An equivalent frame model for seismic analysis of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings

In this paper a novel equivalent planar-frame model with openings is presented. The model deals with seismic analysis using the Pushover method for masonry and reinforced concrete buildings. Each wall with opening can be decomposed into parallel structural walls made of an assemblage of piers and a portion of spandrels. As formulated, the structural model undergoes inelastic flexural as well as inelastic shear deformations. The mathematical model is based on the smeared cracks and distributed plasticity approach. Both zero moment location shifting in piers and spandrels can be evaluated. The constitutive laws are modeled as bilinear curves in flexure and in shear. A biaxial interaction rule for both axial force–bending moment and axial force–shear force are considered. The model can support any shape of failure criteria. An event-to-event strategy is used to solve the nonlinear problem. Two applications are used to show the ability of the model to study both reinforced concrete and unreinforced masonry structures. Relevant findings are compared to analytical results from experimental, simplified models and finite element models such as Drain3DX and ETABS finite element package.     

窗间墙锚固配筋砖混结构教学楼抗震性能试验研究

为改善砖混结构教学楼的抗震性能,通过对其纵向窗间墙局部配筋并在墙体两端采用竖向钢筋进行锚固配筋,按照1/2的缩尺比例设计了2个砖混子结构模型。采用拟静力试验分别对普通窗间墙和配筋窗间墙的子结构模型的破坏模式、承载能力、变形能力、刚度退化、延性、耗能性能以及窗间墙的破坏模式和纵墙的破坏机制等进行了分析。结果表明：普通窗间墙模型表现为层间破坏机制,窗间墙发生剪切破坏,纵墙发生“强梁弱柱”式破坏;窗间墙局部配筋并进行锚固的模型发生整体型破坏,窗间墙弯曲破坏,纵墙的破坏机制具有“强柱弱梁”特征,层间变形均匀,模型的破坏形态、耗能能力和延性等均得到改善。     

多层砌体结构窗下墙破坏模式试验研究

为验证多层砌体结构开洞墙体窗下墙破坏模式震害现象,设计缩尺比例为1:3的三层三跨砌体结构开洞墙体试件,对其进行拟静力低周往复加载试验。分析多层砌体墙体窗下墙破坏模式的破坏特征,研究整体墙及各层墙体的滞回特性、骨架曲线、刚度退化规律、耗能特性、延性与变形特征等抗震性能。试验结果表明：发生窗下墙破坏模式的开洞墙体破坏过程分为裂缝出现、变形发展与强度退化三个阶段;窗下墙作为第一道抗震防线可提前参与整体结构耗能、降低墙体刚度退化速率、增加整体墙的延性和变形能力,其破坏模式相对窗间墙破坏模式更为合理。研究结果揭示了发生窗下墙破坏模式墙体的抗震性能与变形特征,为实现砌体结构合理破坏机制提供依据。     

预应力砖墙在低周反复荷载下抗裂及承载力试验研究

通过１：２预应力与非预应力带圈梁，构造柱砖墙在低周反复水平荷载作用下的对比试验，研究了墙片的裂缝出现与开展过程、破坏机理、滞回特性、强度、刚度、延性及耗参能能力，本文仅就其抗裂及承载力进行了论述，说明在砖墙中施加预应力能明显提高其抗震性能，并提出了有关抗裂及级限承载力的计算方法，计算结果与试验相当吻合。     

FRP和TRC加固砌体墙受剪性能试验研究

砌体结构的抗震性能较差,且砌体墙作为主要承载构件易在地震中受到面内剪切作用。而加固是提高砌体墙面内受剪性能的有效方法。FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer)和TRC(textile-reinforced concrete)两种材料具有轻质、高强、耐腐蚀等优势,在应用于砌体结构加固时增强效果显著。为了比较这两种材料加固砌体墙的受剪性能,采用砂浆、FRP和TRC对砌体墙进行加固,进行了加固砌体墙试件的面内受剪试验,分析不同加固方式的破坏模式、承载力、延性和耗能能力。研究表明,未加固和砂浆加固的砌体墙在破坏时有不同程度的脆性特征,采用FRP和TRC加固均可改善这一现象。在本研究试验条件下,FRP和TRC在提升峰值剪应力方面增强效果相似,但TRC加固试件在延性和耗能方面效果更好。最后,结合现有规范中的相关计算方法,计算FRP和TRC加固层的受剪承载力,并且将计算值与试验值进行对比以评估相关计算方法的合理性,结果表明相关计算方法较为保守。     

