太阳能发电：未来平板玻璃的重要市场

自20世纪80年代以来，已先后开发出两大类太阳能发电系统。 这两类太阳能发电系统的特点、推广应用情况及其与平板玻璃的关联度大致如下：第一类是在单体建筑物的屋顶和幕墙上安装的光伏发电系统。它是利用硅光电池（可分为3种：单晶硅电池、多晶硅电池、非晶质硅薄膜电池）。硒光电池、碲光电池等在阳光照射下能产生一定方向电动势（即光伏效应）的半导体元件，拼接黏合在超透明平板玻璃上成为光电板。     

既有公共建筑轻质屋面光伏一体化探索与应用

既有公共建筑中绝大多数屋顶存在屋面形式复杂、可利用有效面积小等问题,导致屋顶太阳能光伏系统安装面积小、安装困难。本文主要通过技贸大厦屋顶改造工程的成功案例,探索将具有隔热功能的轻质采光系统屋面和光伏系统结合使用的可行性、难点、解决方案等及在各种既有公共建筑屋顶上实现光伏建筑一体化、规模化的可行性。     

屋顶光伏与建筑负荷之间的相互影响

建立了3种不同形式光伏屋顶和普通屋顶的一维非稳态模型,采用天津地区典型年的气象数据,考察了不同屋顶形式对建筑冷热负荷的影响,并对3种不同光伏屋顶系统中光伏组件的电性能进行了研究.研究结果表明:夏季采用带通风流道的光伏屋顶比较有利,而冬季则比较适宜采用封闭通风流道的光伏屋顶形式.     

屋顶光伏发电与遮阳综合节能分析

光伏组件附加于建筑屋顶在发电供能的同时也对屋顶热工性能产生一定影响。分析光伏屋顶热过程,对其物理模型进行简化,建立遮阳数学模型,分析遮阳对屋顶冷热负荷的影响,确定其遮阳增益特性,并搭建实验台进行验证;建立电性能模型,分析其供能增益特性;建立系统综合节能效率模型,分析遮阳发电综合节能特性。结果表明,相较于普通屋顶,附加光伏屋顶单位面积得热量和冷负荷均大幅度衰减,但热负荷有所增加,且峰值有一定延迟,平行架空和倾斜架空式附加光伏屋顶的日总负荷相对普通屋顶分别降低77.4%和69.4%,其系统综合节能效率分别为63.35%和62.73%。     

中国农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电的发展潜力分析

农村社区有充足的空间和较大的能源消费，应在实现碳达峰、碳中和的能源转型中发挥重要作用，然而许多关于能源转型的预测分析都未给予农村社区足够的关注。分析了中国大陆农村人口、家庭户数及能源消费的基本情况，从各具特色的农村民居出发，归纳了中国农村民居屋顶的主要类型，推算出农村民居屋顶面积的基本量；然后以此为基础，探讨了影响农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电系统应用的主要因素，包括：屋顶基本形式、屋顶大小、屋顶强度、阴影、坡屋顶平面的倾斜度、屋顶平面的方位角、屋顶面积的可利用性等；并分别针对基本情景和积极情景，对中国农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电系统的装机容量潜力和发电量，以及由此带来的环境效益和经济效益进行了预测，以说明发展农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电可以在促进中国能源转型和助推乡村振兴方面发挥作用。结果表明：基本情景下，中国农村民居屋顶分布式光伏发电的装机容量潜力为348 GW；积极情景下，装机容量潜力为696 GW。     

