variations related to sensor-to-surface displacements during array scanning are used in the reconstruction equations obtained from the analysis. The reconstruction accuracy depends mainly on the dimensional stability of the array, and it is independent from the array trajectory. The problems raised by nonideal array and sensor behavior, such as fringe effects and geometry deviations are discussed. Capacitance variations due to such effects are calculated and taken into account by means of an energy method. A reconstruction system based on the theoretical results is proposed, and its performance in the reconstruction process is evaluated by a computer simulation which accounts for measurement uncertainties. Simulation results confirm both the effectiveness of the method and the feasibility of the system. Its features are compared with those of other noncontact surface-measuring instruments, and possible applications are outlined     

过盈配合数值分析与优化设计

围绕高速转盘的过盈配合问题，应用Ansys9．0有限元软件非线性接触技术和优化分析技术确定传递扭矩所需的最佳过盈配合量。实践证明，有限元技术在工程应用中能够优化过盈配合量，缩短设计周期，提高设计质量。     

Energy analysis of the engineering-economic optimization of convective heat-transfer surfaces

The influence of the specific costs of the heat transfer surface, 1 kW of installed power of the blower and motor, 1 kW·h of electrical energy consumption by it, operating time of the surface, and other factors on the optimum specific power expenditure to force heat-transfer fluids through the ducts of heattransfer surfaces is investigated. The minimum engineering-economically justified operating time of the surface is determined.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 146–153, July, 1991.     

Accurate predictions for optimum design of a T-shaped fin under an actual wet load condition

An effort is made to develop an analytical model for predicting the thermal performance and optimum design parameters of a wet T-shaped fin by considering variable thermal conductivity of the fin material and variable convective heat transfer coefficient. The temperature distribution is obtained by solving the highly non-linear governing equations by employing three different analytical techniques, namely Variational Iteration Method, Adomian Decomposition Method and Differential Transform Method, and validated by that obtained from the Finite Difference Scheme. The optimisation analysis is carried out by employing the Lagrange multiplier technique. A complete multivariable geometric optimisation is executed, where all the geometric parameters are varied simultaneously to establish the optimum condition. Furthermore, the analysis is done for both insulated and convective fin tip conditions and a comparative analysis on the temperature distribution, fin performance and optimum design parameters is presented between these two cases.     

From flat sheets to curved geometries: Origami and kirigami approaches

Transforming flat sheets into three-dimensional structures has emerged as an exciting manufacturing paradigm on a broad range of length scales. Among other advantages, this technique permits the use of functionality-inducing planar processes on flat starting materials, which after shape-shifting, result in a unique combination of macro-scale geometry and surface topography. Fabricating arbitrarily complex three-dimensional geometries requires the ability to change the intrinsic curvature of initially flat structures, while simultaneously limiting material distortion to not disturb the surface features. The centuries-old art forms of origami and kirigami could offer elegant solutions, involving only folding and cutting to transform flat papers into complex geometries. Although such techniques are limited by an inherent developability constraint, the rational design of the crease and cut patterns enables the shape-shifting of (nearly) inextensible sheets into geometries with apparent intrinsic curvature. Here, we review recent origami and kirigami techniques that can be used for this purpose, discuss their underlying mechanisms, and create physical models to demonstrate and compare their feasibility. Moreover, we highlight practical aspects that are relevant in the development of advanced materials with these techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on future applications that could benefit from origami and kirigami to create intrinsically curved surfaces.     

