蒸汽喷射压缩器的变工况特性分析

蒸汽喷射压缩器工作特性对系统性能产生很大的影响。文中采用气体动力函数法,建立了蒸汽喷射压缩器变工况特性数值计算模型,对热压缩海水淡化系统中的蒸汽喷射压缩器的变工况性能进行了计算,分析了工作蒸汽压力、引射压力、混合蒸汽压力对喷射系数的影响。计算结果表明,当压缩蒸汽的压力低于一定值时,喷射系数保持不变;喷射压缩器特性对蒸发压力的变化最为敏感,引射压力的微小变化将导致喷射器性能的明显变化;而提高工作蒸汽压力,在一定范围内可以提高喷射器的性能,但超过一定数值后反而会引起喷射器性能的降低。与试验结果对比表明,采用该方法能够正确地预测喷射压缩器的工作性能。     

蒸汽喷射真空泵性能的CFD模拟研究

采用有限体积法离散控制方程,标准κ-ε湍流模型,近壁面处使用壁面函数修正的方法对蒸汽喷射真空泵的超音速混合过程进行数值模拟。计算并分析了第二喉管与工作蒸汽喷嘴喉管面积比、喷嘴出口截面与混合段入口截面间的距离及混合段的锥度等结构参数及工作蒸汽的压力和温度、引射流体及混合流体压力等热力参数对真空泵操作性能的影响。数值计算结果表明,几何参数的改变极大地影响着波系结构,在一定的设计工况下,总存在一个最佳的面积比及一个最优的相对位置对应于最大的喷射系数,其在物理上的表现形式为通过工作蒸汽喷嘴所产生的激波系刚好能够通过第二喉管。混合段的锥度在一定范围内对真空泵的性能无显著影响,等压混合理论较等面积混合理论具更优的操作性能。根据喷射泵内的物理现象及喷射系数的变化规律将蒸汽喷射真空泵的操作状态分为临界状态、亚临界状态和回流状态三类,同时指出临界点为最佳工作点。     

结构参数对蒸汽喷射压缩器性能的影响

采用有限体积法离散控制方程,标准k ε湍流模型,近壁面处使用壁面函数修正的方法对蒸汽喷射压缩器的超音速混合过程进行数值模拟。计算并分析了第二喉管与工作蒸汽喷嘴喉管面积比、喷嘴出口截面与混合段入口截面间的距离等几何参数对喷射器操作性能的影响。数值结果表明,喉管面积比及喷嘴位置的改变极大地影响着波系结构,在一定的设计工况下,总存在一个最佳的面积比及一个最佳的距离对应于最大的喷射系数,并给出了最佳几何参数下的主要物理特征。     

蒸汽喷射压缩器的变工况特性模拟与分析

采用改进热力学,建立了蒸汽喷射压缩器变工况特性数值计算模型。结合水蒸气物性程序,对热压缩海水淡化系统中的蒸汽喷射压缩器的变工况性能进行了计算,分析了工作蒸汽压力、引射压力、混合蒸汽压力的变化对引射系数的影响。计算结果表明,当压缩蒸汽的压力高于设计值时,引射系数随压缩压力的增大而减小,而当压缩低于设计值时,引射系数保持不变;提高引射蒸汽压力会引起引射系数的增大;主动蒸汽压力偏离设计值时,主动蒸汽压力的降低（低于设计值）或提高均会引起喷射器性能的降低。     

蒸汽喷射器用双喷嘴结构性能的数值研究

运用CFD数值模拟的方法研究了第二喷嘴进出口截面大小对喷射效率的影响,并对比研究了不同工作流体压力下普通喷嘴结构和双喷嘴结构对蒸汽喷射器操作性能的影响。计算结果表明,在相同的操作条件下,双喷嘴结构能有效地提高喷射器的喷射系数。同时,第二喷嘴进出口截面以及第二喷嘴出口长度存在一最佳值,对应于最大喷射系数。并且这种喷嘴结构能有效改善由于工作流体压力降低而造成的设备操作性能恶化,提高蒸汽喷射器运行的稳定性。     