A numerical and experimental analysis of unbonded brickwork panels laterally loaded

The recent earthquakes occurred in Italy (Umbria and Marche 1997 and Molise 2002) have shown that the collapse of masonry buildings is mostly due to out-of-plane actions, caused, for instance, by an inadequate interlocking between perpendicular walls. In this paper, a combined numerical–experimental analysis on in-scale unbonded masonry panels out-of-plane loaded is presented. Three different Series (A, B and C) of mortarless walls subjected to in-plane compressive loads and concentrated out-of-plane actions are considered. Series A is restrained at two perpendicular edges and subjected to an eccentric out-of-plane load, whereas Series B and C are constrained at the base and on both vertical edges and are subjected to an eccentric (Series B) or centered (Series C) out-of-plane load. Experimental tests are repeated in presence of three different vertical membrane compressive loads equal to, respectively, 7, 10 and 13 kN. Two different numerical models, relying in an upper bound heterogeneous FE limit analysis and in a FE homogenized limit analysis approach, are employed to have a better insight into the experimentation conducted. The combined numerical–experimental information obtained shows that anisotropic masonry behaviour and vertical compressive loads are key aspects to consider to have a reliable prediction of both collapse loads and failure mechanisms.     

Investigation on the behavior of brick-infilled steel frames with openings, experimental and analytical approaches

This article deals with an experimental program to investigate the in-plane seismic behavior of steel frames with clay brick masonry infills having openings. Six large-scale, single-story, single-bay frame specimens were tested under in-plane cyclic loading applied at roof level. The infill panel specimens included masonry infills having central openings of various dimensions. The experimental results indicate that infill panels with and without openings can improve the seismic performance of steel frames and the amount of cumulative dissipated energy of the infill panels with openings, at ultimate state are almost identical. Furthermore, contrary to the literature, the results indicate that infilled frames with openings are not always more ductile than the ones with solid infill. It seems that the ductility of such frames depends on the failure mode of infill piers. This experimental investigation shows that infilled frames with openings experienced pier diagonal tension or toe crushing failure and have smaller ductility factors than those frames with solid infill. Furthermore, a simple analytical method is proposed to estimate the maximum shear capacity of masonry infilled steel frames with window and door openings.     

Simple lower bound limit analysis homogenization model for in- and out-of-plane loaded masonry walls

A simple homogenized equilibrated and admissible model for the limit analysis of masonry walls in- and out-of-plane loaded is presented.A rectangular running bond elementary cell (RVE) is discretized by means of a few constant stress triangular elements (CST) and interfaces. Non linearity is concentrated on brick–brick interfaces and joints reduced to interface, exhibiting a frictional behavior with limited tensile and compressive strength. When dealing with the flexural behavior, a Kirchhoff–Love homogenized model is derived, subdividing the REV into several layers along the thickness and in discretizing each layer analogously to the in-plane case.When dealing with the in-plane behavior, a linear programming problem with very few variables is obtained, which can be handled even manually for some cases of technical interest.The lower bound model proposed is validated at a cell level through literature kinematic models, to show that the lower bound approach provides almost identical results with respect to upper bound approaches, meaning that the actual solution is well approximated.Homogenized masonry behavior is then implemented at a structural level in consolidated FE limit analysis codes for the evaluation of collapse loads and failure mechanisms of real scale masonry structures.     

方钢管混凝土柱-钢梁框架耐火性能分析

研究方钢管混凝土柱-钢梁框架结构的耐火性能。基于有限元方法,分析了GB/T 9978（同ISO-834）加热条件下,带有混凝土楼板的方钢管混凝土柱-钢梁单向螺栓连接框架结构的温度分布、耐火时间和破坏模式,并对有限元模拟结果进行了试验验证,在试验结果基础上采用有限元方法分析了方钢管混凝土柱构件与方钢管混凝土框架柱的耐火极限差异。研究结果表明：与方钢管混凝土框架柱的其他区域相比,方钢管混凝土框架柱节点区的温度相对较低;根据本文建议的框架结构判定准则,当单向螺栓节点连接可靠,随着作用在柱和梁上荷载水平的变化,柱破坏模式和梁破坏模式是方钢管混凝土柱-钢梁框架的主要破坏模式;当框架梁上不施加荷载,只对框架柱起到约束作用,其他条件相同时,方钢管混凝土框架柱的耐火极限大于两端铰接柱构件的耐火极限,但小于一端固接一端铰接支撑柱构件的耐火极限。     