BIPV模式在工业厂房屋顶的应用研究

中国大力推进分布式光伏发电的同时,存在许多工业厂房屋顶无法满足光伏发电系统安装条件的问题,这极大制约了光伏发电技术的推广。由于传统的光伏发电系统是直接附着在建筑物屋顶,即采用的是BAPV模式,这会导致因需增加建筑物的承载力而增加建设成本的情况出现,从而制约了分布式光伏发电的应用,而将光伏发电系统与建筑集成的光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)模式可有效解决此类问题。针对BIPV模式和BAPV模式对工业厂房钢结构的影响进行了研究,并根据实际案例对这两种模式下的光伏发电系统建设、维护成本进行了分析。研究结果表明：1)BIPV模式相较于BAPV模式可以减少工业厂房钢结构屋顶恒荷载,对于轻微超限的项目可以省去加固成本,对于超限明显的项目可以减少加固成本。2)在同等建设条件下,BIPV模式相较于BAPV模式可以减少屋顶建设成本;并且从中长期来看,相较于BAPV模式,BIPV模式平均1万m2的厂房可以减少126万建设维护成本。     

某15MW太阳能屋顶光伏发电工程的应用分析

在对太阳能屋顶光伏发电系统构成及发展意义阐述的基础上,通过对某15MW屋顶光伏发电工程大量实际数据的分析,表明太阳能屋顶光伏发电工程具有良好的社会、经济效益和广阔的发展前景。     

某职工宿舍屋顶光伏系统的设计方案研究

以一宿舍屋顶光伏系统为例,探讨在有限面积上设计安装光伏建筑一体化发电系统,使得建筑面积能最大化地被利用。设计过程包括了建筑照明和光伏发电系统两部分。此外,对照明负荷、最佳安装角度、前后排间距及方阵排、列数都进行了详细的计算。最后给出了能满足照明要求下的两种光伏系统运行方案及选择不同系统电压对设计的影响。     

上海市分布式光伏开发模式创新机制研究

近几年,本市光伏发电进入加速发展期,但因屋顶资源稀缺等问题,一定程度上限制了光伏发电的发展,亟需在光伏发电依托领域、建设方式等方面创新。本文结合外省市发展及管理相关经验,在光伏依托领域提出了"市政领域+光伏"、"农业领域+光伏"、"交通运输+光伏"的构想,并分析了可利用场地资源的面积;结合中心城区以商业办公等高层建筑为主特点,提出了分离式立面光伏和一体式立面光伏的建设方式;结合部分工业企业厂区待开发的工业空地预留等现状,提出了迁移式光伏的建设方式。因市政设施、农业及交通设施等领域均有其各自特点,需结合依托场地性质,进一步论证光伏系统建设是否会对其正常生产经营产生影响,并需充分论证建筑承载能力、光反射污染、电力接入的条件等。本文可为本市光伏行业可持续发展提供一定的借鉴作用。     

城区110 kV户内变电站屋顶分布式光伏建设方案

为贯彻落实“3060双碳”发展方针,上海地区拟于110 kV变电站建筑屋面配置分布式光伏发电系统,实现就近上网、就地消纳的技术路线。重点从光伏系统接入系统电压等级与变电站屋顶型式两个方面对110 kV户内变电站分布式屋顶光伏建设原则进行探讨,从标准规范规定、经济效益、运维方式等方面进行优缺点分析,推荐出满足城区110 kV变电站屋顶光伏建设特点的建设方案,为后续上海地区推进变电站屋顶光伏建设奠定基础。     

Energy matrices analysis of hybrid PVT greenhouse dryer by considering various silicon and non-silicon PV modules

In this paper, a study was carried out to evaluate the annual thermal and exergy performance of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal greenhouse dryer, located at IIT Delhi, India by considering various silicon and non-silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) modules namely mono crystalline silicon (c-Si), multi crystalline silicon (mc-Si), nano crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, Cadmium Telluride and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide. The annual net electrical energy savings for these modules for a, b, c and d type weather conditions for New Delhi has been calculated. Embodied energy and annual energy outputs have been used for evaluation of energy matrices such as energy payback time, electricity production factor (EPF) and life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE) of the system. The results also showed that EPF, LCCE, CO ₂ mitigations and carbon credits earned, were maximum for c-Si-type PV module, and hence it was recommended for the proposed system.     

