The impact vibration-based fatigue damage assessment of steel and steel fiber reinforced concrete composite girder

The steel-concrete composite girder has been usually applied in the civil structures. The current fatigue damage assessment on the composite girder, especially the negative bending region, mainly bases on the crack observation and deflection measurement. It is not stable sometimes, thus the impact vibration-based fatigue damage assessment was considered instead. A 3.3m steel-steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) composite girder was designed and tested. The fatigue load, the impact load, and the static load were applied in the test. It showed that the local fatigue damage reflected by the tensile SFRC cracks may not be easily evaluated through observing the global mechanical change. However, the vibration modal parameters such as the vibration frequency, vibration mode, damping ratio might be useful for this. In particular, the vibration mode variation, which can be expressed by the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) value, may reflect the local fatigue damage on the composite girder.     

FRP增强钢筋混凝土梁损伤的振动监测

采用试验数据,识别钢筋混凝土梁模态。对9个混凝土梁的破坏过程和动态参数进行监测,当荷载到达预期破坏荷载一半时,对6个梁采用外贴碳纤维布进行加固。基于所测模态参数,对识别方法进行研究并对识别方法的效率进行分析。这些方法包括频率变化、模态确证准则(MAC)、坐标模态确证准则(COMAC)和模态曲率。通过比较这些方法可知,频率变化不能完全监测损伤以及预测加固的潜力;模态确证准则的值能够揭示荷载变化过程中梁的刚度变化;对梁每个自由度的刚度变化可采用坐标模态确证准则进行评估;模态曲率方法是对梁进行损伤识别的最好方法。     

桥梁健康监测之传感器优化布置

讨论了以桥梁健康监测为目标的传感器优化配置问题,以模态置信度MAC矩阵最大非对角元为目标函数,提出基于模拟退火算法对传感器的配置进行组合优化,并给出算法中各种参数的选取原则和具体的操作步骤,算例表明,该方法应用于桥梁健康监测系统的传感器优化配置是切实可行的。     

不同连梁跨高比混凝土核心筒抗震性能试验研究

为了进一步研究钢筋混凝土核心筒体的抗震性能,对两个钢筋混凝土核心筒试件进行了水平低周反复荷载试验,重点研究不同连梁跨高比下核心筒的破坏机理、承载能力、耗能能力、延性、剪力滞后等方面的抗震性能。发现核心筒试件最后均为底部发生整体弯曲破坏,随着连梁跨高比从1.7下降到0.9,核心筒试件的刚度和承载能力有明显提高,但同时延性性能和耗能能力显著下降。分析表明,连梁跨高比对钢筋混凝土核心筒的抗震性能有较大影响。     

凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合梁的受弯性能

文章将混凝土与竹材组合,提出一种新型凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合结构,为研究凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合梁的受弯力学性能,对5组组合梁和1组对比竹梁进行四点弯曲试验,试验参数包括连接件间距及其数量,试验主要测试试验荷载、跨中挠度、竹梁与混凝土翼缘的应变以及竹梁与混凝土翼缘的界面相对滑移.试验结果表明,凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合梁...     

Flexural and shear capacities of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars

This paper reports test results of 12 concrete beams reinforced with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars subjected to a four point loading system. All test specimens had no transverse shear nor compression reinforcement and were classified into two groups according to the concrete compressive strength. The main parameters investigated in each group were the beam depth and amount of GFRP reinforcement. Two modes of failure were observed, namely flexural and shear. The flexural failure is mainly occurred due to tensile rupture of GFRP bars either within the mid-span region or under the applied point load. The shear failure is initiated by a major diagonal crack within the beam shear span. This diagonal crack extended horizontally at the level of the GFRP bars indicating bond failure.Simplified methods for estimating the flexural and shear capacities of beams tested are presented. The flexural capacity is estimated based on the compatibility of strains and equilibrium of forces. Comparisons between the flexural capacity obtained from the theoretical analysis and that experimentally measured in the current investigation and elsewhere show good agreement. To predict the shear capacity of the beams tested, four methods recently proposed in the literature for GFRP-reinforced concrete beams are used. These methods have been developed by modifying the ACI 318-99 shear capacity formula for steel-reinforced concrete beams to account for the difference in the axial stiffness of GFRP and steel bars. It has been shown that the theoretical predictions of the shear capacity obtained from these methods are inconsistent and further research needs to be carried out in order to establish a rational method for the shear capacity calculation of GFRP-reinforced concrete beams.     

