基于GIS的地下开挖沉陷计算的有限层法及数据场表达

地学数字化与可视化构建的主要平台GIS已在许多岩土工程领域得到应用。地下硐室开挖和矿山采掘引起的地表沉陷是一种较为严重的工程灾害,基于“3S”技术对地表沉陷及其沉陷损害进行实时预测预报和评价,其效果和意义都是显著的。给出了一种用于地下开挖地表沉陷计算和岩土体应力分析的方法即有限层法,给出了该方法的位移模式、应变矩阵、弹性矩阵、单元该刚度矩阵和应力矩阵等,并就该方法与GIS集成中的数据模型和数据组织方法进行了探讨,同时还给出了基于GIS的沉陷损害评价系统的多语言集成模式和数据可视化方法,并通过系统应用的工程实例对该方法的可靠性进行了验证。     

基于GIS的开采沉陷土地资源损害评价系统研究

将开采沉陷土地资源损害评价理论与GIS技术相结合,着重分析了GIS支持下的土地资源损害评价数据需求和功能需求,建立了基于GIS技术的开采沉陷土地资源损害评价模型和评价标准体系,开发了"开采沉陷土地资源损害可视化评价系统".结合鲍店煤矿十采区的实例,实现了开采沉陷区土地资源损害科学、高效、客观的可视化评价.     

Use of multi-criteria decision-aids for risk zoning and management of large area subjected to mining-induced hazards

The end of iron-mining operations in France's Lorraine region has raised the problem of post-mining management. Collapses and subsidence have recently occurred in this region, which focused on the necessity to develop a specific methodology for risk zoning. The proposed methodology is based on the multi-criteria decision-aid approach called ‘ELECTRE TRI’, with aim to assign zones at risk into predefined classes. It allows experts opinions, qualitative and quantitative criteria and uncertainties to be taken into account.     

Quantifizierung der Schadenspotentiale infolge Erdbeben – Teil 1: Rekonstruktion des Bebens in der Schwäbischen Alb vom 03. September 1978

Assessment of damage and loss potentials due to earthquake (1): reconstruction of the “Albstadt” – quake in the Swabian Albs in September 03, 1978. Due to lack of strong earthquakes, there is almost no data or experience available concerning the behaviour and vulnerability of common buildings in German seismic zones. The consideration of their earthquake resistance or vulnerability is still outside the scope of official investigations. A scale is missing to calibrate results of seismic risk assessment and to prove their reliability. For these purposes, an outstanding importance has to be attested to the September 03, 1978 Earthquake in the Western Swabian Alb, the heaviest one in Germany over the last 50 years. The 1978 Albstadt earthquake provides an impression of the severity of design earthquakes (in lower range) defined by DIN 4149: 2005 for the highest zone 3. Due to the limited time elapsed since the quake, it can be assumed that the building inventory is comparable to the situation today and might be generalized to other communities in that zone today. The present study can be regarded as a continuation of research activities directed towards the assessment of damage and loss potentials in German cities initiated by Deutsches Forschungsnetzwerk Naturkatastrophen (DFNK), while introducing recently elaborated and more refined approaches. The detailed survey and documentation of damage cases provide the basis to test the applicability of the developed GIS‐based seismic risk assessment technologies to other seismic regions. For this purpose, the main damage zones and the distribution of mean damage grades in Albstadt/Tailfingen are reconstructed and the loss will be recalculated for the building inventory at the time of the quake in 1978. The vulnerability of building types is evaluated on the basis of the European Macroseismic Scale EMS‐98. The classification of EMS‐98 is used to transform the existing damage observations into a scheme of damage grades. In addition to the empirical approach, selected damage cases are examined by a recently developed evaluation tool for masonry structures, combining experience and analysis in a hybrid way to detect critical zones, as well as the extent and the level of damage. All results indicate a remarkable agreement with the reported situation.     

基于GIS的地面沉降易损性评价

地面沉降易损性为承灾体易于受到地面沉降的破坏与损害的程度.根据易损性指标的科学性、可操作性以及可定量化等基本选取依据和地面沉降的损失特征,选择单位面积GDP、建筑密度、人口密度、耕地密度和沉降速率五个易损性指标,另外选取一个修正性指标抗损失能力对易损评价结果进行修正.利用贡献率方法确定了各指标的权重.地面沉降易损性定量...     

