微通道中环己酮氧化合成ε-己内酯的连续流工艺

在微通道反应器中,由H2O2、乙酸酐反应连续合成过氧乙酸氧化剂,再与环己酮经Baeyer-Villiger氧化连续合成ε-己内酯。先后考察了过氧乙酸氧化剂合成中乙酸酐与H2O2摩尔比、反应温度、停留时间等因素的影响,环己酮氧化反应中原料摩尔配比、反应温度、停留时间等因素对ε-己内酯合成的影响,优化了工艺条件。结果表明,当n(乙酸酐)∶n(H2O2)=1.2∶1、反应温度为70℃、停留时间为115s时,H2O2转化率达88.9%,过氧乙酸收率达86.7%;当n(过氧乙酸)∶n(环己酮)=1.1∶1、反应温度为90℃、停留时间为90s时,环己酮转化率达96.2%,ε-己内酯的收率达80.9%。与传统间歇釜式反应工艺相比,微通道反应工艺提高了ε-己内酯的收率和选择性,缩短了反应时间,减少了原料消耗,实现了连续化操作,提高了生产安全性。     

Cu/SiO2-ZnO催化苯胺和乙二醇合成吲哚

以等体积浸渍-焙烧-原位还原法制备Cu/SiO2>-ZnO催化剂,采用固定床管式反应器考察反应温度、H2与H2O2的通入量以及助剂ZnO含量对苯胺和乙二醇合成吲哚反应的影响.结果表明,反应温度325 ℃、H2流速65 Ml·min-1、H2O流速42 Ml·h-1和加入ZnO助剂质量分数为1.0%条件下,吲哚收率为91...     

微通道中合成环氧脂肪酸甲酯

采用盐酸H2O2/HCOOH法,在微通道反应器内对不饱和脂肪酸甲酯进行环氧化反应。考察了双氧水用量、甲酸用量、反应温度及催化剂用量对反应的影响,得到最优的反应条件为:m(脂肪酸甲酯):m(甲酸):m(双氧水)=1:1.5:2,反应温度40℃,催化剂浓盐酸质量分数为3%(即浓盐酸质量占原料脂肪酸甲酯质量的百分数,下同),反应时间为110 s。在该条件下,产品环氧值为4.32%。     

二元溶剂体系中CrCl_3催化木糖制备糠醛的研究

对木糖在甲苯/水二元溶剂体系中直接转化制备糠醛进行研究。考察了6种氯化物CrCl3·6H2O,AlCl3·6H2O,FeCl3,CuCl2·2H2O,CoCl2·6H2O,ZnCl2的催化效果,结果表明:选用的金属氯化物均具有一定的催化效果,其中CrCl3·6H2O的催化效果明显优于其他氯化物。以CrCl3·6H2O为催化剂,系统研究反应温度、反应时间、催化剂浓度、木糖质量分数、NaCl添加量对糠醛产率的影响,反应的最佳条件为:反应温度140℃、反应时间60 min,CrCl3·6H2O浓度0.1 mol/L,木糖及NaCl的质量分数分别为4%和15%。在该条件下,糠醛产率为52.55%。     

微通道中由二氯丙醇连续合成环氧氯丙烷的工艺研究

环氧氯丙烷是一种用途广泛的化工原料,工业上由二氯丙醇在塔式反应器中经皂化环合反应生产。为了简化反应系统的连续控制、提高装备生产率,选择了一种具有脉冲混合结构的微通道反应器,设计了连续合成环氧氯丙烷的新工艺。研究了物料摩尔配比、反应温度、停留时间、碱液浓度等工艺参数的影响。结果表明,当n(NaOH):n(二氯丙醇)为1.1:1,反应温度为60℃,停留时间为10 s,NaOH原料浓度为20%(wt)时,二氯丙醇的转化率达到99.6%,环氧氯丙烷的收率达到98.5%。与传统塔式反应工艺相比,微通道反应工艺提高了环氧氯丙烷的收率,缩短了反应时间。微通道结构对反应也存在影响,脉冲混合式微通道连续反应工艺的原料消耗较低,装置效率较高,产品收率较高。     

