Oxidative stability of whole wheat bread during storage

The oxidative stability was examined in whole wheat bread packed in modified atmosphere (nitrogen) using vacuum grade plastic bags and stored for up to 5 weeks. Small, but significant, differences in oxidative stability developed with time for whole wheat bread crumb and crust. The samples were evaluated by direct electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy for detection of free radicals, peroxide value (POV), overall antioxidative capacity using Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, and by the content of tocopherols as determined by HPLC. The overall antioxidative capacity was reduced during storage with an accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides peaking after 2-3 weeks of storage. Bread crust was generally found to be more oxidative stable when compared to crumb. Quality of bread with extended shelf life may accordingly be improved minimising oxidation.     

Quality of wheat bread enriched with onion extract and polyphenols content and antioxidant activity changes during bread storage

We determined the effect of onion skin extract (OE) on the quality of wheat bread: contents of total polyphenols and flavonols, antioxidative activity and their changes during storage. With increasing doses of OE to bread, contents of total polyphenols and flavonols and the antioxidative activity were observed to increase. A higher total flavonol content was found in bread with 1% OE stored at 24 °C than in bread stored at 4 °C. There was no such relationship in the bread with 0.5% OE. Changes in flavonols content during storage for 72 h were insignificant. No clear trends of change in the antioxidant activity could be found at storage of breads. The addition of OE caused no changes in the yield and volume of bread and contributed to a decreasing value of L* parameter and to increasing values of ΔE, a* and b* parameters of bread crumb colour. Consumers accepted the smell and taste of bread with the addition of OE to a lesser extent than the control bread. Bread with 1% OE the taste was rated very low. Consumers rated the taste of bread with 1% OE low because it was bitter. Breads enriched with OE had a proper external appearance as well as crumb and crust features. Roasted onion aroma and taste were perceptible in the obtained breads. A bitterness was perceptible in breads baked with the addition of 1% of OE.     

Studies on glass transition and starch re-crystallization in wheat bread during staling using electrical impedance spectroscopy

Bread staling is a very complex phenomenon that is not yet completely understood. The present work explains how the electrical impedance spectroscopy technique can be utilized to investigate the effect of staling on the physicochemical properties of wheat bread during storage. An instrument based on electrical impedance spectroscopy technique is developed to study the electrical properties of wheat bread both at its crumb and crust with the help of designed multi-channel ring electrodes. Electrical impedance behavior, mainly capacitance and resistance, of wheat bread at crust and crumb during storage (up to 120 h) is investigated. The variation in capacitance showed the glass transition phenomenon at room temperature in bread crust after 96 h of storage with 18% of moisture in it. The resistance changes at bread crumb showed the starch recrystallization during staling.Industrial relevanceSimultaneous measurement of moisture content, glass transition and starch recrystallization is possible with the designed instrument without disturbing the experimental set-up. Thus, the present work is going to help manufacturers and researchers to understand the bread staling phenomenon at crust and crumb without opting very complex instrumental procedures.     

高温储藏条件下不同水分含量小麦品质变化研究

以开麦21为原料,对其进行鼓风干燥和调质处理,使其水分含量分别为12.5%,9.5%,7.7%和5.9%,在35℃下密封储藏,研究其储藏过程中生活力、电导率、过氧化氢酶活动度、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量和面筋吸水率的变化,探讨高温密闭储藏下小麦的水分含量与其储藏品质变化的规律。结果表明:35℃条件下,水分含量高的小麦其生活力、过氧化氢酶活动度、湿面筋含量和面筋吸水率降幅大;水分含量为7.7%的小麦电导率增幅最小。     

水分含量对淡腌大黄鱼贮藏性的影响

以感官、微生物和化学变化为指标,探讨了水分含量对淡腌大黄鱼贮藏性的影响。结果表明,水分含量为60%±1%、55%±1%、50%±2%的样品货架期分别是5、9、11d。3组样品货架期终点时菌落总数(TVC)值约为8lg(cfu/g),总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值约为30mg/100g,硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值在贮藏期间均出现峰值。贮藏初期菌相比较单一,共检测到4种细菌,贮藏过程中菌相发生变化,货架期终点时仅残存2种细菌,分别为沃氏葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus warneri)和洛菲不动杆菌(Acinetobacter lwoffii)。     

Microstructure,textural and sensorial properties of durum wheat bread as affected by yeast content

In this study, breads varying in yeast content and therefore leading to distinct cellular structures are investigated. Firstly, X-ray microtomography is used to characterize not only the final cellular structure, but also the process of development of microstructure during the fermentation stage. With μCT, image analysis of the full 3-D microstructure, measuring the size, shape, networking/connectivity and distribution of various phases was possible. These measurements represent the full 3-D microstructure, which is not always possible by 2-D image analysis using statistical techniques. Secondly, the textural properties of the baked bread were obtained by compression tests and finally, the sensorial quality of the final product is also evaluated and correlated with the above properties. Results showed that an increase of the yeast content increased the percentage volume of pores and decreased the force required for compression of the bread sample and the tenacity. Moreover, a larger quantity of smaller sized pores led to a firmer bread structure. Regarding the sensorial properties, none of the investigated microstructural parameters were significantly correlated with the overall quality of the bread. In fact, the overall quality was more strongly affected from other parameters such as odor and appearance attributes.     