In-plane retrofitting of masonry panels with fibre reinforced composite materials

Research activities carried out during the past years concerning the use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) as external reinforcement of masonry walls have shown that this system considerably improves structural stability and ductility with minimum increase in the load transmitted to foundations. However, different aspects of this retrofitting system should still be analyzed.The mechanical behaviour under in-plane compression and diagonal compression of clay masonry panels reinforced or repaired with carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminates is experimentally assessed in this paper. The results show that if correct retrofitting schemes are chosen, reinforcement and repairing with fibre reinforced polymers improves masonry behaviour, increasing ductility and, in some cases, ultimate strength and even stiffness. In this way, brittle behaviour and sudden failure of unreinforced masonry can be avoided.     

折线螺旋束型布筋的PC框架边主梁的研究与设计

介绍了折线螺旋束型布筋的预应力混凝土框架边主梁及普通钢筋混凝土框架边主梁的对比荷载试验。试验数据分析表明,折线螺旋束型的预应力筋可以有效地提高边主梁的开裂扭矩,在出现斜裂缝后预应力抗扭筋仍然可以有效地工作。给出了折线螺旋束型布筋的预应力梁的抗扭极限承载力的计算公式,并通过工程实例,提出一种在框架边主梁中设置折线螺旋束型的预应力筋以承受次梁传来的协调扭矩的设计方法。     

Stochastic spatial modelling of material properties and structural strength of unreinforced masonry in two-way bending

The paper describes the development of a computational method to predict the strength for unreinforced masonry walls subject to two-way out-of-plane bending considering unit-to-unit spatial variability of the material properties of mortar joints and bricks. The study involves conducting a numerical simulation of full-sized walls subject to two-way bending using stochastic analysis in the form of Monte Carlo simulations and comparing the results with experimental work. A 3-D non-linear Finite Element Analysis is used to study how the spatial variability of material properties affect non-load bearing wall failure progression. The numerical results are compared to the experimental results in terms of the wall failure progression and wall capacity. It is shown that the model which considers the spatial variability of brickwork can best capture the failure patterns and predict the cracking and ultimate loads for walls subjected to two-way bending.     

内构造柱加固砌体墙抗震性能有限元分析

介绍了内构造柱抗震加固砌体墙的方法,采用大型有限元软件ABAQUS6.6,对单调水平荷载下,内构造柱加固墙体的受力性能进行了有限元分析,并将其与外构造柱加固墙体及未加固砌体墙的受力性能进行了对比分析。分析表明,虽然加固后墙体的抗剪承载力提高得并不显著,但加固后墙体的延性系数却显著提高了,其中内构造柱加固墙体延性系数比未加固墙体提高了121.1%,比外构造柱加固墙体提高了26.6%。这种新的加固方法能显著提高砌体墙的抗震性能,具有好的工程应用意义。     

钢筋混凝土框格单元结构受力性能影响因素分析

为研究填充块材和外围构件对钢筋混凝土框格单元结构受力性能的影响,对4个框格单元和2个空框格结构进行1/2比例模型加载试验。结果表明,开裂前填充砌体与钢筋混凝土框格粘着为一体共同抵抗外力,开裂后结构转化为砌体压杆抗力机制。外围构件弯曲刚度对结构抗裂能力及极限承载能力均有显著影响。提高填充块材抗压强度时结构极限承载能力显著提高。当填充块材抗压强度及弹性模量较低时,钢筋混凝土框格单元结构的变形能力很好。     

Longitudinal and transverse effects in masonry arch assessment

Recent advances in the analysis of masonry arch bridges, substantiated by extensive testing programs in the United States and Europe, provide bridge engineers and inspectors with increasing confidence that reasonable estimates can be made of the capacity of these structures. Observations of ultimate strength testing indicate that spandrel walls and fill contribute greatly to the strength and stiffness of these structures, and that loads approaching the plastic collapse load can often be obtained. Observations from service load testing indicate that the development of cracking and non-linearity under service loads can be a significant indicator of the capacity of the structure. Modeling of these structures has shown the importance of restraint of the abutment to the overall resistance of the structure, and has recently shown the importance of transverse effects in diminishing the strength of structures with high spandrel walls or thin arch rings.     

