Textile Waste Waters: Treatment and Environmental Effects

The paper considers the use of water and chemicals in the textile industry and the volume, nature and composition of process effluents, the effect they have on the environment and the limitations they pose on the reuse of water. An outline is given of the methods available for treatment of waste waters from the industry, on site or at a Water Authority's works and the effects that chemical constituents of the effluents have on the treatment processes and on disposal of water and sludge. The assessment and significance of biodegradability and the extent of present-day knowledge on the biodegradability of the main classes of chemicals used in textile processing are discussed. The paper concludes with a section dealing with the removal of colour from waste waters.     

近年我国染料学科的理论创新和技术进步

综述了近年我国染料科学的理论创新和技术进步。关于染料与纤维着色包括超分子化学理论、化学交联染色和通用染料的概念以及纤维表面结构生色、仿生染料;运用量子化学理论对染料分子进行计算,预测染料分子的物理化学性质或用于指导染料分子的设计;根据染色动力学,建立染色过程的数学模型;纳米二氧化钛作为光催化反应的催化剂,可用于硝基物控制还原、卫生整理、染料和印染污水的降解。这些创新理论和技术进步核心就是提高资源的优化程度和环境保护,必将有力促进我国染料工业向更高层次发展。     

Water and Effluent Charges and Water-consumption Studies on Six Product Groups for the Knitting Industry

Charges for water and effluent are rising and problems of availability of the former and disposal of the latter are growing. Extensive relevant studies by Hatra of water consumption and conservation, in the dyeing of nylon hose, nylon socks, acrylic garments, wool garments, wool hank, and synthetic knitted fabric, completed some years ago, are outlined with emphasis on factors leading to economies.     

偶氮染料的光还原脱色及其染色废水的回用研究

用还原脱色剂对水溶性偶氮染料进行光还原脱色降解,重点考察了还原脱色剂、辐射光以及染料浓度等对还原脱色反应的影响,并将脱色后的染色废水回用于棉织物染色中.结果表明,以适当比例的引发剂和促进剂组成的还原脱色剂具有较强的脱色降解能力,辐射光对染料的还原脱色反应具有明显的促进作用,染料浓度的提高不利于染料的脱色降解反应.脱色废水可以回用于棉织物的活性染料染色中,通过降低染色过程中氯化钠和碳酸钠的添加量,可使染色试样与自来水染色试样的总色差(DE*)＜1.0.     

AAO工艺在焦化废水处理中的应用与改进

本文介绍了AAO工艺在焦化废水处理中的应用,并针对应用过程存在的问题进行了多方面的改进。焦化废水的处理取得了良好的效果,各项出水指标达到了国家二级水质排放标准。如果利用处理后的废水熄焦,每年可降低成本30余万元。     

印染废水生物处理技术的应用现状及研究进展

随着印染行业的持续快速发展以及新型染料、助剂的大量使用,目前我国印染废水的水质发生了很大变化,传统单一的处理方法已难以满足达标排放的硬性要求。文中主要探讨了印染废水处理过程中各种生物处理技术的发展现状以及存在的问题,指出以厌氧-好氧处理技术为核心的生物处理工艺的深入研究、开发与推广是有效解决该行业废水处理难题的一个重要技术途径。     

Studies on the possibility of recycling microencapsulated disperse dye‐bath effluents

The volume of water consumed by human beings has increased dramatically in recent years while water supply has remained constant; both demographic growth and the expansion of industrial activity require more water consumption. The textile industry is undoubtedly one of the most pressured industries that need water intensively. Efficient use of water tends to be a crucial subject for the dyeing industry. In this study, melamine resin microcapsules containing pure disperse dyes were prepared by in situ polymerization. The microcapsules were characterized on the basis of structure, morphologies, mean particle size, and size distribution. The dyeing behaviors of microencapsulated disperse dyes (MDDs) were evaluated on polyester fabrics in the absence of auxiliaries. Its effluent can be reused several times after being simply filtered and can be used as solvent for PET fabric scouring. The treated fabrics exhibited satisfactory levelness and fastness properties. MDDs can be used in dyeing PET, without using surfactants, and the effluents can be recycled and reused. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

The Dyeing of Polyester Textile Fabric in Perchloroethylene by the Exhaust Process