水分含量对新鲜干酪贮藏特性的影响

对水分含量不同的4组干酪进行贮藏期水分含量、水分活度、pH、酸价、TBA值测定和感官评定。结果表明:干酪水分含量与水分活度随贮藏期呈递减趋势,并且呈正相关关系;酸价随着贮藏期的延长先增加后减少;pH则相反,呈先下降后上升的趋势;TBA值呈逐渐上升趋势。表明水分含量低的干酪,其耐贮藏性较好。感官特征测定在贮藏的第18d开始,干酪逐渐开始出现腐败特征,水分含量较低的干酪感官评分高。     

Rheological,microstructural and sensorial properties of durum wheat bread as affected by dough water content

In this paper the influence of water content on the rheological, microstructural and sensorial properties of durum wheat bread was evaluated. In order to evaluate bread quality, oscillation measurements, stress relaxation test and creep–recovery measurements were performed on dough samples, whereas tomographic and sensorial analyses were performed on baked bread samples. Results of the rheological analysis highlighted that both the storage and loss moduli (G′, G″) showed a descending trend with the increase of the water content. This is also confirmed by stress relaxation tests. Creep–recovery tests for strong doughs (with low water content), recorded greater resistance to deformation, therefore a smaller creep strain than the softer doughs. These results were reflected in the microstructural properties of the bread; an increase in water content caused an increase in the percentage volume of pores. Regarding the sensorial properties, the overall acceptability of the investigated bread samples was low for both the lowest and the highest water contents, and this was due primarily to the compact crumb with small bubbles and high crust firmness for the former and to the loaf volume collapsed with irregular distribution of very large bubbles for the latter. Therefore, the bread samples with intermediate water content were preferred by the panelists.     

Assessing mineral composition and morpho-physiological properties of de-hulled einkorn wheat during storage at different moisture levels

In this study were investigated the effects of different moisture levels (4.8, 9.5, 13, 16.7 and 20%, w.b.) during the storage at 10 °C for three months on some mineral compositions and morpho-physiological properties as dimensional (length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area and volume, sphericity), gravimetric (thousand grain weight, bulk and true densities) and the seed (colour measurement and electrical conductivity) of de-hulled einkorn wheat seeds. Mineral composition of wheat seeds changed with increasing moisture level. In particular, decreases in mineral composition were observed above 16.7% moisture level. Dimensional properties showed increases depending on increased moisture level. It was found that thousand grain weight and true density values increased with increase in moisture level. However, bulk density values were found to decrease with increase in moisture level. The seed colour properties as L*, a*, b*, Chroma, hue angle and Browning index did not change statistically at the end of three months storage with increase at moisture level. The results showed that mineral compositions and functional properties of seeds at moisture level of 9.5% is more suitable than other moisture levels. As a result, high moisture levels during storage can cause degradation of seed quality.     

Safe storage time of high moisture wheat

Deterioration rates were determined for 15-19% moisture content (m.c., wet basis) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. 'Barrie') stored at constant temperatures or with a step decrease in storage temperatures. Deterioration rates were determined by measuring germination capacity of the grain and respiration rates of grain and microorganisms. Safe storage time was defined as the time for germination to decrease to 90%. Safe storage times of 19% m.c. wheat stored at constant temperatures ranged from 2.5 d at 30 and 35 degrees C to 37 d at 10 degrees C. Deterioration rates of 19% m.c. wheat stored with a step decrease in storage temperatures (35-25, 30-20, 25-20, and 20-15 degrees C) were determined and safe storage times were satisfactorily predicted. Safe storage times of 17% m.c. wheat were 5, 7, and 15 d at 35, 30, and 25 degrees C, respectively. Respiration rates and germination percentages of 15 and 16% m.c. wheat stored at 25 degrees C remained constant for 70 d. The respiration rates of 17-19% m.c. wheat at 25 degrees C increased while the germination percentages decreased with storage time. Germination dropped from 98 to 92-89% when the dry matter losses were about 0.05% and visible mould occurred when the dry matter losses were about 0.1% in 17-19% m.c. wheat. Safe storage times of 17% m.c. wheat stored at 35-25 degrees C were compared with those determined in similar previous work with cultivars 'Domain' and 'Katepwa'. 'Domain' had the longest and 'Barrie' had the shortest storage times.     

