基于LADRC的电动舵机高动态控制方法

自抗扰控制(Active Disturbance Rejection Control,ADRC)继承了PID控制基于误差反馈的优点,在控制中不需要模型的先验知识,并结合了经典调节理论与现代控制理论各自的优点,因而在实际工程中得到了广泛应用。文中分析了电动舵机传统PID控制中存在的动态响应慢和抗扰能力弱的问题;建立了基于直接转矩控制的舵机系统数学模型;设计了线性扩张状态观测器,并给出了观测器参数的简便确定方法,通过观测器观测出的扰动将系统补偿为串联积分器的形式;采用不同的控制器对补偿后的系统进行稳定性分析,根据稳定性和实现难易程度,决定采用比例微分负反馈控制器。最后对设计的观测器和控制器进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,设计的观测器和控制器与传统PID控制相比在动态响应和抗扰能力上都具有巨大的优势。     

Control of unstable processes with time delays via ADRC

Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) treats the external disturbance and internal uncertainties as a general disturbance, and uses an extended state observer (ESO) to estimate it in real-time and feeds it back in the control loop, thus can achieve good disturbance rejection performance. However, ADRC is not quite suitable for unstable delayed processes due to its inherent structure. In this paper, a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) control structure is proposed for unstable time- delayed systems. Set-point tracking and disturbance rejection are separated in this structure and ADRC is solely responsible for disturbance rejection. A method to tune the ADRC parameters using all the information of the system is proposed, and robustness and performance of the proposed method are analyzed. Simulation examples show that 2DOF-ADRC can achieve good tracking and disturbance rejection performance.     

音圈致动快速反射镜的降阶自抗扰控制

为改善航空光电载荷用音圈致动快速反射镜的控制性能,提出一种降阶自抗扰控制方法。首先,对快速反射镜(Fast Steering Mirror,FSM)模型进行了分析并获取了模型参数。根据自抗扰控制理论,设计了FSM的三阶通用自抗扰控制器。将电涡流传感器的测量结果视为已知,提出降阶扩张状态观测器及其对应的自抗扰控制器设计方法。根据控制器带宽设计思想,推导了对于FSM这类二阶欠阻尼对象的控制律,并给出了加入扰动补偿量的控制律的具体实现形式。实验结果表明,降阶自抗扰控制能明显改善FSM的位置阶跃响应动态性能,能实现无超调与振荡的阶跃响应,稳态时间由11.7 ms提升至9.2 ms,同时能够降低FSM对位置斜坡输入跟踪的稳态误差,并改善其速度响应动态过程,像移补偿稳速时间由10.2 ms提升至7.8 ms,提升约24%。降阶自抗扰控制具有实现简单、运算量小的特点,能够明显提升FSM的动态性能。     

高精度稳定平台伺服系统的自抗扰控制

提出了一种应用于高精度稳定平台伺服系统的设计方法。为满足稳定平台快速隔离扰动、稳定视轴的要求,将自抗扰控制应用于平台系统的速度环,和常规PID控制的电流环一起构成ADRC-PID控制。Simulink仿真结果表明,与传统PID控制相比,采用自抗扰控制后系统响应速度快,隔离度有较大的提高。ADRC-PID控制可满足高精度光电稳定平台的性能要求,系统具有响应速度快,隔离度好,鲁棒性强,稳定性高等特点。     

Modified active disturbance rejection control for time-delay systems

Industrial processes are typically nonlinear, time-varying and uncertain, to which active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) has been shown to be an effective solution. The control design becomes even more challenging in the presence of time delay. In this paper, a novel modification of ADRC is proposed so that good disturbance rejection is achieved while maintaining system stability. The proposed design is shown to be more effective than the standard ADRC design for time-delay systems and is also a unified solution for stable, critical stable and unstable systems with time delay. Simulation and test results show the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed design. Linear matrix inequality (LMI) based stability analysis is provided as well.     

Active disturbance rejection control based human gait tracking for lower extremity rehabilitation exoskeleton

This paper presents an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) based strategy, which is applied to track the human gait trajectory for a lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton. The desired human gait trajectory is derived from the Clinical Gait Analysis (CGA). In ADRC, the total external disturbance can be estimated by the extended state observer (ESO) and canceled by the designed control law. The observer bandwidth and the controller bandwidth are determined by the practical principles. We simulated the proposed methodology in MATLAB. The numerical simulation shows the tracking error comparison and the estimated errors of the extended state observer. Two experimental tests were carried out to prove the performance of the algorithm presented in this paper. The experiment results show that the proposed ADRC behaves a better performance than the regular proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. With the proposed ADRC, the rehabilitation system is capable of tracking the target gait more accurately.     

A hybrid disturbance rejection control solution for variable valve timing system of gasoline engines

A novel solution for electro-hydraulic variable valve timing (VVT) system of gasoline engines is proposed, based on the concept of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). Disturbances, such as oil pressure and engine speed variations, are all estimated and mitigated in real-time. A feed-forward controller was added to enhance the performance of the system based on a simple and static first principle model, forming a hybrid disturbance rejection control (HDRC) strategy. HDRC was validated by experimentation and compared with an existing manually tuned proportional-integral (PI) controller. The results show that HDRC provided a faster response and better tolerance of engine speed and oil pressure variations.     