喷嘴可调式喷射器性能的实验研究

海水淡化系统中,负荷的变化要求热力蒸汽压缩器（Thermal Vapour Compressor）的流量也随之改变,但要求TVC的出口压力尽量不随之改变。因为系统的正常运行对出口压力对应的饱和温度很敏感,如果饱和温度过高,会导致系统内部结构腐蚀严重,降低使用寿命,甚至危害整个系统的正常运行。引入可调式喷射器,对其性能进行实验研究,测量并分析了喷针在不同位置时,可调式喷射器的压力、流量和喷射系数的变化。结果显示,在需要改变流量的时候可以保持喷射器出口压力基本不变。     

水——气喷射器

由于喷射设备结构简单、制造容易、在工作运转中稳定可靠;同时被抽入射流的压力的升高并不直接消耗机械能;因此早在国内外动力工程技术部门中得到了运用。喷射设备的分类较为繁杂,但就其工作介质与被吸入介质相互作用的相态来分;基本上可分为三大类:(1)同相型喷射设备。如气(蒸汽)流喷射器(如热能压缩器)和水喷射泵。(2)异相型喷射设备。如水-气喷射器和气体输送喷射器(即用气体抽吸颗粒固体或液体)。(3)可变相型喷射设备(即在相互作用过程中,有一种介质的相态改变者)。如蒸汽-水型喷射器;水-蒸     

一种新型多喷嘴汽-液喷射器的性能

目前汽-液喷射技术中关于湿蒸汽的研究较少,然而在实际工业中,相当一部分低压蒸汽是具有一定干度的湿蒸汽。为此,设计了以湿蒸汽为工作蒸汽的实验台,并采用一种多喷嘴结构的汽-液喷射器作为实验元件,分析了蒸汽压力、蒸汽干度及喷射器背压对其性能的影响。实验结果表明：蒸汽干度使蒸汽质量流量随蒸汽压力变化的曲线平移。喷射系数随蒸汽干度的增大而增大。蒸汽压力较低时,喷射系数和过冷水流量随蒸汽压力的升高而增大,随着蒸汽压力的升高,当汽羽的长度大于喷射器的喉嘴距时,过冷水发生壅塞,喷射系数开始减小,而过冷水流量的减小延迟。总体上,喷射系数随背压的升高而减小,在背压不同的范围内,喷射系数下降的速度有所不同。     

不同出入口条件下气液喷射器喷射性能的数值模拟

针对气液喷射器传统二维几何模型和模拟中未考虑温度导致气液相变的不足,建立三维几何模型,导入考虑时间、温度影响的气液相变UDF程序,用CFD软件模拟气液喷射器喷射性能.40000 s条件下有相变的模拟结果与实际情况符合较好.改变气液喷射器出入口气液相的速度和压力条件,得到气液喷射器轴线速度、压力、温度、引射比及气液相体积分数等参数.结果表明,随液化天然气(LNG)入口速度增加,气液喷射器引射比增大,合理的LNG入口速度能使喷射器内各相体积分数及引射比趋于稳定,有利于喷射器正常喷射;随混合出口压力增加,引射比减小,LNG体积分数增大,过大的出口压力会导致气液喷射器内喷射偏斜、扩散室出口气相闪蒸汽(BOG)液化现象,不利于喷射器正常喷射.液相入口速度11~12 m/s、混合出口压力0.101~0.304 MPa时,气液喷射器喷射性能最优.     

蒸汽喷射器的设计和使用

一、蒸汽喷射器的作用近年来,蒸汽喷射器(或称压缩器)日渐广泛地应用于化学工业,尤其在食品工业中,对节约蒸汽起着很大作用。例如有些工厂有大量的乏气(废气)从蒸汽机排出,但由于压力很低,不能利用;通过喷射器压缩后,压力提高,即可用到蒸发装置上,避免了把乏气排出的损失。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.