A modified NARMAX model-based self-tuner with fault tolerance for unknown nonlinear stochastic hybrid systems with an input–output direct feed-through term

A modified nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (NARMAX) model-based state-space self-tuner with fault tolerance is proposed in this paper for the unknown nonlinear stochastic hybrid system with a direct transmission matrix from input to output. Through the off-line observer/Kalman filter identification method, one has a good initial guess of modified NARMAX model to reduce the on-line system identification process time. Then, based on the modified NARMAX-based system identification, a corresponding adaptive digital control scheme is presented for the unknown continuous-time nonlinear system, with an input–output direct transmission term, which also has measurement and system noises and inaccessible system states. Besides, an effective state space self-turner with fault tolerance scheme is presented for the unknown multivariable stochastic system. A quantitative criterion is suggested by comparing the innovation process error estimated by the Kalman filter estimation algorithm, so that a weighting matrix resetting technique by adjusting and resetting the covariance matrices of parameter estimate obtained by the Kalman filter estimation algorithm is utilized to achieve the parameter estimation for faulty system recovery. Consequently, the proposed method can effectively cope with partially abrupt and/or gradual system faults and input failures by the fault detection.     

ARMAX modal parameter identification in the presence of unmeasured excitation—I: Theoretical background

This study investigates the performance of a time-domain parameter estimation algorithm aimed at identifying modal parameters from excitation and response data corrupted with significant measurement noise and unmeasured sources of periodic and random excitation. The parameters of an autoregressive moving average with exogenous excitation (ARMAX) model are estimated using an iterative multistage estimation algorithm. The use of backwards autoregressive with exogenous excitation (ARX) models in the multistage algorithm allows vibrational modes to be distinguished from spurious numerical poles and is also the basis of a model selection criterion. A diagonal parameterisation of the autoregressive (AR) polynomial matrices allows the MIMO ARMAX model to be separated into a number of MISO systems, and permits simple manipulation and stabilisation of the estimated model. Measurement noise and sources of unmeasured random and periodic excitations are accounted for by the ARMAX model structure. In this paper, the theory and algorithm of the ARMAX model is given.     

System identification of smart buildings under ambient excitations

This paper proposes a nonlinear autoregressive moving average (NARMA) model for use in system identification (SI) of high performance smart buildings under ambient excitations. The NARMA model is implemented by including the cross terms of output signals to a linear autoregressive moving average (LARMA) time series model. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed NARMA approach, a three-story building equipped with smart control devices is investigated under a variety of ambient excitations. To access the robustness of the proposed model, it is tested under various levels of measurement noises. It is demonstrated from the extensive simulations that the proposed NARMA model is effective in predicting the ambient vibration responses of the high performance smart buildings with severe measurement noises.     

PRESS-based EFOR algorithm for the dynamic parametrical modeling of nonlinear MDOF systems

In response to the identification problem concerning multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) nonlinear systems, this study presents the extended forward orthogonal regression (EFOR) based on predicted residual sums of squares (PRESS) to construct a nonlinear dynamic parametrical model. The proposed parametrical model is based on the non-linear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) model and aims to explicitly reveal the physical design parameters of the system. The PRESS-based EFOR algorithm is proposed to identify such a model for MDOF systems. By using the algorithm, we built a common-structured model based on the fundamental concept of evaluating its generalization capability through cross-validation. The resulting model aims to prevent over-fitting with poor generalization performance caused by the average error reduction ratio (AERR)-based EFOR algorithm. Then, a functional relationship is established between the coefficients of the terms and the design parameters of the unified model. Moreover, a 5-DOF nonlinear system is taken as a case to illustrate the modeling of the proposed algorithm. Finally, a dynamic parametrical model of a cantilever beam is constructed from experimental data. Results indicate that the dynamic parametrical model of nonlinear systems, which depends on the PRESS-based EFOR, can accurately predict the output response, thus providing a theoretical basis for the optimal design of modeling methods for MDOF nonlinear systems.     

