Interaction based analysis of continuous transfer girder system supporting in-plane loaded coupled shear walls

This paper presents a method of analysis for a structural system of coupled shear walls supported on continuous transfer girder framing into columns. It is proposed that the analysis of the system be discretized into two parts. The coupled shear wall is analysed first based on the continuum technique assuming an ideal fixed support. Charts are presented to modify the continuum forces for the interactive effect of the non-rigid support. The internal forces of the walls at the level of the transfer girder are defined as the interface forces of the girder and the coupled shear walls. These forces are then used in the analysis procedure for the supporting structure. Finite element simulation is used to capture and interpret the interaction mechanism of the system. Effects of different wall and support system characteristics on the structural behaviour of the system are also discussed. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elasto-plastic model for analysis of influence of imperfections on stiffness of fully anchored light-frame timber shear walls

In order to stabilize timber-framed buildings against lateral loads, the diaphragm action of roofs, floors and walls is often used. This paper deals with the influence of imperfections such as gaps and uplift on the stiffness and the horizontal displacement of fully anchored shear walls. The significance of analyzing the effects of imperfections is evident when evaluating the stiffness of shear walls; tests of walls show that the horizontal displacement is underestimated in calculations using the stiffness of sheathing-to-framing joints as obtained from experiments. Also, in real structures where hold-downs are used, the influence of gaps and uplift should be included in order to obtain realistic displacements in the serviceability limit state. The analytical model is based on ideal plastic behavior of the mechanical sheathing-to-timber joints with stresses parallel to the perimeter of the frame and on linear elastic behavior for stresses perpendicular to the bottom rail. Using this elasto-plastic model, the equations for the stiffness and the deflection versus the number of segments in the wall are derived. The fully anchored condition for the shear walls is simulated by applying a diagonal load to the shear wall. Three types of imperfections are evaluated: Walls with gaps at all studs, a gap only at the trailing stud, and gaps at all studs, except at the trailing stud. It is shown that the effect of imperfections on the stiffness of the wall in the initial stage is considerable. Depending on the distribution of the gaps and the number of segments included in the shear wall, the displacement of the shear wall is increased several times compared to that of a fully anchored wall diaphragm with no gaps; e.g. for a single segment wall more than four times. However, for walls with more than six segments the effect of imperfections can be neglected. Finally, the theoretical model is experimentally verified.     

受损剪力墙的非线性分析

砼剪力墙一种有效的抗偶力构件,成功地应用于各种抗震结构。但剪力侧向刚 大,地震时所承受的地震作用也较大,因此,在强地震作用下时常受损。本文作者采用钢筋砼非线笥有限元程序,对受损砼剪力墙进行了计算分析。计算模型考虑了钢筋和砼之间粘结－滑移,任意反复加载过程,砼开裂和裂缝闭合,裂缝宽度模拟。最后与试验结果进行了对比分析。     

基于滑移连接的防屈曲支撑钢框架节点抗震性能研究

防屈曲支撑（BRB）是一种拉压均可全截面屈服耗能而不屈曲的金属阻尼器,在建筑结构的抗震减震设计中得到广泛应用。然而,由于大变形下支撑框架节点存在显著开合效应,在罕遇地震作用下易出现节点板和相邻梁柱构件的提早断裂现象,限制了BRB抗震性能的充分发挥。为此,在总结BRB钢框架节点的现行设计方法及节点失效模式基础上,提出了可释放节点开合效应的滑移连接节点板,采用低摩擦材料减小接触面摩擦力。建立有限元模型,通过与传统焊接节点板对比,分析两种不同连接对节点板、梁柱和BRB受力性能的影响。以此为基础,设计该类节点足尺试验模型,对其进行拟静力试验,分析其在往复荷载下的抗震性能。研究结果表明：所提出的滑移连接可有效释放节点板与梁柱之间的切向约束和开合效应,显著降低了节点板的塑性损伤,实现了罕遇地震作用下节点板弹性的性能目标;梁塑性铰由节点板端部移至梁柱交界面处,降低了梁柱构件的剪力水平和塑性损伤;在层间位移角4%下各关键构件仍具有饱满稳定的滞回性能,显著提高了BRB钢框架的抗震性能。     