A fuzzy inference-based approach for building damage risk assessment on mining terrains

Reliable evaluation of risk of building damage due to the mining impact is problematic owing to the magnitude, diversity and uncertainty of factors that may affect the surface, as well as the subjective character of methods of assessing resistance of the objects. The uncertainty and ambiguity elements in the decision process can be accounted for by fuzzy inference method. This tool employed together with GIS enabled one to integrate such diverse factors affecting damage risk as surface deformations and resistance of building objects, taking into account uncertainty of data and subjectivity of evaluation of experts making the assessment.The results of investigations of the damage risk model based on fuzzy inference are presented in the paper. The successive stages of working out a fuzzy model are presented, the most important stages indicated and the choice of specific elements of the model justified. The advantages of fuzzification are presented on the example of building data subjected to the mining impact in one of the Polish mining areas.     

急倾斜煤层开采岩移基本规律的模型试验

针对新集三矿急倾斜煤层开采复杂的采矿地质条件，运用实验室相似模型试验方法，对西三采区煤层开采引起的岩体移动和地表沉陷的基本规律进行了研究，总结出了新集三矿急倾斜煤层开采重复采动所引起的厚冲积层岩体移动基本特征和地表沉陷的相关参数。所得结果对现场开采及地表沉陷治理具有一定的指导作用，对于同类地质和开采条件的矿区具有重要参考价值。     

基于可拓学的采煤塌陷区土地复垦适宜性评价

土地复垦适宜性评价是土地复垦项目决策的依据和前期工作的中心环节,但目前针对采煤塌陷区的适宜性评价尚不多见,同时由于传统的土地复垦适宜性评价方法都含有一定的主观因素,导致评价结果受到影响。因此本文提出基于可拓学的适宜性评价方法,根据采煤塌陷区土地复垦的特点,采用改进的层次分析法和模糊数学理论建立适宜性评价模型。通过塌陷区实例进行分析,得出了土地复垦的适宜性评价结果。研究结果表明该方法对于采煤塌陷区土地适宜性评价具有适用性和合理性,同时可以克服人为因素的影响,从而提高评价精度,充实了土地适宜性评价理论和实践体系。     

国有投资居住小区招标实践

介绍了焦作矿区采煤沉陷治理项目招评标工作的主要做法,针对招投标过程中发现的问题,总结了应采取的对策,以强调招标评标在工程项目建设过程中的重要性。     

采矿塌陷区耕地破损评价指标体系分析

通过深入分析采矿塌陷区耕地质量破损演化过程,认为采矿塌陷区耕地破损可分为可耕性破损、土壤环境破损及土壤本底质量破损;以采矿塌陷区耕地破损状况为研究对象,提出了指标选取的科学性原则、目的性原则、可行性原则以及敏感性原则,并建立了基于矿山地表移动变形规律的评价指标体系;采用专家打分法以及层次分析原理对各层指标进行了重要性排序。所得结论将矿山耕地质量研究与矿山地表移动变形规律研究联系了起来,为矿山地质环境整治以及矿山地表耕地的保护提供了有益的参考。     

基于GIS的沉陷区建筑物损害评价可视化分析

针对煤矿开采沉陷与地表环境资源之间日趋紧张的矛盾现状,在理论研究与现场调研的基础上,通过总结分析开采沉陷区地表变形与建筑物损害的相互关系,建立了沉陷区建筑物损害评价计算模型。基于计算模型,在GIS平台下利用ArcObjects组件开发技术,集成实现了“开采沉陷环境资源损害评价”功能模块并嵌入ArcGIS桌面系统。该系统模块能够实现煤矿沉陷区建筑物损害评价计算的自动化和可视化,同时,用户能够自主设定评价指标与评价标准的临界值,灵活应用于不同评价目标区。系统模块研制成功后,在兖州煤业股份有限公司鲍店煤矿十采区进行了工程实际应用,现场实例校核显示,评价计算结果与现场技术人员的实地测算结果基本一致。     