The dyeing behaviour of disperse dyes in perchloroethylene is considered. In particular, the relationship between distribution equilibrium and colour yield, the effect of auxiliary solvents on colour yield, the effect of water on the dyeing mechanism, the dependence of the colour yield on the amount of water and time and temperature of dyeing, and the effect of auxiliary solvents on the colour yield in water-containing perchloroethylene liquors are discussed. The stripping of dyes from polyester with trichloroethylene is mentioned. Finally, the selection of dyes for use in the dyeing of polyester from perchloroethylene by exhaust processes is considered. The desire for a solvent-based dyeing process can be fulfilled. Dyeing of polyester from perchloroethylene can offer a number of technical advantages which make it a genuine alternative process to the conventional dyeing methods.     

纺织印染行业余热回收利用现状及研究进展

印染厂废水废气温度高、工艺水和空气温度低,可通过热交换器的热交换等,将废水废气中的热量传递给工艺用水或空气,以达到节约能源、提高生产效率的目的。文章论述了纺织印染行业余热回收利用的现状,阐述了印染余热的主要来源,简要介绍了目前印染废水和废气余热回收利用的技术及装置,评价了余热回收在印染行业的运用潜力。     

几种印染废水的预处理研究

印染废水中含有大量的难生物降解物质,增设预处理工艺可降低废水有机物含量,并提高废水的生化性。对几种新的印染工艺产生的废水特点进行了分析,提出了对应的预处理方法。试验或运行经验表明,对退浆、染整、碱减量以及蜡印废水先经预处理后,再与其它废水混合,经后续生物处理,最终出水基本上都能达到纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准的二级标准。     

The Use of Permethrin in New Insect Proofing Agents for Wool

The development and properties of the photostable pyre–throids are reviewed with reference to the use of permethrin for the protection of wool. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation (of this insecticide) – Perigen * – has been developed for use as an industrial mothproofer. The compound shows excellent fastness on wool and good biological activity against the major textile pests. The influence of dyebath pH, dyeing auxiliaries and duration of boiling in the dyebath on the application of the insecticide, is discussed. The low residue levels in effluent from dyebaths following application of Perigen are unlikely to pose any hazard during disposal. Application rates are given for Perigen as an insect–proofing agent for yarn destined for carpets and other products.     

含退浆高浓度机织布印染废水处理工程分析

机织布经纱上浆使用大量浆料进行上浆处理以提高织物光滑度、强力及耐磨性,混排的废水中含有大量退浆废水,其COD浓度高,碱度强,且含有大量生物难降解有机物,最后残留在出水中,造成处理难度极大,项目采用"混凝脱色→HABR→接触氧化法→Fenton→BAF"组合工艺进行深度处理废水,出水水质稳定达到《纺织印染废水排放标准》(GB4287-2012)中表2标准。     

纺织印染工业园废水集中处理工艺的研究

纺织印染工业园区企业众多,生产工艺的不同导致排放的废水水质、水量差别较大,选择合适的处理工艺至关重要。多年的运行数据表明:采用水解酸化 活性污泥法联合生化处理工艺成功地大幅度消减了COD、色度,并以混凝沉淀物化处理措施作为保障措施,保证了出水稳定达标排放。     

A novel and eco-friendly approach for dyeing polyester fabrics by liquid disperse dyes treated with deep eutectic solvent

Disperse dyes do not contain water-soluble groups and are difficult to dissolve in water, so they cannot be directly formulated into dyeing liquor. In the current dyeing process, the solubility of disperse dyes is mainly improved by adding dispersants. However, dispersants are not absorbed by fibres and survive in the dyeing effluent, aggravating the pollution of water bodies and causing difficulties in treatment. Therefore, the development of a novel, eco-friendly dyeing approach is important to overcome these problems. Herein, for the purpose of improving the solubility of disperse dyes and reducing the dosage of dispersants, a deep eutectic solvent consisting of choline chloride/ethylene glycol was employed instead of dispersant to dissolve CI Disperse Blue 79 and CI Disperse Red 343, thus forming liquid disperse dyes. The results show that both CI Disperse Blue 79 and CI Disperse Red 343 were well dissolved in choline chloride/ethylene glycol with excellent stability, and the dissolution behaviour was strongly associated with the dissolution temperature and time. Moreover, polyester fabrics can be dyed successfully with liquid disperse dyes, and it was observed that the K/S value and rubbing fastness were evidently improved at the same dyeing temperature with unchanged colour characteristics, and a higher K/S value could still be obtained by lowering the dyeing temperature. This work establishes a green dyeing process, which reduces dyeing costs and meets the demand for environmental protection. It is also expected to realise the liquid state of disperse dyes, which will help to promote the further development of textile dyeing.     