On the rejection of internal and external disturbances in a wind energy conversion system with direct-driven PMSG

This paper deals with the critical issue in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG): the rejection of lumped disturbance, including the system uncertainties in the internal dynamics and unknown external forces. To simultaneously track the motor speed in real time and capture the maximum power, a maximum power point tracking strategy is proposed based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) theory. In real application, system inertia, drive torque and some other parameters change in a wide range with the variations of disturbances and wind speeds, which substantially degrade the performance of WECS. The ADRC design must incorporate the available model information into an extended state observer (ESO) to compensate the lumped disturbance efficiently. Based on this principle, a model-compensation ADRC is proposed in this paper. Simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed control strategy. It is shown that the effect of lumped disturbance is compensated in a more effective way compared with the traditional ADRC approach.     

A GA-based parameters tuning method for an ADRC controller of ISP for aerial remote sensing applications

This paper presents a parameters tuning method based on the genetic algorithm (GA) for an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) of a three-axis inertially stabilized platform (ISP) with imaging sensors. To improve the stabilization accuracy and robustness of an aerial ISP under multi-source disturbances environment, an ADRC control scheme is first proposed. Then, to accurately identify and tune the parameters in the ADRC controller, a GA-based parameters tuning method is proposed. In this way, the performance of the ADRC is superior to the empirical method. To validate the proposed method, the simulations and experiments are carried out. The results show that the proposed ADRC with GA-based parameters tuning method has significant disturbance rejection ability which can improve the stabilization accuracy obviously. Compared with the ADRC with empirically tuning method, the stabilization error (RMS) under movable base is decreased up to 50.09%.     

Modified reduced order observer based linear active disturbance rejection control for TITO systems

This paper proposes an observer based control approach for two input and two output (TITO) plant affected by the lumped disturbance which includes the undesirable effect of cross couplings, parametric uncertainties, and external disturbances. A modified reduced order extended state observer (ESO) based active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is designed to estimate the lumped disturbance actively as an extended state and compensate its effect by adding it to the control. The decoupled mechanism has been used to determine the controller parameters, while the proposed control technique is applied to the TITO coupled plant without using decoupler to show its efficacy. Simulation results show that the proposed design is efficiently able to nullify the interactions within the loops in the multivariable process with better transient performance as compared to the existing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control methods. An experimental application of two tanks multivariable level control system is investigated to present the validity of proposed scheme.     

Tuning of linear active disturbance rejection controller with robustness specification

Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) treats all the model uncertainties and all the external disturbances as a generalized disturbance. It uses an extended state observer (ESO) to estimate the generalized disturbance in real time, and compensate it using a state-feedback control law, thus can achieve good disturbance rejection performance. For linear ADRC (LADRC), the parameters can be tuned via the bandwidths of the ESO and the feedback control, thus an LADRC can be regarded as a fixed-structured controller with several parameters to tune, just like a PID controller. To help tuning the parameters of LADRC, a tuning rule is proposed in this paper, with the aim to minimize the load disturbance attenuation performance in the integral of time square error sense, under the constraint of a specified robustness measure for the first-order processes with deadtime. The tuning rule is tested for a variety of benchmark systems and the gravity drained tanks case, and the performances are compared with the well-known PID tuning methods.     

基于压电智能结构状态估计误差补偿的自抗扰振动控制

压电智能结构的模型难以精确建立,且存在外界环境激励干扰和内部参数不确定等问题,从而影响闭环结构的振动控制性能。基于此,将结构的内部干扰和外界激励的影响归结为系统的集总干扰,并利用扩张状态观测器(Extended state observer,ESO)设计不依赖于模型的自抗扰振动控制器。然而当外界扰动激励变化时,扩张状态观测器对扰动和各阶状态的估计不可避免存在偏差,难以保证振动控制的效果。为克服二阶自抗扰策略在振动主动控制中的不足,提出一种基于压电智能板结构的状态估计误差补偿自抗扰振动控制方案。利用状态观测误差信息,对二阶自抗扰控制器进行补偿,从而减小ESO对扰动和各阶状态估计的压力,提高振动控制效果。利用dSPACE实时仿真系统,搭建四面固支压电智能板结构的振动主动试验平台。四种干扰激励的试验结果验证该方法的有效性、实用性和强抗干扰能力。     

On oscillation reduction in feedback control for processes with an uncertain dead time and internal–external disturbances

This paper aims to find a practical solution to reduce oscillation on the Smith Predictor (SP) based design with the dead time (DT) uncertainty, making it less sensitive to DT change and more effective in disturbance rejection. First, a conditional feedback mechanism is introduced in SP to reduce the amount of oscillation caused by the model inaccuracies in the DT parameter. Then, to address the oscillation caused by the phase lag in traditional PI controller and uncertain dynamics, this conditional SP is combined with active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), assisted by the knowledge of process dynamics. A practical tuning method is provided for the practicing engineers. The proposed approach is validated in extensive simulation studies with different types of plants and in frequency domain analysis. The simulation results show significant improvements in performance robustness and transient response.     