多层砌体结构窗下墙的破坏研究

通过汶川地震震害调查,探讨多层砌体结构窗下墙体的破坏,分析破坏规律、墙体的窗下墙设计,对多层砌体结构窗下墙的破坏模式进行分析。通过分析发现窗下墙在地震作用下同样处于危险状态,窗下墙的破坏模式是一种延性破坏模式,应对砌体窗下墙破坏进行深入研究。     

带砌体填充墙结构在地震作用下的安全性质疑

震害和分析证明,填充墙的刚度效应能够较大地增加结构的层间侧移刚度,填充墙和框架梁的组合 抗弯刚度要远大于原有框架梁的抗弯刚度。在可能存在薄弱层、扭转破坏以及强梁弱柱情况时,规范应明确 考虑填充墙的刚度效应,并把薄弱层附近的上下层侧移刚度比控制在1.3～2之间。规范没有考虑填充墙的约 束效应可能使短肢剪力墙变为矮墙,框架梁变为短梁,针对这两种情况带来的不安全性,建议规范补充改进措 施。地震作用下填充墙有可能产生平面外破坏,建议规范对填充墙的高厚比进行限值,并适当提高对填充墙 中块体和砂浆的强度要求。     

Correlation analysis of a reinforced-concrete building under tsunami load pattern and effect of masonry infill walls on tsunami load resistance

The 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused damage to many buildings and killed a lot of people in several Indian Ocean countries, including Thailand. Several reinforced-concrete (RC) buildings in Southern Thailand that were gravity-load-designed buildings suffered damage due to the tsunami. To understand the behaviour of RC buildings under tsunami loads, the one-story building, which was the former office of the Thai Meteorological Department located in Phang-Nga province, was tested under tsunami load patterns. In this research, the RC building is modelled for three-dimensional non-linear static pushover analysis. In the building model, masonry infill walls are idealised as diagonal struts by using uniaxial non-linear springs, and plastic hinges are modelled by non-linear fibre elements. The results of the building model agree well with test results. The effect of masonry infill walls is investigated by considering various wall arrangement patterns. The building with masonry infill walls can resist the lateral load two times higher than the resistance of the building without masonry infill wall. The masonry infill walls with the appropriate arrangement can significantly improve the load-resisting capacity of the building under tsunami loads.     

型钢混凝土框架结构耐火性能有限元分析

为了研究型钢混凝土框架整体结构的耐火性能,为其抗火设计提供参考,采用受火楼层建立精细化有限元计算模型、非受火楼层建立梁单元计算模型的方法,建立了型钢混凝土框架整体结构的耐火性能计算模型。考虑火灾位置、荷载分布形式、柱轴压比等参数的影响,对火灾下型钢混凝土框架整体结构的变形规律、承载机制、破坏形态以及耐火极限进行参数分析。分析结果表明：火灾下框架结构出现了整体破坏和局部破坏两种典型的破坏形态,受火构件受到的约束作用对其耐火性能有较大的影响;在局部破坏形态中,由于受热膨胀,火灾下框架梁首先出现了较大的轴压力,受火框架梁处于压弯受力状态;之后,框架梁出现了悬链线效应,轴力对框架梁的受力状态有较大影响;在整体破坏形态中,根据轴压比及荷载分布形式的不同,框架出现了中柱破坏和边柱破坏两种典型破坏形态,同时,随楼层受火位置的升高,柱的轴压比减小,框架结构的耐火极限增加。     

带窗间墙扶壁柱砖混结构教学楼抗震性能的试验研究

为了解砖混结构教学楼在窗间墙扶壁柱增强配筋条件下的抗震性能和地震破坏机理,按照1/2的缩尺比例设计制作了1个2层砖混结构试验模型,在窗间墙中设置扶壁柱并增强柱截面的配筋,采用拟静力试验对模型的破坏特点、延性和耗能能力以及窗间墙的破坏模式和纵墙的宏观破坏机制等进行了研究。结果表明,窗间墙扶壁柱配筋率较高时,扶壁柱与两侧砖砌体的协调变形能力差,导致模型的破坏位置集中,模型表现为层间破坏模式,窗间墙发生剪切破坏并出现垮塌,纵墙的宏观破坏具有"强梁弱柱"特征,模型的延性和耗能能力均较差。因此,砖混结构教学楼的抗震设计应合理控制窗间墙中扶壁柱的配筋率。