Flexural behavior of GFRP-reinforced concrete encased steel composite beams

To improve the ductility and meanwhile ensure satisfactory corrosion-resistant performance, a new type of FRP-reinforced concrete encased steel (FRP-RCS) composite beams comprised of ductile structural steel shapes in combination with corrosion-resistant FRP-reinforced concrete was proposed and studied. An experimental investigation on flexural behavior of the proposed FRP-RCS beams was conducted by testing a total of seven simply supported beam specimens subjected to four-point bending loads. The test specimens included one FRP-reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) beam reinforced with GFRP bars only and six FRP-RCS beams reinforced with both GFRP bars and encased structural steel shapes. The main parameters considered in this study were concrete compressive strength, amounts of GFRP reinforcement as well as ratio and configuration of encased structural steel shapes. The test results indicate that using encased steel shapes can provide a significant enhancement in load carrying capacity, stiffness, ductility and energy absorption capacity of tested beams. The tested FRP-RC beam suffered a brittle failure caused by the sudden fracture of tensile GFRP bars whereas the proposed FRP-RCS beams behaved in a ductile manner mainly due to the beneficial residual strength of encased steel shapes following concrete crushing. In addition, an analytical method was suggested to predict the load carrying capacity of the proposed FRP-RCS beams.     

网架模型结构模态分析的试验研究

实验模态分析是综合运用线性振动理论、动态测试技术、数字信号处理和参数识别等手段,进行系统识别的过程。模态分析是有效的结构检测和安全评估的方法之一,它是根据测量模态参数(固有频率、阻尼比、振型、模态刚度、模态质量)相对于正常值产生的变化,并通过相关分析与识别来判断结构安全程度的一种先进方法。本文通过对网架模型结构进行试验模态分析,研究了试验模态技术在实际运用中的试验方法,识别系统的模态参数并与有限元分析进行比较,有限元结果与实测频率有一定的不同,但前四阶模态频率的差值百分比均在9%以内,说明实测的结果与有限元分析是比较吻合的。     

Damaged RC beams repaired by bonding of CFRP laminates

This paper summarizes the results of experimental studies on damaged reinforced concrete beams repaired by external bonding of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates to the tensile face of the beam. Two sets of beams were tested in this study: control beams (without CFRP laminates) and damaged and then repaired beams with different amounts of CFRP laminates by varying different parameters (damage degree, CFRP laminate width, concrete strength class). All beams were tested in four-point bending over a span of 1800 mm. The tests were carried out under displacement control. The most investigated parameter in this experimental study is damage degree (ratio between pre-cracked load and load capacity of control beam). Repairing damaged RC beams with externally bonded CFRP laminates were successful for different degrees of damage. The observed failure modes were peeling off and interfacial debonding. These failure modes depend only on the laminate width.The results indicate that the load capacity and the rigidity of repaired beams were significantly higher then those of control beam for all tested damage degrees. The authors remarked that for a load capacity improvement, reinforcement with a CFRP having about a half width of the beam is satisfactory. Finally, the contribution of CFRP laminates on the load capacity and rigidity of repaired RC beams is significant for any concrete strength class.     

表层嵌入预应力碳纤维筋混凝土梁抗弯试验研究

为了充分发挥碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)筋的高强性能,更有效提高加固梁的力学性能,通过在混凝土梁受弯区表层开20 mm×20 mm的槽后,对直径为7 mm的CFRP筋施加不同水平的预应力并嵌入开好的槽中,并用专用结构胶填充槽道,待结构胶固化后进行加固梁的抗弯试验。通过对9根表层嵌入预应力CFRP筋加固梁和1根未加固梁的抗弯加载试验,初步研究了加固梁的刚度、特征荷载、延性及梁的裂缝发展与破坏模式。研究表明,预应力CFRP筋的高强性能得到充分发挥,加固梁的刚度显著提高,开裂荷载最大提高了303.17%,极限承载能力最大提高237.92%,延性基本能满足抗震要求,破坏模式表现为3种形式。     

海洋腐蚀环境下钢筋混凝土梁疲劳试验研究

对8根钢筋混凝土梁进行了大气环境、淡水及海水环境下的疲劳试验,研究了其力学性能及刚度损伤演化规律。进一步分析了三种环境与循环荷载共同作用下试件梁的破坏形态、挠度发展规律和疲劳寿命。试验结果表明,腐蚀和疲劳存在耦合作用,海水腐蚀环境与5%~70%荷载水平作用下,梁疲劳寿命最短。根据理论分析和试验结果,对钢筋混凝土梁在严酷海洋环境下的疲劳寿命及其规律进行了进一步研究,参考已有文献和试验研究结果给出了基于钢筋混凝土梁刚度损伤演化规律的疲劳寿命预测模型,经计算,实测结果与该预测模型计算结果之间的误差不超过13%。     