资源枯竭矿区深井开采引起地层再破坏的复杂性研究

针对资源枯竭矿区已经进行了多年开采而在地下浅部已留下很多老采区和地层已遭受数次沉陷破坏的特点，提出了深井开采及深浅部同时开采(重复采动)导致地层进一步破坏的特征和地层自下而上的沉陷规律及其损害累积效应，并借助北票矿区已经进行127a开采的实例，综合分析了资源枯竭矿区深井开采引起地层再破坏的复杂性及资源枯竭城市再生地层结构抗震性能的下降机理、评价方法和恢复措施。     

Vulnerability of buildings to windstorms and insurance loss estimation

Windstorms cause enormous loss to life and property worldwide. Insurance companies use risk assessment models to assess the financial risk to their insurance exposure due to windstorms. The estimation of the intensity of hazard and the vulnerability of buildings to windstorms are important parts of a windstorm risk assessment model. The vulnerability functions (or curves) are, in general, based on analyses of loss data from insurance companies. The loss data available from insurance companies following a natural disaster is generally comprised of losses representative of a wide variety of buildings, often lacking information on building-specific characteristics such as height and material. Analysis of such data may not go beyond the development of an aggregate (or generic) vulnerability curve for a combined portfolio giving no idea of the vulnerability of individual building types represented by this curve. The paper discusses the vulnerability of buildings to windstorms and the development of vulnerability functions for windstorm loss estimation. A methodology is presented for the disaggregation of a generic vulnerability curve into several curves representing individual building types. The methodology provides a convenient way of translating known vulnerabilities for a region to those for another region by combining them with actuarial data and building inventory information of the region. The methodology is applied for the disaggregation of generic vulnerability curves for the Caribbean Island of Puerto Rico. The hurricane hazards and the consequent property losses in the region are also discussed.     

Utilization of an underground mining evaluation map incorporating the effect of landslides and surface flooding for land-use purpose

A number of problems related to land use and foundations of new structures are encountered in underground mining areas. Potential suitability and/or unsuitability of lands for new structures must be considered in areas affected by underground mining. It is well-known that subsidence, slope instability, and surface flooding are frequently observed in underground mining areas. Thus, a map that takes into account such geo-hazards and classifies suitable and unsuitable areas for new structures is needed. Areas affected by underground mining of coal in Stonava near to the border of the Czech Republic and Poland represent specific areas where subsidence, slope instability, and surface flooding problems need a strategy for future utilization of the landscape by means of land use plans. In light of the above reasons, the methodology and preparation of a map model incorporating the effect of landslides and surface flooding has been introduced in this study. This map depicts three levels of influence (important influence, moderate influence, and negligible influence). Chronological variations in the building site categories in the study area have been analyzed as another part of the study. It was further crucial to consider the current built-up area in the underground mining area, and therefore, its relation to building site categories has also been evaluated. Consequently, the building site categories were evaluated in relation to the planned built-up area, which is the most important landscape element in a land-use plan as a tool in the decision-making process.     

浅谈地下采煤对地表建筑物的影响

简述了地下采煤引起的地表沉陷研究现状,讨论了地表沉陷的产生原因,指出了煤矿开采沉陷过程中防治地表建筑物遭到大程度破坏的方法和措施,以期推动煤炭工业的进一步发展。     

深埋硬岩隧洞岩爆倾向性指标RVI的建立及验证

 在总结国内外岩爆倾向性研究的主要成果和理论方法的基础上,针对性地提出适合于深埋隧洞工程的岩爆倾向性评估新方法的建立过程和基本构架。分析锦屏II级水电站深埋隧洞群中62例岩爆案例,揭示岩爆的特征和主要控制因素,在此基础上提出新的岩爆倾向性指标RVI及其建立方法,确定RVI中岩爆控制因素的选取原则。RVI由4个控制因子构成,即应力控制因子Fs、岩石物性因子Fr、岩体系统刚度因子Fm和地质构造因子Fg,4个控制因子分别反映不同岩爆控制因素对岩爆倾向性的贡献。研究发现,锦屏II级水电站深埋隧洞岩爆破坏深度与RVI存在显著的相关性,建立的经验关系式的确定系数可达到80%以上,该经验关系式可评估深埋隧洞工程的岩爆倾向性和破坏程度。锦屏II级水电站深埋隧洞典型岩爆实例分析验证RVI的适用性。     

