城市生活垃圾循环流化床处理技术的研究进展

简要分析了国内外采用分类回收及综合利用、卫生填埋、堆肥和一般焚烧方法处理城市生活垃圾的不足之处以及采用循环流化床燃烧技术的优越性,重点介绍了国内外采用循环流化床燃烧装置焚烧城市生活垃圾的研究和应用现状,并对城市生活垃圾循环流化床气化熔融焚烧处理技术进行了简单介绍,指出了目前存在的问题及努力的方向．     

玉米秸秆悬浮式燃烧特性试验研究

本文利用一维炉实验台对玉米秸秆进行燃烧实验研究,发现秸秆在高温区停留时间约1s左右,其挥发分基本燃尽,但飞灰中焦炭由于与氧气在高温区混合效果较差而并未完全燃尽就已经进入低温区域,导致飞灰含碳量较高.秸秆燃烧NOx排放平均浓度相对煤粉燃烧来说较低,约为268.7mg/m3(O2 =6％),此外秸秆高温区结渣特性严重,易形...     

医疗废物燃烧过程动力学研究

为开发适合我国城市医疗垃圾集中处置的医疗废物焚烧技术,对昆明市医疗废物进行了特性分析,并模化医疗废物,对纸屑、塑料、棉纱、橡胶、组织(肌肉)等试样进行了实验研究．在热重分析仪上通以流量为50 mL/ min的空气,以10℃/min的升温速率从室温连续升至1000℃,记录了试样的TG曲线、DTG曲线与DTA曲线．分析研究表明,模化医疗废物的燃烧过程可以分为4个阶段,即脱水干燥、挥发分析出和燃烧、过渡段和焦炭表面燃烧并存的过渡阶段、焦炭的表面燃烧．医疗废物具有着火温度低、燃尽率高等特点．通过对热重(TG)、差示扫描量热(DSC)曲线的深入分析,对模化医疗废物有关的燃烧动力学参数进行了研究。     

生活垃圾燃烧特性的分析及在工程中的应用

从燃烧的角度，对垃圾焚烧与煤的燃烧在燃烧机理上的区别加以论述，阐明垃圾的燃烧过程主要是挥发分的析出的燃烧，是气相燃烧为主、多相燃烧为辅的非均相燃烧的混合过程，是在450℃左右低温垃圾有机挥发分析出和析出挥发分的燃烧、燃尽为主的过程，不同于煤的燃烧，以挥发分析出和燃烧为辅，而以固定碳在800℃以上燃烧为主的过程。根据垃圾燃烧特性，论述了垃圾焚烧炉在设计、建造和运行中应注意的问题。     

城市生活垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术

近年来，为防止全球气候变暖，社会上对环境保护的要求日益严格。尤其是要求城市生活垃圾处理最大限度地采用无害化技术，抑制二恶英的排放。能够遏制二恶英产生和排放的无害化城市生活垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术被提出。本技术一般分两类，一类为垃圾气化 灰渣熔融焚烧技术，该技术的工艺流程为：先将城市生活垃圾在500-600℃温度下的热解气化制得可燃气体，制得的气体再根据用途进一步精制，垃圾中95%以上的含氯物质经济去所后所剩下的含碳灰渣在温度为1300℃以上的熔融燃烧设备中进行熔融处理，原垃圾中99.8%以上二恶英可被分解掉，无害化熔融渣可以多种用途；另一类为垃圾直接气化熔融焚烧技术，该技术的工艺流程为：交垃圾在温度1350-1500℃的熔融燃烧设备中进行熔融处理，原垃圾中的99.8%以上的二恶英可被分解掉。文章介绍新型城市生活垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术。     