免拆模混凝土梁受弯性能试验

为研究免拆模混凝土梁的受弯性能,设计制作1根免拆模混凝土梁和1根现浇对比梁,对2个试件进行单向静力加载,得到了各试件的破坏形态、荷载特征值、荷载 混凝土应变曲线、荷载 钢筋应变曲线、荷载 跨中位移曲线,并将其进行对比分析。结果表明:在试件屈服前,免拆模混凝土梁与现浇梁的裂缝发展有较大区别,但最终破坏时2个试件的整体破坏特征基本相似;免拆模混凝土梁的预制U形混凝土模块与内部后浇混凝土结合较好,整个加载过程未出现U形模块脱落或撕裂现象;免拆模混凝土梁的开裂荷载相比现浇梁试件要小8%,但2个试件的极限荷载基本相同,实际工程中可采用现行《混凝土结构设计规范》对免拆模混凝土梁的开裂荷载、极限荷载进行计算,结果偏安全。     

基于模态刚度的预应力混凝土梁损伤识别方法研究

阐明了模态刚度在损伤识别研究中的重要意义,并对11根多级损伤状态的预应力混凝土梁进行动力试验研究。通过对梁模态分析发现,由于噪音污染等多种因素的影响,仅凭各梁实测模态刚度数值的直观分析很难对梁的多级损伤状态进行有效的识别。为此,提出了以模态刚度变化率为损伤指标的BP神经网络和PNN神经网络的损伤识别方法,并利用实测数据验证所提方法的实用性。研究表明,两种神经网络分类器识别方法均能够有效应用于实际中,且具有很高的损伤识别精度,为结构损伤识别方法研究提供了新思路。     

火电厂主厂房型钢混凝土混合结构异型中节点抗震性能试验研究

火电厂主厂房型钢混凝土混合结构中存在由于错层、变梁变柱截面引起的异型中节点,选取5个代表性节点进行1∶5缩尺拟静力试验,研究该类节点的滞回性能、耗能能力、延性、刚度退化以及承载能力。研究结果表明：受强梁弱柱特性的影响,4个型钢混凝土异型中节点主要发生不利于抗震的柱端塑性铰破坏,而钢筋混凝土异型中节点由于梁柱刚度比较大主要发生核心区剪切破坏;大小梁错层高度对型钢混凝土异型中节点的承载力、延性性能与刚度特性均有一定的影响,但规律并不明显;型钢混凝土柱-钢筋混凝土梁异型中节点的耗能能力强于钢筋混凝土异型中节点,但受破坏模式的影响,其承载能力、延性与刚度等均低于钢筋混凝土异型中节点;相比采用钢筋混凝土梁的型钢混凝土异型中节点,采用型钢混凝土梁的型钢混凝土异型中节点的开裂荷载高,初始刚度较大,但承载力、延性与耗能能力并未得到明显提高。     

不同FRP增强混凝土梁断裂性能试验研究

为了探讨不同种类纤维增强复合材料（FRP）增强带裂缝混凝土的断裂性能,开展了芳纶纤维增强复合材料（AFRP）、碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）和玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）增强带裂缝混凝土梁的三点弯曲试验,分析了其断裂性能参数.结果表明：相对于普通混凝土梁试件,FRP对带裂缝混凝土梁的阻裂加固效果更明显;CFRP增强混凝土梁的起裂荷载和失稳荷载均大于AFRP与GFRP增强混凝土梁,CFRP的阻裂增强效果最佳;AFRP增强混凝土梁和CFRP增强混凝土梁的破坏形式均为试件底部混凝土 FRP界面的剥离破坏,GFRP增强混凝土梁的破坏形式为试件底部GFRP的拉断破坏;通过对不同FRP增强混凝土梁阻裂加固机理的分析,计算得出CFRP增强混凝土梁的起裂韧度和失稳韧度最大,且CFRP价格适中,因此使用CFRP对带裂缝混凝土梁进行增强加固的性价比最优.     