硅太阳电池稳步走向薄膜化

考察了硅太阳电池在光伏产业中所处的地位,分析了薄膜硅太阳电池的发展趋势。指出硅太阳电池在未来15a仍将保持优势地位,并继续沿着晶硅电池和薄膜硅电池两个方向发展。在此发展过程中,两个发展方向的主流很可能会汇合到一起,共同促使低成本、高效率、高可靠薄膜晶硅电池的诞生和产业化,从而继续保持硅太阳电池的优势地位。     

Design and assessment of a solar energy based integrated system with hydrogen production and storage for sustainable buildings

The current study investigates a holistically developed solar energy system combined with a ground-sourced heat pump system for stand-alone usage to produce power, heat, and cooling along with domestic hot water for residential buildings. An integrated system is proposed where three types of building-integrated photovoltaic plant orientation are considered and integrated with a vertical-oriented ground-sourced heat pump system as well as an anion exchange membrane electrolyser for hydrogen-based energy storage along with proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The ground-sourced heat pump system covers the heating requirements and exploits the available thermal energy under the ground. Hydrogen subsystem enables the integrated system to be used anytime by compensating the peak periods with stored hydrogen via fuel cell and exploiting the excess energy to produce hydrogen via electrolyser. The photovoltaic plant orientations are extensively designed by considering geometries of three different applications, namely, rooftop photovoltaic, building-integrated photovoltaic façade and photovoltaic canopy. The shading and geometrical losses of photovoltaic applications are extensively identified and considered. In addition, the openly available high-rise building load profiles are obtained from the OpenEI network and are modified accordingly to utilize in the current study. The building requirements are considered for 8760 h annually with meteorological data and energy usage characteristics of the selected regions. The integrated system is assessed via thermodynamic-based approach from energy and exergy points of views. In order to increase generality, the proposed building energy system is analyzed for five different cities around the globe. The obtained results show that a 20-floor building with approximately 62,680 m² residential area needs between 550 kWp and 1550 kWp of a photovoltaic plant in five different cities. For Ottawa, Canada, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies are found as 18.76% and 10.49%, respectively, in a typical meteorological year. For the city of Istanbul in Turkey, a 20-floor building is found to be self-sufficient by only using the building's surface area with a 495 kWp BIPV façade and a 90 kWp rooftop PV.     

Early experiences of the 15 kW NMPC demand-side management photovoltaic project

The Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation has begun operation of a photovoltaic (PV) system in upstate New York to study the summer peak load reduction capability of grid-connected PV systems serving commercial buildings. The roof-retrofitted system consists of a 151 m² polycrystalline silicon module area rated at 15.4 kW d.c., three one-axis trackers, and a high efficiency power conditioning unit. Preliminary results from the first two months of operation indicate PV system output is at a high fraction of capacity when the building experiences its electrical demand peaks. Ongoing studies are evaluating a cross-section of commercial customer load profiles in terms of the probability of peak demand reduction.     

基于柔性晶体硅电池的光伏瓦研究

光伏瓦作为一种建筑材料,可替代屋顶陶瓦建材,且增加了发电功能,以薄膜电池为主的柔性光伏瓦具有质量轻和可弯曲的特性,但存在转换效率低、使用寿命短的问题。采用柔性晶体硅太阳电池,通过固化炉加气压釜的新型层压工艺,克服了层压过程中气泡、脱层等工艺问题,实现了基于晶体硅电池效率的柔性光伏瓦。     

Silicon photovoltaic cells with clusters of nickel atoms

This article considers the technology of fabricating clusters of nickel atoms in a silicon crystalline lattice with controlled parameters. Silicon solar cells with clusters of nickel atoms have been fabricated and their parameters determined. It has been established that the content of nickel atoms in the lattice makes it possible to considerably expand the spectral sensitivity region of silicon photovoltaic cells to the IR range up to 4 μm.     