过氧化氢氧化β-巯基乙醇合成羟乙基磺酸的连续流工艺

以β-巯基乙醇为底物,过氧化氢为氧化剂,研究了在微通道反应器液相氧化合成羟乙基磺酸的连续流工艺。实验考察了物料配比、过氧化氢浓度、反应温度、停留时间对氧化反应的影响,在具有特殊微结构的毫米通道微反应器中,物料摩尔比n(H₂O₂)∶n(β-巯基乙醇)=3. 6∶1,H₂O₂质量分数为40%,反应温度40℃,停留时间120 s,β-巯基乙醇转化率达96. 5%,羟乙基磺酸收率达88. 1%。此工艺充分利用微通道连续流反应器优良的传质传热特点,大大缩短了反应时间,提高了反应速率,实现对氧化反应过程的有效控制,增加了安全系数。     

微通道反应器中二氯丙醇环化反应研究

研究了微通道反应器内二氯丙醇的环化制备环氧氯丙烷的反应,考察了反应温度、原料配比、停留时间等单因素对环氧氯丙烷收率的影响。实验确定了较优的工艺参数组合:环化反应温度50℃,二氯丙醇与氢氧化钠的摩尔比1∶1.2,停留时间45 s,NaOH质量分数20%时,ECH的收率达到95.2%。在微通道反应的时空转化率要比常规反应高出2个数量级。与传统的工艺方法相比,微通道反应中环氧氯丙烷的收率提高了10%,降低了过程的能耗,废水排放量减少了45%。     

圆形微通道反应器内2-乙基四氢蒽氢醌氧化反应

以管径为900 μm的圆形微通道反应器内2-乙基四氢蒽氢醌(THEAQH2)的氧化反应为研究对象,研究了反应过程中气液两相的流动形态,考察了反应温度、反应压力、液体流速ULS、气液比rAS等因素对THEAQH2氧化反应的影响.研究表明,圆形微通道反应器内进行THEAQH2的氧化反应时可得到较高的气液两相接触比表面积;氧化反应随温度升高、压力增大和液体流速ULS的增加而显著加快;THEAQH2的氧化反应在圆形微通道反应器内进行可得到较高的过氧化氢时空收率YSTY (Space-Time Yield),在温度50℃、压力0.29 MPa、液体流速0.052 m/s时,YSTY可达1 790 kg/(m3·h),高出常规反应器1～2个数量级.     

纤维素在亚临界水中催化水解制取葡萄糖的研究

以纤维素为原料,在反应温度200～260℃、反应时间0.5～5.0 h的条件下,研究了纤维素在亚临界水中水解制取葡萄糖反应及以金属盐类、H2CO3(CO2)等催化剂对水解过程的影响。结果表明:温度和反应时间对葡萄糖收率起决定性作用;无催化剂时,在220℃,反应1.5 h的条件下,葡萄糖收率达到最高的6.56%;200℃时,以葡萄糖收率衡量的各催化剂活性顺序为,FeCl3>CoCl2>AlCl3,Fe(NO3)3>Fe2(SO4)3>FeCl3;充入CO2压力(2 MPa、4 MPa和6 MPa)越大,葡萄糖收率越高;在以Fe(NO3)3为催化剂、温度200℃、反应时间0.5 h时,葡萄糖最大收率为21.45%。     

磷钨酸催化合成苯甲酸

以苯甲醛为原料,质量分数为30%的过氧化氢为氧化剂,在没有任何有机溶剂存在的情况下,采用磷钨酸(H3PW12O40)作催化剂来合成苯甲酸,实验结果表明,当n(苯甲醛)∶n(H3PW12O40)∶n(H2O2)=100∶0.7∶350,反应温度为75℃,反应时间为4h时,苯甲酸的收率可达83.46%;同时本文还讨论了H3PW12O40加入量、过氧化氢加入量、反应温度以及反应时间等因素对反应的影响。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。