Analysis of solar and artificial UVA irradiations on the photo-Fenton treatment of phenolic effluent and oilfield produced water

Abstract

In general, the oil industry has been searching for ways to alleviate the abundant disposal of oilfield produced water, which contains dissolved hard-removal and highly toxic organic compounds. Advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) have revealed to be effective in the degradation of organic compounds, because they generate hydroxyl radicals with high oxidizing potential which are capable of degrading these compounds. The present study has demonstrated the degradation efficiency of effluents containing organic compounds although the photo-Fenton process using a tubular photochemical reactor under different energy sources. This reactor allowed the use and evaluation of two ultraviolet irradiation sources, the sun and black light lamps, besides other relevant variables to the process, such as reagents concentration and the irradiated area, using a model effluent containing phenol. A sample of oilfield produced water was photochemically degraded through the optimum experimental conditions found for the phenol degradation. Solar irradiation was more efficient than lamplight, and it corresponds an important factor for the reduction of operating costs of this process. The solar reaction system applied to the oilfield produced water showed a removal of organic components up to 76%.     

纺织印染废水活性污泥干燥器设计计算探讨

污泥作为再生资源加以有效利用是世界各国共同的课题.理论研究表明,脱水污泥含有一定量的有机物质,可以用作燃料.然而由于脱水泥饼含水率过高,污泥燃烧产生的热能不足于抵消水分蒸发所需的热能.因此,寻找可以利用的废热源来干燥脱水污泥成为污泥有效利用的重要一环.本文为电厂烟道气用于干燥纺织印染活性污泥的案例,文中结合其他作者的研...     

Proceedings

Sulphur dyes are the preferred dyes for dyeing corduroy, work wear and polyester-cellulosic fibre blend fabrics. The most important process variables are described briefly. Effluent problems arise when using sulphides as reducing agents and when oxidizing with dichromate. Instead of sulphide it is possible to use sodium hydrosulphite (sodium dithionite), mercaptoethanol, or glucose. On the other hand, sulphides can be eliminated very easily from the effluent by aeration or precipitation. Dichromate can be replaced by several products. The continuous determination of hydrogen peroxide, and the possibility of combining oxidizing and alkyla-tion treatments are considered.     

焦化污水生化处理系统的改造

介绍了焦化污水生化处理系统的改造、开工、调试和运行情况．讨论了处理过程中的影响因素、操作管理经验以及污水处理工艺的特点和发展前景。     

The use of membranes for the recycling of water and chemicals from dyehouse effluents: an economic assessment

The practical and economic feasibility of using membrance technology to recycle/reuse dyes and their associated proces waters and auxiliary chemicals from dyebath effluent in and textile plants is assessed. Factors affecting the practicality of recycling dyes include: the type of process used to dye the fabric, classes of the dye used, the effluent volume, the frequency with which the dye is used and the auxiliary chemicals added to the dyebath during the dyeing process. These considerations also apply to the suitability of recycling the process water associated with the dye. Other factors to consider include the water quality required for recycling and the stage of the process to which this water can be reintroduced. To assess the economics of dyebath effluent reuse, water company treatment and supply charges, and dye and chemical costs must be considered. Data from five textile dyehouses are presented.     

CAST工艺在矿区污水治理中的应用

为了进一步改善矿区地表水环境质量,针对污水排放特点,研究确定耐冲击负荷强的污水处理技术,提出了采用CAST工艺处理以煤矿生活污水为主,同时收集处理达标排放的工业废水,并采取在主反应区投加组合填料等方式强化处理效果。结果表明：CAST工艺对于小型污水处理厂建设,投资和运转费用低,对原水水质水量的变化有较强的适应能力,出水水质好,污泥量少且易于处置,处理后的水可做杂用水和工业用水,提高了污水综合利用率。