循环流化床锅炉飞灰中碳的形成机理

通过对循环流化床(CFB)锅炉飞灰含碳量分布及飞灰残碳形态的测量、CFB燃烧温度下焦炭失活过程的试验研究以及流化床条件下煤颗粒燃烧过程的分析.探讨了循环流化床锅炉飞灰中碳的形成机理.结果表明:实际运行的CFB锅炉飞灰中含碳量具有明显的不均匀性,残碳集中于25～50 μm的飞灰颗粒内;真实密度和XRD测量均表明,焦炭失活的2个条件是温度和时间,温度高于800℃,焦炭失活开始发生,并且随着时间的增加,失活程度提高;焦炭颗粒长时间停留在主循环回路中,反应活性下降,由于颗粒的碎裂和磨耗,形成了飞灰中粒径较小的残碳;煤中的细小煤粒首次通过炉膛时未燃尽且未被分离器收集,形成了飞友中较大颗粒的残碳.     

低挥发分水煤浆在筒形炉内燃烧特性的试验研究

介绍了在卧式筒形炉上燃用低挥发分水煤浆的燃烧特性、结渣特性和污染物排放情况,并与大同水煤浆和掺混水焦浆进行了对比试验.结果表明:低挥发分水煤浆在筒形炉内燃烧情况良好,燃烧温度可达1 300℃以上,飞灰含碳量为6.92%,燃烧效率在98%以上,但燃尽时间较长;炉内结渣轻微,呈松散渣状,灰渣沉积速率为144 g/(m2·min);SO2排放浓度与燃料中硫含量有关,NOx排放浓度为744 mg/m3;低挥发分水煤浆能在工业锅炉上使用.     

循环流化床垃圾焚烧锅炉炉膛设计分析

炉膛是循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉的核心,分析了生活垃圾的燃烧特点,研究了焚烧生活垃圾的循环流化床锅炉的炉膛设计的传热理论.根据对典型城市的生活垃圾的取样分析,建议设计中生活垃圾的低位发热量按着5 400～6 200 kJ/kg考虑.为了保证污染物的生成较低,应保持合理的温度分布,循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉煤的掺烧量应随时调整.由于循环流化床燃烧特点,炉膛出口过剩空气系数可取1.2.燃烧生活垃圾的循环流化床锅炉炉内传热的辐射换热份额为60%左右,颗粒辐射的贡献远远大于三原子气体的贡献,因此,垃圾水分变化引起的烟气成分的变化对辐射换热的影响很小,但是对固体空间悬浮浓度的影响非常明显.     

锅炉启机过程中飞灰再燃及爆炸风险特性研究

针对燃煤电厂锅炉启机过程中高温烟气与锅炉尾部烟道内未燃尽飞灰和烃类相遇而引起二次燃烧或爆炸现象,开展了相关研究。首先对锅炉启机烟气及飞灰可燃成分进行了分析,发现烟气可燃成分约为0.1%～0.3%,飞灰碳含量为12.04%～44.66%、挥发分含量为3.71%～13.20%;其次对采集飞灰燃烧特性进行了研究,分别以10、20、30℃/min的升温速率从室温升到1000℃,发现飞灰着火温度随升温速率提高而上升,因此适当提高升温速率,飞灰更不易着火;最后通过分析高低温烟气混合温度、飞灰爆炸下限浓度和爆炸极限氧浓度,发现SCR入口烟温可达到364℃,飞灰浓度小于50 g/m³,证明锅炉启机过程中尾部管道内的飞灰不易爆炸,确保SCR系统可以有效安全工作。     

不同煤种下循环流化床灰渣特性的试验研究

在一台 0 .5MW的循环流化床燃烧炉上对 4种不同煤种分别进行燃烧试验 ,对燃烧产生的灰渣的分析结果表明了煤种特性如挥发分、灰分和含碳量等对循环流化床燃烧过程的灰渣形成及其排放特性有很大影响 ,并获得了煤中挥发分、灰分及含碳量对底渣粒径及其含碳量、飞灰粒径及其含碳量、飞灰份额及燃烧效率等影响特性 ,对循环流化床锅炉的设计和运行有一定的指导意义。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.