钢带加强螺钉孔型冷弯型钢组合墙体抗震性能

为研究钢带加强螺钉孔对冷弯型钢组合墙体抗震性能的影响,对3个冷弯型钢组合墙体足尺试件进行低周反复加载试验,分析该加强形式对冷弯型钢组合墙体的破坏模式、侧向刚度、承载能力、延性以及耗能性能的影响。同时采用有限元软件OpenSEES对墙体进行数值分析。结果表明:钢带加强螺钉孔型冷弯型钢组合墙体的破坏形式仍然为螺钉连接失效和板缝滑移,钢带能够使覆面板的螺钉连接处得到加强,从而提高组合墙体的抗侧刚度和受剪承载力; 与螺钉孔未进行钢带加强的墙体试件(HS-140-A)相比,2个加强式的组合墙体试件(HS-140-B,HS-140-C)受剪承载力分别提高了32.5%,58.1%,抗侧刚度分别提高了31.7%,59.3%; 螺钉孔由钢带加强后,墙体试件的耗能性能显著提升; 3个试件的延性系数均大于8,呈现出良好的变形能力; 有限元模型能反映螺钉连接非线性行为对墙体滞回性能的影响,有限元分析结果与试验结果的相对误差控制在10%以内,模型具有较好的精度。     

Test of screw fastened profiled roofing sheets subject to simulated wind uplift

Screw fastened light gauge steel profiled roofing sheets are predominantly subjected to wind suction, i.e., wind uplift, and may fail locally in the vicinity of screw fasteners under strong or sustained fluctuating wind uplift. A series of static tests was performed on three types of profiled roofing sheets to investigate their structural behaviour and profile effects under simulated wind uplift. The considered sheeting profiles were arc-tangent, trapezoidal and ribbed, and an alternate (or equivalent alternate) sheeting crest fastening system was adopted. It was found that structural behaviour of the roofing sheets under uplift loads was greatly dependent on the sheeting profiles including the shape and height of the crest. Both arc-tangent and trapezoidal type roofing sheets exhibited a large cross-sectional distortion stage and a deflection hardening stage, following a local plastic collapse in the vicinity of the screw fasteners at the central support. The ribbed roofing sheet, however, had a final failure mode of sudden fracture with cracks under the screw fastener head at the central support. The use of cyclone washers with screw fasteners reduced local plastic deformations and, in general, increased initial failure loads of the roofing sheets. Increasing the roofing span only slightly reduced the limit values of the reaction force per fastener at the central support due to the local failure characteristic of the screw fastened profiled roofing sheets.     

On the plastic moment of I-sections subjected to moderate shear forces

This paper presents an investigation concerning the plastic moment–shear (M–V) interaction of elastic–perfectly plastic compact I-section cantilever beams, focusing specifically on the effect of small-to-moderate shear forces. First, rectangular beams are analysed and the accuracy of the classic solutions for the M–V interaction is assessed through comparisons with numerical results, obtained with 2D solid finite element models. Then, I-section beams under major axis bending are examined, using shell finite element models and also available analytical solutions. Finally, the biaxial bending interaction for I-sections, together with uniaxial/biaxial shear, is investigated using 3D solid finite element models. A simple but accurate model for the biaxial bending interaction is proposed, which is based on the behaviour of rectangular cross-sections.     

冷弯薄壁型钢组合墙体受剪性能研究综述

根据对冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系传力路径的分析,承受和传递水平、竖向荷载的组合墙体的受力性能对整个结构的抗震性能至关重要。按照从局部到整体的顺序,依次对国内外开展的墙体龙骨、墙面板连接件和组合墙体的抗震性能的研究进行综述。结合对国内外具有代表性的剪力墙受剪试验结果进行的统计分析,分别给出墙面板、墙面板连接件、钢龙骨框架、墙体高宽比、墙体开洞及加载类型对墙体受剪承载力的影响。部分墙体受剪试验结果与中国规范相应的设计参考值进行对比,指出按线性内插得到的由大间距连接件连接的墙体受剪承载力规范参考值趋保守。按照中国规范给出的抗力分项系数值进行可靠度计算,计算结果表明规范的设计参考值不能很好的符合目标可靠度为3.2的要求。按文献建议调整抗力分项系数后的计算结果与目标可靠度吻合良好,但应进行更多的研究寻求合理的抗力分项系数值。最后对该类结构体系抗震性能研究领域需要深入研究的问题提出了建议。     

Behaviour of thin steel plate shear walls regarding frame members

Steel plate shear walls in buildings are known to be an effective and strong means for resisting lateral forces. The view of some structural designers is to use heavy stiffeners to reinforce and increase the buckling capacity of shear walls; whereas, if the walls are left unstiffened and allowed to buckle, their energy absorption will increase significantly due to the post-buckling capacity. On the other hand, the optimal design of thin steel plate shear walls (TSPSWs), which are categorized as thin-walled structures, involves the proper prediction of their buckling strength. In turn, this prediction is a function of the status of their assumed boundary conditions. Many design rules conservatively suggest simply supported boundary conditions for elastic member restraints. In this paper, the effects of surrounding members (i.e. beams and columns) on the overall behaviour of TSPSWs are studied. The results show that, unlike the present view, the flexural stiffness of surrounding members has no significant effects, either on elastic shear buckling or on the post-buckling behaviour of shear walls. The torsional rigidity has a significant effect only on the elastic buckling load, and the extensional stiffness slightly affects the post-buckling capacity.     

