加载速率及其突变对混凝土压缩破坏影响的数值研究

混凝土动态力学行为具有明显的率相关性,探讨了加载速率及其突变对混凝土压缩破坏模式及宏观力学性能的影响。考虑混凝土细观结构非均质性的影响,从细观角度出发将混凝土看作由骨料、砂浆基质及过渡区界面组成的三相复合材料。采用耦合应变率效应的塑性损伤本构关系模型来描述砂浆基质及界面的动态力学行为;认为骨料不产生断裂破坏,为弹性体。采用Monte Carlo法建立了混凝土二维随机骨料模型,首先对Dilger等混凝土动态压缩试验进行数值模拟,数值与试验结果的良好吻合证明了方法的可行性及细观参数选取的准确性。进而探讨了细观组分应变率效应的影响,对比了混凝土非均质模型与宏观均匀模型的应变率效应,最后分析了软化阶段加载速率突变对混凝土破坏模式及宏观应力-应变关系的影响,并得到了一些有益结论。     

加载速率对混凝土拉伸破坏行为影响观数值分析

探讨了加载速率及细观结构非均质性对混凝土破坏模式及宏观力学性能的影响。考虑到混凝土细观结构非均质性的影响,将混凝土看作由骨料和砂浆基质组成的两相复合材料。考虑材料的应变率效应,采用塑性损伤模型来描述砂浆基质的动态力学行为;由于骨料具有较高强度,假定不会产生断裂,设定为弹性体。对单边缺口的混凝土试件及L形试件在不同加载速率下的动态拉伸破坏模式进行了细观数值研究。数值结果表明:1) 混凝土动态破坏模式及裂纹扩展方向具有明显的加载速率相关性;2) 随着加载速率的提高,混凝土破坏模式从I-型模式到混合型模式转变;3) 混凝土细观结构越复杂,组分间相互作用越复杂,裂纹扩展路径越复杂,裂纹分支现象越为明显;4) 随着加载速率的提高,混凝土破坏时产生更多的裂纹扩展路径(分支裂纹),且损伤区域宽度增大,导致混凝土在高应变率作用下消耗更多的能量,可认为是混凝土材料动态强度提高的主要原因。     

加载速率对混凝土拉伸破坏行为影响的细观数值分析

探讨了加载速率及细观结构非均质性对混凝土破坏模式及宏观力学性能的影响。考虑到混凝土细观结构非均质性的影响,将混凝土看作由骨料和砂浆基质组成的两相复合材料。考虑材料的应变率效应,采用塑性损伤模型来描述砂浆基质的动态力学行为;由于骨料具有较高强度,假定不会产生断裂,设定为弹性体。对单边缺口的混凝土试件及L形试件在不同加载速率下的动态拉伸破坏模式进行了细观数值研究。数值结果表明:1)混凝土动态破坏模式及裂纹扩展方向具有明显的加载速率相关性;2)随着加载速率的提高,混凝土破坏模式从I-型模式到混合型模式转变;3)混凝土细观结构越复杂,组分间相互作用越复杂,裂纹扩展路径越复杂,裂纹分支现象越为明显;4)随着加载速率的提高,混凝土破坏时产生更多的裂纹扩展路径(分支裂纹),且损伤区域宽度增大,导致混凝土在高应变率作用下消耗更多的能量,可认为是混凝土材料动态强度提高的主要原因。     

基于细观单元等效化方法的混凝土动态破坏行为分析

混凝土材料具有明显的应变率效应,对其力学性质增强机理的认识还不统一。在细观随机骨料模型基础上,采用特征单元尺度划分试件网格,推导了考虑材料拉/压强度应变率效应的细观单元等效本构关系,建立了非均质混凝土材料的细观单元等效化数值模型。基于二维模型对Dilger等混凝土动态压缩试验进行了数值模拟,获得的数值结果与试验数据及随机骨料模型结果吻合良好,证明了细观单元等效化方法的准确性;进而对三维混凝土试件动态单轴拉伸和压缩破坏模式及宏观力学性质的加载速率效应进行了研究。数值结果表明:随着加载速率的增加,混凝土裂纹(损伤)数量增大,混凝土破坏将耗散更多的能量,是混凝土动态强度提高的主要原因。     

考虑过渡区界面影响的混凝土宏观力学性质研究

混凝土材料的宏观力学特性及破坏机理由其细观组分来决定,界面过渡区是影响混凝土断裂破坏路径及宏观力学特性的重要因素。认为界面过渡区是区别于远处砂浆基质的一层含较高孔隙率的近场砂浆材料,采用“两步等效法”得到了混凝土细观单元的等效本构关系模型。最后基于细观单元等效化方法分析了在单轴拉伸、单轴压缩及弯拉载荷条件下混凝土试件的破坏过程及宏观力学性质,探讨了界面过渡区对混凝土力学特性的影响,并与随机骨料模型分析结果进行了对比。结果表明:界面相的存在对混凝土的弹性模量、强度及残余强度等力学性质有很大影响,在对混凝土宏观力学特性及细观断裂破坏过程进行研究时不可忽略其影响。     

钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压力学性能的细观数值研究

钢筋混凝土构件的宏观力学性能由其组分-钢筋和混凝土两部分的力学性能决定。结合混凝土细观结构形式,认为混凝土是由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的复合材料,假定钢筋与混凝土之间完好粘结,基于钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压试验,建立了钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压加载下力学特性及破坏行为研究的细观尺度力学分析模型。通过对混凝土方形和矩形试件进行受压力学特性模拟,采用反演法确定了界面的力学参数,进而模拟了钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压加载下的宏观力学性能。结果表明,相比于宏观尺度模型,细观数值分析模型能够充分体现材料的非均质性,能够较好的模拟试件的宏观力学性能,并且能够细致的描述裂缝发展及试件破坏过程,与试验结果吻合良好。该文建立的细观尺度分析模型与方法,为钢筋混凝土构件层次宏观力学非线性及其尺寸效应研究提供了理论支持。     

骨料级配对二维模型混凝土单轴抗拉强度影响的理论研究

混凝土尺寸效应及其宏观力学非线性根源于其材料细观组成的非均质性。结合混凝土细观结构形式,将混凝土看作由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的复合材料。采用双线性弹性损伤模型来描述砂浆基质及界面过渡区的力学行为,假定骨料颗粒为弹性体而不发生破坏,进而推导并获得了单轴拉伸条件下不同骨料颗粒级配混凝土断裂裂缝扩展路径长度及其抗拉强度的理论解。最后,对比了建立的理论公式结果与细观尺度数值模拟结果,验证了构建的关于裂缝长度及抗拉强度理论解的准确性和合理性。     

基于混凝土细观骨料模型的SHPB仿真模拟研究

将混凝土视为由粗骨料和砂浆基体组成的双相复合材料,建立了圆柱状三维混凝土细观骨料模型,并将其应用于分离式Hopkinson压杆仿真实验中。通过五种不同梯形载荷的加载计算,得到了试件不同应变率下的应力—应变曲线,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,使用细观骨料模型可以有效模拟混凝土SHPB实验并反映材料的动态力学性能,而且其宏观破坏形式也与传统的均匀材料模型有所不同,所建立的模型同时为多种非均匀材料的细观数值模拟提供了方便。最后通过几种不同骨料含量和骨料尺寸混凝土模型的计算研究了这两种因素对混凝土动态强度和应力均匀性的影响。     

骨料粒径对混凝土动态拉伸强度及尺寸效应影响分析

骨料粒径是影响混凝土力学性能及破坏机理的重要因素。从细观角度出发,将混凝土看作由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,考虑细观组分的应变率效应,建立了混凝土动态拉伸破坏行为研究的细观力学分析模型,模拟研究了不同骨料粒径下混凝土动态拉伸破坏行为,并揭示了动态拉伸强度的尺寸效应规律。研究表明:低应变率下骨料不发生破坏,骨料粒径对混凝土动态拉伸破坏模式及拉伸强度影响显著,且拉伸强度的尺寸效应随骨料粒径的减小而削弱;高应变率下裂缝将贯穿骨料,骨料粒径的大小对混凝土动态拉伸强度及尺寸效应影响可忽略。最后,结合应变率效应的影响机制,建立了混凝土拉伸强度的"静动态统一"尺寸效应理论公式,该公式可以较好描述各骨料粒径下混凝土动态拉伸强度与试件尺寸的定量关系。     

混凝土单轴动态拉伸强度随机性的统计特性分析

混凝土拉伸破坏行为是混凝土试件及结构力学行为的重要组成部分,其与加载速率密切关联。针对混凝土材料静、动态拉伸强度的随机性和离散性,探讨了骨料分布形式的影响规律。从细观角度出发,假定混凝土是由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,考虑各相材料动态加载下力学特性的应变率效应,建立了混凝土动态力学行为研究的细观尺度力学模型与方法。以双边缺口混凝土试件为例,对5组不同应变率下64个具有不同骨料分布形式的混凝土试件的单轴动态拉伸力学行为进行了数值试验。基于概率统计分析理论,对不同应变率下混凝土动态抗拉强度的离散性进行了统计分析,包括均值、方差及分布形式等概率统计特性。研究表明:混凝土动态抗拉强度服从双参数Weibull分布;随着应变率的增大,混凝土抗拉强度离散性逐渐减小。     

The Effect of Initial Defects on Overall Mechanical Properties of Concrete Material

Considering the fact that the initial defects, like the imperfect interfacial transition zones (ITZ) and the micro voids in mortar matrix, weaken the mechanical properties of concrete, this study develops corresponding constitutive models for ITZ and matrix, and simulates the concrete failure with finite element methods. Specifically, an elastic-damage traction-separation model for ITZ is constructed, and an anisotropic plastic-damage model distinguishing the strength-difference under tension and compression for mortar matrix is proposed as well. In this anisotropic plastic-damage model, the weakening effect of micro voids is reflected by introducing initial isotropic damage, the distinct characteristic of tension and compression which described by decomposing damage tensor into tensile and compressive components, and the plastic yield surface which established on the effective stress space. Furthermore, by tracking the damage evolution of concrete specimens suffering uniaxial tension and compression, the effects of imperfect status of ITZ and volume fraction of initial voids on the concrete mechanical properties are investigated.     