平翅片传热与流动特性的数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件Fluent研究翅片管换热器的换热和压降特性。使用流固耦合准确确定翅片及管内外侧的传热边界条件，并利用场协同理论进行分析。将计算出的结果与试验结果进行比较。结果表明，数值模拟与实验结果吻合较好，数值计算可为换热器的结构优化和产品的研究开发提供依据。     

含附体结构主被动隔振系统的性能分析EI北大核心CSCD

针对典型的多振动传递路径系统,建立了附加弹簧的双层主被动隔振系统模型,分析了刚性基础和弹性梁基础的情况下该系统的力传递率和能量传递特性,讨论了附体刚度、阻尼比、基础刚度等系统参数对隔振性能的影响,并分析了有源控制的作动器位置对系统隔振性能的影响,为含附体结构主被动隔振系统的设计提供了理论依据。     

An analytical prediction for performance and optimum design analysis of porous fins

Enhancement of heat transfer rate through porous fins is one of the common choices nowadays. As the energy equation is highly nonlinear, researchers never concentrated on analyzing porous fins analytically. In the present study, an effort has been devoted to develop an analytical model for determination of the performance and optimum dimensions of porous fins with consideration of different models of predictions. Every result has been presented in a comparative way so that the merit of the models adopting in the present work can easily be understood. The optimum design analysis of porous fins has also been carried out. The influences of all the dependent parameters on the performances and optimization conditions have been studied for the selection of a design criterion of porous fins in such applications where the requirement of heat dissipation is essentially high.     

Exact and approximate analytic solutions of the nonlinear convective fin problem with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity

This article shows that the well-known nonlinear boundary value problem of the differential equation for temperature distribution of convective straight fins with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity is exactly solvable in an implicit form. Furthermore, an exact solution in an explicit form is derived. Also, an accurate analytic solution (series solution) is obtained by a new variation of the Adomian decomposition method.     

基于有限元分析的高精密柔性夹具优化方案设计

针对高精密加工过程中柔性夹具的变形问题进行理论计算和实验分析.首先应用CAE软件对现有柔性夹具进行有限元分析,分析夹具变形问题.然后通过CAD软件改变该夹具模型的结构参数和尺寸参数,优化夹具构造,以减少定位过程的夹具变形,并再次通过CAE软件进行分析,验证优化效果.通过增加夹具体主平面刚度、增加夹具体肋板刚度和改变夹具定位点位置等方法,实现夹具体的最大变形量满足加工精度的要求.实验分析以定位点变形为研究对象,测量得到4个定位点在夹具装夹过程中的变形量.实验结果基本符合理论计算结果,得到最终优化方案的4个定位点变形量均小于001 mm,满足了该高精密加工中对夹具体的精度要求.优化方案在实际生产中得到实施,效果良好.     

A bilevel game theoretic approach to optimum design of flywheels

Multiobjective optimization problems arise frequently in mechanical design. One approach to solving these types of problems is to use a game theoretic formulation. This article illustrates the application of a bilevel, leader–follower model for solving an optimum design problem. In particular, the optimization problem is modelled as a Stackelberg game. The partitioning of variables between the leader and follower problem is discussed and a variable partitioning metric is introduced to compare various variable partitions. A computational procedure based on variable updating using sensitivity information is developed for exchanging information between the follower and leader problems. The proposed approach is illustrated through the design of a flywheel. The two objective functions used for the design problem include maximizing the kinetic energy stored in the flywheel while simultaneously minimizing the manufacturing cost.     

基于形状记忆合金驱动的仿生鲫鱼尾鳍的设计和分析

 为了研制可主动运动控制的仿生机器尾鳍,以鲫鱼的尾鳍为研究对象,利用仿生学研究结果以及形状记忆合金材料的特点,设计形状记忆合金驱动的仿生鲫鱼尾鳍结构,实现尾鳍的主动运动控制.介绍了仿生尾鳍及其驱动器的机械结构和控制方法,详细分析了核心部件形状记忆合金鳍条的根部变形曲率和摆动幅度之间的关系.最后由实验给出了形状记忆合金鳍条厚度与最大输出力及摆动幅度之间的关系,同时给出加热电流占空比对鳍条最大摆幅和最高频率的影响规律.由实验结果可知：最大输出力随着SMA薄板的厚度增加而迅速增大,它们之间呈现非线性关系;鳍条厚度和摆动幅度之间呈线性反比关系,摆动幅度随着厚度的增加线性减小;随着驱动加热电流的增加,鳍条的响应频率显著加快;不同加热电流占空比下鳍条所能达到的最大摆幅显著不同．