Splitting capacity of bottom rail in partially anchored timber frame shear walls with single-sided sheathing

Plastic design methods can be used for determining the load-carrying capacity of partially anchored shear walls, where hold-downs are not provided. In order to use these methods, a ductile behaviour of the sheathing-to-framing joints must be ensured. Since the forces in the anchor bolts and the sheathing-to-framing joints do not act in the same vertical plane, the bottom rail will be subjected to bending and shear in the crosswise direction, and splitting of the bottom rail may occur. In this article, results of two experimental programmes on the splitting capacity of the bottom rail due to uplift in partially anchored shear walls are presented. Two brittle failure modes occurred during testing: (1) a crack opening from the bottom surface of the bottom rail; and (2) a crack opening from the edge surface of the bottom rail along the line of the sheathing-to-framing joints. The results show that the distance between the edge of the washer and the loaded edge of the bottom rail has a decisive influence on the maximum load and the failure modes of the bottom rail.     

Steel sheathed cold-formed steel framed shear walls subjected to lateral and gravity loading

The design of steel sheathed cold-formed steel (CFS) framed shear walls is not addressed in Canadian design standards. A program of displacement based loading tests was carried out on single-storey shear walls of various configurations to investigate their performance and to establish a comprehensive database of information. The walls, which were subjected to lateral loading and combined lateral plus gravity loading, differed in sheathing thickness, screw fastener detailing, framing thickness, aspect ratio and framing reinforcement. The performance under loading was directly related to the sheathing connection pattern; however, when the framing elements were not blocked tension field forces resulted in significant damage to the chord studs. Details of the test program and general results are presented in this paper.     

Simplified torsion analysis for high-rise structures

A simple approximate hand method of analysis is presented for determining the internal forces in multi-storey structures subject to torsional loading. The buildings may include plan-symmetric combinations of coupled walls, rigid frames, wall-frames, single shear walls, rigid frames with central shear walls and braced frames. The bending deformations in all individual structural members are taken into account as well as the axial shortening and lengthening of the columns. The method is based on the continuous medium analogy which enables the analysis to be reduced to simple closed formulae. It is restricted to structures with uniform geometry up the height and linear elastic behaviour of the structural members. It provides a simple and rapid means of estimating the internal forces in each individual structural element and it is appropriate to the preliminary stages of the design of proposed tall building structure.     

自攻螺钉、拉铆钉连接的受力蒙皮抗剪性能试验研究

本文对111个自攻螺钉、拉铆钉连接及14块由这种连接件连接的蒙皮板进行了抗剪性能试验,并分析了其抗剪强度、抗剪刚度、工作特点、破坏模式以及变更连接件布置方式、压型板跨度对受力蒙皮性能的影响。试验结果与国外的试验和理论分析结果符合较好。文中还提出了将压型钢板等效为正交各向异性板,用有限元法分析蒙皮的抗剪性能,所得蒙皮连接件内力分布规律,有助于进一步研究建立我国的蒙皮设计计算方法。     

某剪力墙高层住宅施工过程中剪力墙偏移变形检测及内力分析

对某剪力墙高层住宅在施工期间部分剪力墙墙体因施工原因产生的偏移和变形进行检测,对剪力墙偏移变形前后的内力变化进行比较分析,对剪力墙偏移变形对主体结构及构件自身的影响进行分析。计算比较分析结果表明,剪力墙偏移变形前后平面内各项内力整体变化幅度较小,平面外各项内力整体变化幅度较大。总体上剪力墙偏移变形后,平面外各项内力均有不同程度的增加,虽然部分偏移变形较大的构件平面外各项内力增幅变化较大,但是增加的数值绝对值相对较小。剪力墙构件偏移变形后,在实际的平面内和平面外各项内力的作用下,结构主体及构件的承载力满足规范要求。     

Comparative study of some mechanical connections in cold formed steel

In this paper a comparative investigation carried out on the shear behaviour of mechanical connections in thin gauge steel is described. The connection techniques considered are press joining, Henrob fasteners, pop rivets and self-tapping screws. Samples joining two strips of steel of 1.0-, 1.2-, 1.6- and 2.0-mm thickness are reported. Press joins are applied at orientations of 0°, 45°, and 90°. Peak loads of all types of join tested are tabulated. The variability of the peak loads of press joins and screw samples in 1.0-mm and 2.0-mm thick steel are established with six tests on each configuration. A variability analysis is also carried out on peak stresses obtained from elasto–plastic material tests on 1.0-mm and 2.0-mm steel samples. The load displacement responses of the four types of connection in the small displacement range of <0.1 mm are plotted and compared.     