基于车辆荷载的锈损公路桥梁疲劳性能试验研究

采用湿盐砂锈蚀方法获得腐蚀环境钢筋混凝土劣化试件,选取与车辆荷载作用下公路桥梁实际承受的疲劳应力水平,通过8根锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的弯曲疲劳试验,分析了锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的疲劳破坏形态及应力水平和钢筋锈蚀率对梁疲劳性能的影响规律。试验结果表明,锈蚀梁的疲劳破坏形态为主筋脆性断裂;在设计应力水平作用下,疲劳加载满足规范200万次要求;在桥梁实际应力水平作用下,未锈蚀试验梁的平均疲劳寿命较规范值减少6.71%;锈蚀较严重的试验梁疲劳寿命较规范值减少13.57%,较同应力水平的未锈蚀梁疲劳寿命减少42.54%,锈蚀对试验梁的疲劳寿命影响显著。随着疲劳循环次数的增加,锈蚀梁钢筋内部出现疲劳损伤、抗弯刚度逐渐退化,混凝土残余应变累积,裂缝演变基本符合快速增加、稳定发展、急剧变化的“三阶段”发展规律。根据试验结果,建立S-N疲劳寿命方程,提出了锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁疲劳寿命计算方法,研究结果为桥梁结构疲劳性能评估提供理论依据。     

钢管混凝土柱-预应力混凝土梁节点抗震性能试验

通过对3个试件的低周反复荷载试验,研究了不同预应力对钢管混凝土柱-预应力混凝土梁节点的破坏形态、滞回曲线、刚度退化、耗能能力等的影响。结果表明:预应力对试件的破坏类型几乎没有影响,破坏均为梁端受弯破坏;梁下部为受拉区时,预应力的施加使刚度退化加快,耗能性能降低;梁上部为受拉区时,预应力试件极限承载力较非预应力试件更高,刚度退化和延性、耗能性能略比非预应力试件好。     

Use of Ritz method for damage detection of reinforced and post-tensioned concrete beams

Damage-induced changes in modal characteristics can be detected using experimental modal analysis. In this article, based on changes in natural frequency, mode shapes, and damping ratios, a methodology for detecting damage location and severity is presented. The damage was induced by application of point load at half span location on the reinforced and post-tensioned concrete beams. The load was gradually increased to obtain different crack patterns to be used in simulation of damage scenarios. Experimental modal analysis was performed on the undamaged and damaged beams. The natural frequency and mode shapes were used to determine the location of damage. The approach is developed at an element level with a conventional finite element (FE) model by Ritz method, which is called Ritz damage detection method (RDDM). The mathematical model for both damped and undamped damaged structures have been established through the eigenvalue equations. The singular value decomposition (SVD) technique is used for determination of damage or sound index. These indexes are sensitive to the change of dynamic characteristics due to damages. This approach is applied to five simply supported post-tensioned concrete beams. The numerical results show that the exact location and severity of damage for different simulated damage scenarios could be efficiency found by the present methodology.     

钢板-混凝土组合加固钢筋混凝土简支梁试验研究

钢板-混凝土组合加固钢筋混凝土梁技术,是建立在钢板-混凝土组合梁基础上的一种加固方法。为了研究其受弯性能,对1根钢筋混凝土对比梁和10根钢板-混凝土组合加固简支梁进行了试验研究。加固试件包括直接加固、损伤后加固及持载加固试件。量测分析了试件的荷载、挠度、应变、裂缝宽度及其发展等。试件的破坏形态包括弯曲破坏和新老混凝土剥离破坏。试验表明,组合加固可以大大提高钢筋混凝土梁的承载力和刚度,试件具有良好的延性。采用弹性方法和塑性方法分析了试件的开裂荷载和极限受弯承载力,计算结果与试验吻合良好;用现有规范方法对试件刚度进行估算存在一定误差。     

基于模态区间分析的结构不确定性损伤评估

针对实际工程结构中难以避免的不确定性因素,如材料非均质、边界条件不清晰、测试误差、模型误差等,提出利用模态区间分析求解包含不确定性参数的梁损伤评估方法。首先建立钢箱梁和钢筋混凝土梁的计算模型,以区间形式定义梁几何、材料参数的不确定性,体现各参数的可能波动范围;然后将结构静力学方程扩展成区间方程,通过模态逻辑对区间方程进行重新释义;最后在梁上施加集中荷载,计算得到梁关键应变点的区间工作状态。分析中通过降低梁单元的弹性模量来模拟损伤,再比较确定性方法、经典区间算法和模态区间分析的计算结果。结果表明:与确定性损伤评估方法不同,区间算法允许结构包含不确定性参数,认为落在区间包络线内的应变值是合理的,而当某荷载下应变值超出包络范围时说明梁发生了损伤;模态区间分析计算得到的区间包络范围要明显小于经典区间算法,能够有效避免计算过程的参数区间扩张,而且可以及时发现梁的损伤和损伤时所对应的外荷载,避免结构损伤进一步的恶化。