地铁暗挖与古建筑损害评价实例分析

北京地铁四号线近距离暗挖下穿了木框架古建筑物西四新华书店,文章对现场实测建筑物和地表沉降数特点进行了分析,分别采用规范法、Burland方法、Cording方法、以及数值分析法对该建筑物的损害状况进行分析、评价、对比,综合各评价方法结果以及建筑物的损害状况认为下穿过程对建筑局部产生了较为严重损害,同时认为数值计算结构内力和结构极限承载力校核相结合的方法对于定量判断结构损害状况是具有积极作用,最后针对该建筑物的损害状况提出了相关工程应对措施。     

Quantifizierung der Schadenspotentiale infolge Erdbeben – Teil 2: Modellstudie Baden‐Württemberg

Assessment of damage and loss potentials due to earthquake (2): Model study Baden Wuerttemberg. For the study area of Baden‐Wuerttemberg an intensity‐oriented and thus empirical approach of seismic risk analysis is taken. Explaining the essential work steps, the proximity to reality and the scatter of the results are discussed. Regional differences in the building substance and consequences for the damage expectation to be derived thereof are illustrated. A regionalisation factor is suggested, which reflects the vulnerability of building types and leads to a modification of damage functions; it is derived from extensive data surveys from the model region. The procedures and the processing levels implemented in the model are structured transparently and presented in the paper. The scenarios refer to historical earthquakes with remarkable detailing of the available regional shake maps. For these events it can be proven that losses corresponding to the intensity are calculated if the most important influence factors from soil and building vulnerability are considered. Losses from maximum events are determined by simply increasing the intensity; for worst‐case‐scenarios the respectively strongest shake effects for all communities are superimposed summarily. By applying the gross domestic capital and other statistical property values a relative loss can be derived. The communities are differentiated regarding inhabitant numbers in order to illustrate differences in how heavily affected they are. The calculated scenarios confirm that in the model region, small and medium‐sized towns deserve more attention regarding earthquake preparation than large city centres.     

Prognose der Bauwerksschädigung unter Hochwassereinwirkung

Prognosis of building damage due to flood impact. Reliable prognoses of building damage caused by flood impact require realistic correlations between action and loss describing parameters. Due to the fact that commonly applied damage relationships between inundation level and loss are related to the costs for the different insurance sectors or usage classes (i.e. private housing), the required differentiation according to the parameters on the resistance side is still missing. The large scatter in the damage data has complicated the derivation of reliable general loss predictions and specific cost‐benefit analyses. On the basis of the August 2002 Saxony flood data base, a method to determine the structural damage of a single building or of the affected building stock for any given flood scenario is developed. Repeatedly observed damage patterns are transformed into a classification scheme of damage grades. With this tool, the structural damage of all damage cases can be analysed in a systematic way and related to the parameters describing flood impact. Vulnerability classes for the different building types are defined by using the data for determining characteristic ranges of damage expectation. Basic steps of the procedure are illustrated for a fictive data‐set, and subsequently applied to the existing database. As one of the main results, a new type of vulnerability function is proposed, describing the empirically‐based relationship between inundation height and the introduced damage grades D_i. With these vulnerability functions the damage distribution caused by the August 2002 flood can be reinterpreted for test areas with close agreement to the observed effects. A similar good prognosis could be achieved for the reported loss in monetary terms by correlating vulnerability class and impact parameter (inundation level) in specific loss functions. Thus, the prerequisites for the practical application of the procedure and presented tools are given.     

On the use of 1g physical models for ground movements and soil-structure interaction problems

The paper focusses on the use of physical modelling in ground movements (induced by underground cavity collapse or mining/tunnelling) and associated soil-structure interaction issues. The paper presents first an overview of using 1g physical models to solve geotechnical problems and soil-structure interactions related to vertical ground movements. Then the 1g physical modelling application is illustrated to study the development of damage in masonry structure due to subsidence and cavity collapse. A large-scale 1g physical model with a 6 m³ container and 15 electric jacks is presented with the use of a three-dimensional (3D) image correlation technique. The influence of structure position on the subsidence trough is analysed in terms of crack density and damage level. The obtained results can improve the methodology and practice for evaluation of damage in masonry structures. Nevertheless, ideal physical model is difficult to achieve. Thus, future improvement of physical models (analogue materials and instrumentation) could provide new opportunities for using 1g physical models in geotechnical and soil-structure applications and research projects.