带方钢管混凝土端柱隔板连接双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

对5个带CFST端柱的隔板连接的双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙进行了恒定轴压条件下的侧向循环加载试验,考虑了截面高厚比(6.0和8.0)、端柱形式、设计轴压比(0.45和0.60)、剪跨比(1.5和2.0)等参数,研究了该类组合剪力墙延性、承载力、刚度和承载力退化、耗能能力、截面弯矩-曲率关系、剪力-剪切角关系以及腹侧腔室钢板等效应变的变化规律等。研究结果表明：组合剪力墙发生了典型的压-弯破坏;墙体受力过程中经历了钢板的屈服和屈曲及混凝土的压溃等破坏;墙体的滞回曲线饱满;墙体的极限侧移角介于2.3%~4.5%之间,位移延性系数介于3.05~4.45之间,具有良好的变形能力;增加截面高厚比,加强端柱构造,减小剪跨比,墙体的承载力和延性均得到提高;轴压比增大对墙体的承载力和延性有不利影响;组合剪力墙受力过程中的剪切变形呈非线性变化的特点,不应忽略;组合剪力墙的变形未局限于墙体固定端以上的有限范围内,而是在墙体高度方向有较为充分的发展,这是墙体变形能力较好的原因之一。     

Experimental testing of tall reinforced masonry walls under out-of-plane actions

This paper presents the results of experimental tests on tall reinforced masonry walls. Systems made with vertically perforated clay units for building mainly tall, load-bearing, reinforced masonry walls for commercial and industrial purposes were studied for applications in areas characterised by low to high seismic risk. Tests aimed at obtaining basic mechanical characterisation of the construction systems, and reproducing the behaviour of single-storey reinforced masonry buildings provided with deformable roofs. For this structural configuration, a special set-up for out-of-plane cyclic tests was designed and built. In particular, this paper presents: (a) systems used for tall reinforced masonry wall construction; (b) test set-up to reproduce the behaviour under out-of-plane loads and P–Δ effects; (c) experimental results obtained. The final aim is validating the effectiveness of the proposed construction systems and achieving complete mechanical characterisation for modelling and structural assessment purposes.     

框支剪力墙和落地剪力墙在水平荷载下共同工作时的内力和位移

本文用分区混合法求框支剪力墙和落地剪力墙在水平荷载下共同工作时的内力和位移。对框支墙、部分框支墙和底层框架上有部分无孔墙的剪力墙亦给出了计算结果,对各种墙在三种常用水平荷载作用下的内力和位移给出了统一的计算公式。本文同时讨论了连梁轴力和墙肢剪力的计算问题。     

Assessment of RC columns subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motions recorded during the 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake

In the aftermath of recent earthquakes there has been substantial field evidence demonstrating that the collapse of several existing structures was caused by the effects of the vertical component of seismic ground motions. Such field evidence has not yet been supported by comprehensive analytical assessment and experimental tests. The present work focuses on preliminary analyses of the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) members subjected to horizontal (HGMs) and vertical (VGMs) ground motions recorded during the 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake. Normalised axial loads in beam-columns as well as the peak ground acceleration ratios between horizontal and vertical ground accelerations are emphasised as they are considered parameters of paramount importance for the assessment of structural components and systems subjected to combined horizontal and vertical ground motions (HVGMs).Results of extensive parametric nonlinear dynamic analyses carried out on simplified structural models are discussed in detail. The sample models comprise cantilever RC columns and a two-storey, two-bay plane frame designed for gravity loads. The structural response quantities for the performed analyses are expressed in terms of axial loads, axial deformations, bending moment-axial load interaction and shear demand/capacity ratios. It is found that the variation of axial loads is significant in columns under HVGMs, especially in compression. For values of normalised axial loads (ν) corresponding to actual RC columns in framed building structures, e.g., normalised axial load ν>0.10, the average increase of the compression load ranges between 174% (ν=0.20) and 59% (ν=0.50). For high values of normalised axial loads the computed axial load-bending moment pairs lie beyond the threshold interaction curves and, in turn, the RC members may fail. The shear demand-to-supply ratio is also detrimentally affected by the high fluctuations of axial loads in the columns. Net tensile forces were computed for columns with low-to-moderate axial gravity preload. In multi-storey framed buildings, the response of central columns is significantly affected by the HVGMs. Reliable seismic performance assessment of framed systems requires that combined HGMs and VGMs should be accounted for in the analyses. Further experimental and numerical research is needed to formulate efficient mechanical models to evaluate the shear capacity of structural members of existing RC framed buildings under earthquake loading.     

局部连梁出现塑性铰后双肢剪力墙的分析及计算

本文研究了局部连粱出现塑性铰后双肢剪力墙的受力特点及计算简图,提出了在三种常用水平荷载作用下内力和侧移的理论分析和计算方法。当连梁无塑性铰时,本文公式也可取代双肢墙的弹性分析。文中给出计算实例。