Active disturbance rejection boundary control of Timoshenko beam with tip mass

In this paper, the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is utilized to stabilize the vibration of perturbed Timoshenko beam model with tip mass. The boundary control design is based on a hybrid PDE–ODE model, and is accompanied with designing a high-gain extended state observer (ESO) that is used to estimate the boundary disturbances. By transforming the model into the appropriate state space, the semigroup theory is employed to prove the well-posedness of the closed-loop system. To this end, it is proved by a frequency domain method that the semigroup generated by the system operator is exponentially stable, which allows to conclude the boundedness of perturbed closed-loop system response. The stability of the closed-loop system is further analyzed using the Lyapunov approach. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the suggested method.     

轴向主动磁轴承的模糊自抗扰控制

为了实现轴向主动磁轴承的准确和稳定控制,根据模糊控制理论和自抗扰控制(ADRC)理论,设计了轴向主动磁轴承模糊自抗扰控制系统,采用模糊控制器整定ADRC中非线性控制参数,并且给出了其控制算法和控制系统的结构.利用软件Matlab/Simulink对所设计的控制系统进行了仿真研究,仿真结果表明:所设计的轴向主动磁轴承模糊自抗扰控制系统具有响应速度快、超调量小、抗干扰能力强和鲁棒性好等特点.     

基于控制增益实时辨识的BLDCM自抗扰控制

自抗扰控制具有算法简单、性能优良等优点,控制增益b对控制效果的影响较大,高效稳定地在线辨识出该参数对提高控制效果具有重要意义。设计了一种基于模型参考自适应参数辨识的新型自抗扰控制器,核心参数自适应变化使该控制器拥有更好的性能,仿真结果表明参数b辨识准确并且该控制器相对于传统自抗扰控制具有更好的控制效果。     

基于自抗扰技术的风扇磨直吹锅炉主汽压力控制系统的研究

文章针对由于被控对象的时变和非线性特性给风扇磨直吹式锅炉主汽压力自动调节带来的控制品质恶化问题,采用了自抗扰控制(ADRC)策略,这种控制算法只需被控对象的输入输出信息就能很好的估计出系统的实时内外扰动总和、并将其加以补偿,该控制器具有结构简单、响应快、鲁棒性强等优点.仿真表明这种控制器能有效改善该类系统的控制品质.     

气动恒力控制系统的自抗扰控制

针对磨削和抛光等对恒力控制装置的迫切需求,开展气动恒力控制系统研究。由于气动系统存在比例流量阀死区、气缸摩擦力以及气体可压缩等非线性问题,提出了一种二阶线性PID自抗扰控制器,并加入了死区补偿器。该控制器采用跟踪微分器对输入信号进行过渡,利用扩张状态观测器对非线性参数影响进行估计,并通过线性PID反馈控制律进行补偿,同时引入死区补偿器快速跳过死区范围。试验结果表明,相比传统PID控制和积分型线性自抗扰控制(I-LADRC),线性PID自抗扰控制具有更好的动态响应以及更强的鲁棒性,并且稳态误差小于2 N。     

A novel practical control approach for rate independent hysteretic systems

A disturbance rejection based control approach, active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), is proposed for hysteretic systems with unknown characteristics. It is an appealing alternative to hysteresis compensation because it does not require a detailed model of hysteresis, by treating the nonlinear hysteresis as a common disturbance and actively rejecting it. The stability characteristic of the ADRC is analyzed. It is shown that, in the face of the inherent dynamic uncertainties, the estimation and closed-loop tracking errors of ADRC are bounded, with their bounds monotonously decreasing with the observer and controller bandwidths, respectively. Simulation results on a typical hysteretic system further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

液压机械传动装置泵-马达系统模糊自抗扰控制

针对液压机械传动装置(Hydraulic Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission, HMCVT)在阶跃负载扰动、变速器输入转速扰动的影响下所引起的输出转速波动问题,以分矩汇速式液压机械传动装置中的泵-马达系统为研究对象,以系统稳速输出为控制目标,提出一种基于扰动补偿的模糊自抗扰控制(Active Disturbance Rejection Control, ADRC)方法。该方法采用模糊控制理论对自抗扰控制中的非线性误差反馈系数进行在线整定,利用扩张状态观测器(Extended State Observer, ESO)对系统总扰动进行实时观测,并通过前馈控制调节电-液比例阀阀芯位移来补偿变量泵斜盘摆角,最终实现HMCVT稳速控制。仿真结果表明,相比于传统PID控制,采用模糊自抗扰控制的液压机械传动装置在外负载和输入转速突变时,变量泵斜盘抖振幅度更小,系统稳速输出响应时间更短,抗扰动能力更强。