基于REFOR算法的多输出非线性系统动态参数化建模方法研究

针对多输出非线性系统动态模型的辨识问题,提出一种新的非线性系统动态参数化建模方法,即冗余向前延拓正交（Redundant extended forward orthogonal regression,REFOR）算法。该算法旨在消除传统向前延拓正交（Extended forward orthogonal regression,EFOR）算法因遗漏某些重要模型项而造成所建模型精度较低的问题。首先,基于系统在各工况下辨识所得非线性有源自回归（Non-linear autoregressive with exogenous inputs,NARX）模型,利用REFOR算法统一各模型结构得到模型系数与设计参数间的函数关系,进而建立多输出非线性系统的动态参数化模型。其次,以四自由度非线性系统为例,说明了REFOR算法的优势及其在系统建模中的应用。最后,利用REFOR算法建立悬臂梁的动态参数化模型,并将REFOR预测输出与试验测得输出进行对比,试验结果表明,基于REFOR算法建立的非线性系统动态参数化模型,能准确预测系统的输出响应,为非线性系统建模方法的优化设计提供了理论基础。     

A fast iterative recursive least squares algorithm for Wiener model identification of highly nonlinear systems

In this paper, an online identification algorithm is presented for nonlinear systems in the presence of output colored noise. The proposed method is based on extended recursive least squares (ERLS) algorithm, where the identified system is in polynomial Wiener form. To this end, an unknown intermediate signal is estimated by using an inner iterative algorithm. The iterative recursive algorithm adaptively modifies the vector of parameters of the presented Wiener model when the system parameters vary. In addition, to increase the robustness of the proposed method against variations, a robust RLS algorithm is applied to the model. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Results confirm that the proposed method has fast convergence rate with robust characteristics, which increases the efficiency of the proposed model and identification approach. For instance, the FIT criterion will be achieved 92% in CSTR process where about 400 data is used.     

基于预测误差法的加速度传感器动态模型参数辨识

加速度传感器动态模型对研究与分析加速度传感器的动态特性与动态误差补偿具有重要作用。针对加速度传感器动态模型的参数辨识,提出了一种基于预测误差法的加速度传感器动态模型参数辨识方法,该方法将加速度传感器的状态空间模型转化为线性带外生输入的自回归滑动平均(ARMAX)模型,获得其最优一步预测输出的表达式,并通过求解加速度传感器最优一步预测输出极小化误差准则函数,实现加速度传感器动态模型参数的最优辨识。实验结果表明,该方法有效地实现了加速度传感器动态模型的参数辨识,所得加速度传感器动态模型具有较高的精度,能描述加速度传感器的动态特性。     

多输入多输出Hammerstein Wiener交流电弧炉电极系统模型

在交流电弧炉中对于电极系统的描述,目前大都采用针对单相电极的单输入单输出的Hammerstein-Wiener(H-W)模型,这种模型过于简化真实电极系统结构,导致模型的预测精度较低。针对该问题,提出一种基于多输入多输出H-W模型的电极系统建模方法,该模型的结构与实际电极系统结构一致,有利于模型预测精度的提高,另外在多输入多输出的静态非线性块不可逆的条件下,提出可分非线性最小二乘算法对H-W模型参数进行辨识。最后采用实际数据验证,在预测精度上,多输入多输出H-W电极系统模型优于传统的单输入单输出H-W电极系统模型。     

Adaptive fuzzy prescribed performance control for MIMO nonlinear systems with unknown control direction and unknown dead-zone inputs

In this study, an adaptive fuzzy prescribed performance control approach is developed for a class of uncertain multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems with unknown control direction and unknown dead-zone inputs. The properties of symmetric matrix are exploited to design adaptive fuzzy prescribed performance controller, and a Nussbaum-type function is incorporated in the controller to estimate the unknown control direction. This method has two prominent advantages: it does not require the priori knowledge of control direction and only three parameters need to be updated on-line for this MIMO systems. It is proved that all the signals in the resulting closed-loop system are bounded and that the tracking errors converge to a small residual set with the prescribed performance bounds. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by simulation results.     

MODAL IDENTIFICATION AND DAMAGE DETECTION USING THE DATA-DRIVEN STOCHASTIC SUBSPACE AND ARMAV METHODS

This paper presents results of modal identification and damage detection on the Steel-Quake structure using the autoregressive moving average vector and data-driven stochastic subspace methods. The methods directly work with the recorded time signals and allow to analyse linear systems where only the system output is measured, while the input is unknown but produced by uncorrelated random signals. These techniques can also be used directly to analyse data obtained from the free response of linear systems.     