ENERGY PAY-BACK TIME OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES

The energy invested in photovoltaic modules has been investigated on the basis of currently operating commercial production lines in France. The analysis was made for two types of solar cells, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon. The energy which was calculated in this way was compared with the energy produced by these modules under operating conditions in various European climates. An average energy pay-back time of 1.2 years for amorphous silicon modules and 2.1 years for crystalline silicon modules was found. It can be anticipated that these energy pay-back times will decrease in the future.     

Assesment of grid-connected photovoltaic systems in the Kuwaiti climate

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems is one of the most promising applications of PV systems. Till now, no detailed studies have been carried out to assess the potential of grid-connected systems in Kuwait. This work investigates the feasibility of implementing grid-connected PV systems in the Kuwaiti climate. The proposed system consists of crystalline solar modules mounted on the building roof and an inverter to convert PV dc output to ac voltage. The building receives electricity from both the PV array and the utility grid. In this system, the load is the total electrical energy consumption in the building.The objective of this work is to examine the performance as well as the economic feasibility of grid-connected PV systems in the Kuwaiti climate. A program is written to evaluate the performance as well as the economic feasibility of such systems in Kuwait. The input to the program is the weather data for Kuwait, time dependent building loads, as well as the utility rates for Kuwait. Weather data generator subroutine included in the program is used to generate hourly weather conditions from the monthly average values of daily radiation on horizontal surface, and ambient temperature available for Kuwait. The five-parameter PV model, which is applicable to both crystalline and amorphous PV modules, is used to determine the performance of the solar modules used in this study.The transient simulation program ( ) is used to link the components of the grid-connected PV system together. The inverter efficiency is represented as a linear function of input power. In this case, it is assumed that the AC output from the system will never be greater than the building load. Electricity tariffs will have an important impact on the cost-effectiveness of the system studied. The tariff used for electric utility is a flat rate per unit kWh of electrical energy. Simulations of the proposed system were carried out over the academic year.The building examined in this study is a flat roof building with a single story. The building roof area is large enough so that the PV arrays can be spaced widely to minimize shading losses. Different array slopes, and azimuth angles were studied to maximize the annual energy generated by the PV modules. Finally, the economic feasibility of grid-connected PV systems in Kuwait are examined.     

国内光伏应用市场存在的问题、障碍和发展前景

随着晶硅技术和工艺的不断突破,中国光伏产业发展"两头在外"症状中的"一头"有所缓解。但是,中国光伏产业发展仍然严重依赖欧美市场,在美国"双反"和欧债危机双重影响下,2012年成为光伏企业经营最困难的一年。在出口下滑的情况下,产业政策和企业战略重心开始转向国内市场,国内光伏应用市场出现增速提高苗头,但总量小、阻碍大、发展慢、方向不明、政策不清等问题仍然突出,国内光伏市场的发展还需要突破规划弱、体制不顺、政策不清、竞争无序等障碍。在技术、政策等因素的影响下,国内光伏应用市场在短期和长期将呈现不同的发展趋势。     

Spatial and orientational distribution of cracks in crystalline photovoltaic modules generated by mechanical load tests

Cracks in crystalline silicon solar cells influence the photovoltaic (PV) module power output in accelerated aging tests. A detailed insight into the formation of cracks offers the potential to optimize the PV module design in order to reduce the risk of power degradation in its lifetime. In this paper we present a statistical analysis on the crack formation in 27 crystalline silicon PV modules caused by a standard mechanical load test according to IEC 61215 10.16. The criticality of cracks depends strongly on the crack orientation, therefore we analyze both the spatial distribution of cracks and its dependence on the orientation of the cracks in the tested PV modules. We find that 50% of the damaged cells are cracked parallel to the busbars, which is a crack orientation with high potential impact on the power output of the PV module. A simplified numerical analysis is used to give an explanation for the statistical data and we propose a strategy for the reduction of the crack criticality.