Meso-scale numerical investigation on cracking of cover concrete induced by corrosion of reinforcing steel

Concrete cover cracking induced by corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major influencing factor for durability and serviceability of reinforced concrete structures. Here in this study, the influence of concrete meso-structure on the failure pattern of concrete cover is accounted for. The concrete is assumed to be a three-phase composite composed of aggregate, mortar matrix and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). And a concrete random aggregate structure is established for the study on the mechanical behavior of radial corrosion expansion. In the present simulations, the plasticity damaged model is used to describe the mechanical behavior of the mortar matrix and the ITZ, and it is assumed that the corrosion of steel reinforcement is uniform. The cracking of concrete cover due to steel reinforcement corrosion is numerically simulated. The simulation results have a good agreement with the available test data and they are between the two analytical results. The failure patterns obtained from the macro-scale homogeneous model and the meso-scale heterogeneous model are compared. Furthermore, the influences of ratio of cover thickness and reinforcement diameter (i.e. c/d), the location of the steel reinforcement (i.e., placed at the middle and corner zones) and the concrete tensile strength on the steel corrosion rate when the concrete cover cracks are investigated. Finally, some useful conclusions are drawn.     

混凝土单轴抗压强度三维细观数值仿真

该文在细观层面上将混凝土看作粗骨料、砂浆、界面、初始缺陷组成的四相复合材料, 给出了三维随机缺陷界面弹簧元模型模拟混凝土单轴抗压强度的数值方法。讨论了初始缺陷含量及其分布的确定方法以及界面细观计算参数的取值范围。数值模拟结果表明:混凝土的抗压强度随着初始缺陷含量的增加有大幅度降低;当界面初始缺陷含量为30%时, 混凝土抗压强度的计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

Effects of mechanical properties of concrete constituents including active mineral admixtures on fatigue behaviours of high performance concrete

In order to explore the links between the macroscopic and microstructural characteristics of concrete with admixtures of active mineral additions, four series of concrete prisms, of mortar matrix prisms and mortar-aggregate Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) are prepared and tested under monotonic and cyclic loads. Five static mechanical parameters (compressive and bending strength, fracture energy, elastic modulus, Poisson ratio) and bending fatigue performance (fatigue life, critical maximum displacement and strain, fatigue damage) of such materials are experimentally evaluated. The results show that degradation laws of concrete properties under both monotonic and cyclic loads vary with the different cohesive strength ratio and elastic modulus ratio of ITZ and mortar matrix. The single or double additions of ground slag and fly ash with optimized mass fractions remarkably enhance the static and bending fatigue properties as well as change the failure mechanisms of concrete.     

Interfacial transition zone of cement composites with steel furnace slag aggregates

As previous studies of mortar and concrete with steel furnace slag (SFS) aggregates have shown increases or decreases in the bulk mechanical properties, this study investigated the microstructural cause of these opposing trends through characterization of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) with quantitative image analysis of backscatter electron micrographs. Three SFS types – basic oxygen furnace (BOF), electric arc furnace (EAF), EAF/ladle metallurgy furnace (EAF/LMF) – were examined as aggregates in a portland cement mortar. The ITZ size for all SFS mortar mixtures was similar, with the ITZ of BOF and EAF/LMF being slightly more porous than mortar mixtures with EAF or dolomite. Microstructural examinations of the SFS particle revealed that BOF and EAF/LMF aggregates have different outer and interior compositions, with the outer composition consisting of a porous layer, which likely contributes to the reduced strength relative to EAF. The imaging results demonstrated that the type of SFS and its spatial composition greatly influences the bulk properties of mortar and concrete, mainly as a function of porosity content in the ITZ and the outer layer and interior porosity of the SFS aggregate.     

Crumb rubber aggregate coatings/pre-treatments and their effects on interfacial bonding, air entrapment and fracture toughness in self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC)

The interfacial-bonding, interfacial transition zone (ITZ), and porosity are regarded as the key factors affecting hardened concrete properties. The aim of this study was to experimentally improve the bonding between the rubber aggregate and cement paste by different methodologies including water washing, Na(OH) pre-treatment, and both cement paste and mortar pre-coating. All methods were assessed by determining mechanical and dynamic properties, then correlating this with ITZ porosity and interfacial gap void geometry, along with quantification of the fracture energy during micro crack propagation using fractal analysis. The results indicated that pre-coating the rubber by mortar gave the best results in terms of fracture toughness and energy absorption showing good agreement between observations made at both micro and macro scales.