Modeling and control approach to a distinctive quadrotor helicopter

The referenced quadrotor helicopter in this paper has a unique configuration. It is more complex than commonly used quadrotors because of its inaccurate parameters, unideal symmetrical structure and unknown nonlinear dynamics. A novel method was presented to handle its modeling and control problems in this paper, which adopts a MIMO RBF neural nets-based state-dependent ARX (RBF-ARX) model to represent its nonlinear dynamics, and then a MIMO RBF-ARX model-based global LQR controller is proposed to stabilize the quadrotor's attitude. By comparing with a physical model-based LQR controller and an ARX model-set-based gain scheduling LQR controller, superiority of the MIMO RBF-ARX model-based control approach was confirmed. This successful application verified the validity of the MIMO RBF-ARX modeling method to the quadrotor helicopter with complex nonlinearity.     

柔性结构的多输入多输出运动系统辨识方法

柔性结构的多输入多输出(Multiple input multiple output,MIMO)运动系统的辨识方法是一个具有理论研究和工程应用价值的问题。随着运动系统结构设计、控制性能等要求不断提高,过去视为刚体的MIMO运动系统的柔性动力学特征将越来越显著,成为限制系统性能的重要因素。在辨识试验获得频域非参数模型基础上,提出一种柔性结构的MIMO运动系统辨识方法,基于正交多项式的总体参数曲线拟合得到同分母的MIMO传递函数矩阵,利用模态叠加原理以及奇异值分解(Singular value decomposition,SVD)原理得到系统的状态空间模型。此方法被应用于光刻机工件台这一典型的带有柔性动力学特征的MIMO运动系统。获得的MIMO状态空间模型具有频域辨识模型同等的辨识精度,证明了提出的辨识方法的有效性。所获得的模型满足用于综合控制设计的要求。     

递进自回归预测方法

提出递进自回归预测方法,其中包括递进自回归模型、递进自回归滑动平均模型、递进时变自回归模型、递进时变自回归滑动平均模型、递进回归一自回归模型。建立时间序列的递进预测公式,给出其最佳无偏预测,并推导出递进均方误差计算公式和高置信水平的递进预测区间估计。该方法是以逐步线性形式表示的一种非线性预测,既具有线性预测的简单性,又具有非线性预测精度高的特点。它不但可用于平稳时间序列预测,而且还可用于非平稳时间序列预测、确定性时间序列预测和小样本预测。此外,文中还给出时问序列线性组合及乘积的预测方法。并通过加权累加、倒数变换等方法,对观测值进行映射变换,使其呈现出更强的规律性,以进一步提高预测精度。     

Parametric identification of a time-varying structure based on vector vibration response measurements

The problem of parametric output-only identification of a time-varying structure based on vector random vibration signal measurements is considered. A functional series vector time-dependent autoregressive moving average (FS-VTARMA) method is introduced and employed for the identification of a “bridge-like” laboratory structure consisting of a beam and a moving mass. The identification is based on three simultaneously measured vibration response signals obtained during a single experiment. The method is judged against baseline modelling based on multiple “frozen-configuration” stationary experiments, and is shown to be effective and capable of accurately tracking the dynamics. Additional comparisons with a recursive pseudo-linear regression VTARMA (PLR-VTARMA) method and a short time canonical variate analysis (ST-CVA) subspace method are made and demonstrate the method's superior achievable accuracy and model parsimony.     

Vector ARMAX modeling approach in multi-input modal analysis

This paper analyses multivariate time series using a parametric approach for the purpose of identification of modal parameters of mechanical structures. Because of computer capacity the multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) data were treated with the multi-input/single-output (MISO) consecutively. By noting that some of the modal parameters must have global characteristics regardless of measurement locations in theory, a MIMO modeling approach is taken to analyse a set of multiple-random excitation/multiple response measurements. The MISO approach is also applied to the same data and the results obtained by the two methods are compared. Two specific regression models for the MIMO and MISO approach are derived from the vector Autoregressive Moving Average model with exogenous variables (ARMAX) and the least squares method is applied iteratively for the parameter estimation. The modal parameters are derived from the parameters of the vector ARMAX based upon the principle of impulse response invariance. The procedures are used to analyse a set of simulation data of a three degree of freedom system.     

