聚酰胺酸亚胺化动力学研究

采用热失重(TG)非等温法研究了4,4'-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)与4,4'-六氟亚异丙基-邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)合成的聚酰胺酸(PPA)在整个亚胺化温度范围内的动力学.依据不同升温速率等温法结合23种机理函数推到出亚胺化反应的机理函数:g(a)=(1-a)-1-1利用迭代的等转化率法得到了活化能Ea的平均值为94.64kJ/mol,由此得到指前因子A的范围为9.05×107～2.62×1013s-1.     

FT-IR用于液晶环氧树脂固化动力学的研究

用FT-IR研究了液晶环氧-4,4‘-二缩水甘油醚基二苯基酰氧(PHBHQ)与4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)固化反应的动力学,研究表明,PHBHQ与DDM的固化反应按自催化反应机理进行,固化过程中产生的羟基可进一步加速反应,计算出分步反应的动力学参数分别为Ea1=66．51kJ／mol,InA1=6．65,Ea2=69.05kJ／mol,InA2=7.34。     

新型磷硅改性双酚A型环氧树脂的制备及其固化反应动力学研究

采用羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷(HTPDMS)、9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)与双酚A型环氧树脂合成了新型的含磷硅双酚A型环氧树脂,通过红外谱图以及核磁共振图确认了其结构,并简单讨论其反应机理;采用DSC分析方法研究其固化动力学,得到其与4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)固化的平均表观活化能Ea为40.74kJ/mol,反应级数n为0.90。     

HTPB/液化改性MDI聚合反应的动力学

用红外分光光度计研究了端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)与液化改性4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(LMDI)的反应动力学,计算了相应体系的反应活化能。通过红外光谱研究了60℃时HTPB与LMDI本体聚合反应形成聚氯酯的浓度-时间依赖行为,研究发现,随时间的增加,反应物的浓度呈指数下降,而浓度的倒数-时间则呈直线的关系。结果表明,NCO与OH的反应遵循二级反应动力学,反应活化能Ea=54．3kJ／mol。     

4,4'-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸)聚乙二醇酯大分子自由基引发剂的合成及表征

采用4,4′-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸)与五氯化磷反应制备了4,4′-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酰氯)。通过聚乙二醇(PEG-1000)和4,4′-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酰氯)进行缩合反应得到了水溶性的4,4′-偶氮二(4-氰基戊酸)聚乙二醇酯大分子自由基引发剂。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外光谱(UV)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)对其结构进行了确认和表征。利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了其热分解性能。结果表明,该引发剂的热分解活化能Ea为120.2 kJ/mol,频率因子Ad为1.165×1014s-1。     

新型质子交换膜材料磺化聚亚胺醚酮的合成与表征

以50%发烟硫酸为磺化剂,将4,4’-二氟二苯酮反应生成3,3’-二磺酸基-4,4’-二氟二苯酮,然后以3,3’-二磺酸基-4,4’-二氟二苯酮、4,4’-二氟二苯酮与3,3’-二羟基二苯胺为单体通过亲核取代反应生成了磺化聚亚胺醚酮。并且对生成的产物结构采用FT-IR、1 H-NMR、TG、DSC进行表征分析。     

一种无卤阻燃聚丙烯的热分解动力学

利用Kissinger、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)及Coast-Redfern方法研究了聚丙烯(PP)和IFR/SiO2/PP体系的热分解动力学。结果表明,IFR/SiO2添加提高了PP的主分解阶段活化能,增强了PP阻燃性能。PP热分解机理函数g(α)=-ln(1-α),反应级数n=1,为随机成核和随后增长反应;IFR/SiO2/PP体系热分解机理函数为g(α)=1-(1-α)1/4,反应级数n=1/4。     

4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷四缩水甘油基环氧与4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷固化反应研究

本文报道了利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)跟踪4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷四缩水甘油基环氧树脂(TGDDM)与4,4’-二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)固化体系的固化反应研究的结果。在DDM含量低于等当量时,首次在TGDDM-DDM体系的DSC固化曲线上观察到了双重固化反应放热峰。动力学分析结果表明低温固化反应的活化能约56kJ/mol,而高温固化反应的活化能为136kJ/mol。低温固化反应是DDM中伯胺基和仲胺基与环氧基的反应,而高温固化反应是在TGDDM中叔胺基催化下羟基与环氧基的反应。由于这两类反应对交联网密度均有贡献,因此,完全固化TGDDM-DDM树脂的破璃化转变温度T_g受DDM含量的影响较小。     

酰胺扩链剂对聚脲扩链反应动力学的影响

采用红外光谱(FT-IR)技术研究了新型位阻型酰胺扩链剂二乙酰乙二胺(MEDA)和二乙酰己二胺(MHAD)与4,4′-二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)的扩链反应。考察了酰胺扩链剂对聚脲凝胶时间的影响,得出酰胺扩链剂能大大延长聚脲的凝胶时间,有利于反应动力学分析。扩链反应动力学研究结果表明,脂肪族酰胺扩链剂合成聚脲的扩链反应中,在反应初期低转化率时,反应均遵循二级动力学关系,得出MEDA和MHAD合成聚脲反应的活化能Ea分别为36.81 kJ/mol和43.99kJ/mol;MEDA反应活性高于MHAD.     

2,5-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)叔丁基苯及其聚酰亚胺的制备和性能研究

通过两步反应制备得到2,5-双(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基苯氧基)叔丁基苯,将其分别与均苯四甲酸二酐(PM-DA)、3,3’,4,4’-四羧酸二苯醚二酐(ODPA)、3,3’,4,4’-二苯酮四酸二酐(BTDA)、3,3’,4,4’-联苯四酸二酐(BPDA)、双酚A二酐(BPADA)通过缩聚和热亚胺化制备得到5种性能优异的聚酰亚胺薄膜。结果表明薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)高于210℃,起始分解温度高于510℃;吸水率低于0.9%;介电常数介于2.90～3.15之间;杨氏模量在1.48～2.27GPa之间。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...