Identification of hinging hyperplane autoregressive exogenous model using efficient mixed-integer programming

A computationally efficient algorithm for hinging hyperplane autoregressive exogenous (HHARX) model identification via mixed-integer programming technique is proposed in this paper. The HHARX model is attractive since it accurately approximates a general nonlinear process as a sum of hinge functions and preserves the continuity even in a piecewise affine form. Traditional mixed-integer programming-based method for HHARX model identification can only be applied on small-scale input/output datasets due to its significant computational demands. The contribution of this paper is to develop a sequential optimization approach to build accurate HHARX model more efficiently on a relatively large number of experimental data. Moreover, the proposed framework can handle more difficult and practical cases in piecewise model identification, such as: limited submodel switching, missing output data and specified steady state. Finally, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed computational scheme are demonstrated through modeling of two simulated examples and a pilot-scale heat exchanger.     

移动最小二乘法的时变结构模态参数辨识

研究时变结构模态参数辨识,基于泛函矢量时变自回归模型(Functional series vector time-dependent AR model,FS-VTAR)提出一种改进的移动最小二乘法的时变结构模态参数辨识方法。该方法源于无网格法中构造形函数进行局部近似的思想,引入带权正交基函数对移动最小二乘(Moving least square,MLS)的基函数进行改进,使得在辨识时间域内构造形函数矩阵过程中不再出现数值条件问题,从而提高了计算精度。把时变系数在形函数上线性展开,利用最小二乘法得到形函数的系数,从而得到时变系数。把时变模型特征方程转换为广义特征值问题提取出模态参数。利用时变刚度系统非平稳振动信号验证该方法,结果表明:改进的移动最小二乘法相比于传统的FS-VTAR模型能有效地避免基函数形式的选择和很高的基函数阶数且更加高效,相比于移动最小二乘法能有效地避免辨识过程中的数值问题,具有更高的模态参数辨识精度。     

Controller design for a class of nonlinear MIMO coupled system using multiple models and second level adaptation

In this paper, an adaptive control method using multiple models with second level adaptation is proposed for a class of nonlinear multi-input multi-output (MIMO) coupled systems. Multiple estimation models are used to tune the unknown parameters at the first level. The second level adaptation provides a single parameter vector for the controller. A feedback linearization technique is used to design a state feedback control. The efficacy of the designed controller is validated by conducting real time experiment on a laboratory setup of twin rotor MIMO system (TRMS). The TRMS setup is discussed in detail and the experiments were performed for regulation and tracking problem for pitch and yaw control using different reference signals. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) has been used to observe the unavailable states of the TRMS.     

An approach to design controllers for MIMO fractional-order plants based on parameter optimization algorithm

The parameter optimization method for multivariable systems is extended to the controller design problems for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) square fractional-order plants. The algorithm can be applied to search for the optimal parameters of integer-order controllers for fractional-order plants with or without time delays. Two examples are given to present the controller design procedures for MIMO fractional-order systems. Simulation studies show that the integer-order controllers designed are robust to plant gain variations.     

Tracking control of nonlinear lumped mechanical continuous-time systems: A model-based iterative learning approach

This paper presents a nonlinear model-based iterative learning control procedure to achieve accurate tracking control for nonlinear lumped mechanical continuous-time systems. The model structure used in this iterative learning control procedure is new and combines a linear state space model and a nonlinear feature space transformation. An intuitive two-step iterative algorithm to identify the model parameters is presented. It alternates between the estimation of the linear and the nonlinear model part. It is assumed that besides the input and output signals also the full state vector of the system is available for identification. A measurement and signal processing procedure to estimate these signals for lumped mechanical systems is presented. The iterative learning control procedure relies on the calculation of the input that generates a given model output, so-called offline model inversion. A new offline nonlinear model inversion method for continuous-time, nonlinear time-invariant, state space models based on Newton's method is presented and applied to the new model structure. This model inversion method is not restricted to minimum phase models. It requires only calculation of the first order derivatives of the state space model and is applicable to multivariable models. For periodic reference signals the method yields a compact implementation in the frequency domain. Moreover it is shown that a bandwidth can be specified up to which learning is allowed when using this inversion method in the iterative learning control procedure. Experimental results for a nonlinear single-input-single-output system corresponding to a quarter car on a hydraulic test rig are presented. It is shown that the new nonlinear approach outperforms the linear iterative learning control approach which is currently used in the automotive industry on durability test rigs.