山梨糖醇对面包储藏期间品质的影响

利用质构仪﹑低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)等方法研究山梨糖醇对面包储藏期间的品质变化以及水分含量的影响。结果表明:山梨糖醇的加入使得面团发酵速率有所下降,也能够显著降低面包的硬度和咀嚼性(P0.05),减小储存期间的老化度。LF-NMR测试表明山梨糖醇的加入能提升面包的持水性能。利用面包硬度拟合Avrami方程,面包的老化速率常数有所减小,且得到的相关系数较高,说明面包硬度是面包老化在质构上的表征。总体而言,山梨糖醇能提升面包的持水性能,改善面包的口感。     

The effect of moisture content on short infrared absorptivity of bread dough

The main objective of the study was to assess the influence of moisture content on short infrared absorptivity of bread dough. Weight loss, surface temperature and short to medium infrared absorptivity of dough were measured in a series of radiant heating experiments. A strong positive correlation between surface temperature and total heat flux absorbed by the dough samples was observed. The variation of infrared absorptivity of the dough is explained with the state of the water in the samples - vapor or liquid.     

不同储藏方式对小麦粉水分、脂肪酸值和白度的影响

研究了在25℃条件下,不同储藏方式对小麦粉水分、脂肪酸值和白度的影响.结果表明:不同储藏方式对小麦粉水分均有一定影响,低温冷冻储藏的小麦粉水分随着储藏时间延长而逐渐升高;在其他储藏方式下,小麦粉水分随着储藏时间的延长均有一定程度的下降.在不同储藏方式下,随着储藏时间的延长,小麦粉脂肪酸值均呈上升趋势.添加脱氧剂的气调包装可以加速小麦粉白度的变化,其他储藏方法对小麦粉白度的影响不显著.     

The impact of baking time and bread storage temperature on bread crumb properties

Two baking times (9 and 24 min) and storage temperatures (4 and 25 °C) were used to explore the impact of heat exposure during bread baking and subsequent storage on amylopectin retrogradation, water mobility, and bread crumb firming. Shorter baking resulted in less retrogradation, a less extended starch network and smaller changes in crumb firmness and elasticity. A lower storage temperature resulted in faster retrogradation, a more rigid starch network with more water inclusion and larger changes in crumb firmness and elasticity. Crumb to crust moisture migration was lower for breads baked shorter and stored at lower temperature, resulting in better plasticized biopolymer networks in crumb. Network stiffening, therefore, contributed less to crumb firmness. A negative relation was found between proton mobilities of water and biopolymers in the crumb gel network and crumb firmness. The slope of this linear function was indicative for the strength of the starch network.     

Relationships between storage protein composition,protein content,growing season and flour quality of bread wheat

The storage protein composition from the Glu‐1, Glu‐3 and Gli‐1 loci encoding high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS and LMW‐GS) and gliadins, respectively, was determined on 30 wheat (T aestivum L) genotypes from three growing seasons. The gliadins and the LMW‐GS were identified as gliadin/LMW‐GS pairs. All samples were analysed by two one‐dimensional electrophoretic techniques, and selected samples were also subjected to two‐dimensional electrophoretic separation. Different statistical/data‐analytical techniques were evaluated in the study of how the presence or absence of the protein alleles, the protein content and the growing seasons are related to flour quality. The year of growth had a large impact on mixograph peak time. When predicting mixograph peak time from the presence or absence of significant proteins and the year of growth, 70% of the variability in mixograph peak time could be explained, whereas only 49% of the variability could be explained when the year of growth was deleted from the model. Protein had no effect on mixograph peak time as expected, and the well‐known positive effect of HMW‐GS 5 + 10, and the negative effects of 2 + 12 and 6 + 8 was observed. Furthermore, some of the gliadin/LMW‐GS combinations influenced mixograph peak time significantly. The gliadin/LMW‐GS at the combined Gli‐A1, Glu‐A3 loci b; ?? was positively related to mixograph peak time, whereas ??; ?? and a;a was negatively related. Although the LMW‐GS component ?? of the alleles b; ?? and ??; ?? alleles appear similar on one‐dimensional gels, two‐dimensional separation of selected samples may suggest that the ?? components in these alleles are different proteins. Cross‐validated partial least squares regression combined with empirical uncertainty estimates (jack‐knifing) of the parameters estimated in the model, gave similar results to ANOVA in identifying quality related protein alleles. The applicability of the multivariate approach in proteomics is, however, much wider. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

水分对小麦硬度指数的影响

将同一小麦样品进行人工调节水分,然后在不同水分条件下,用小麦硬度指数仪进行测量小麦硬度指数,并对结果进行分析,探讨水分对小麦硬度指数的影响.     

不同水分含量鲜腐竹冷藏过程中品质变化研究

目的 探究不同初始水分含量下鲜腐竹冷藏过程中品质的变化规律,确定适宜鲜腐竹冷藏的初始水分含量。方法 将鲜腐竹干燥至水分含量分别为50%、45%、40%后,4℃冷藏。利用色差计、质构仪（texture profile analysis,TPA）)、扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）、低场核磁共振（low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）测定鲜腐竹的色泽、质构特性、微观结构和水分分布状态;采用化学分析手段测定鲜腐竹的可溶性肽含量、过氧化值、蒸煮损失率,并对鲜腐竹进行感官评分和菌落总数测定,探究冷藏过程中鲜腐竹的品质变化规律以及水分含量对鲜腐竹冷藏品质的影响机制。结果 随着冷藏时间的延长,鲜腐竹的L*值呈下降趋势,a*值、b*值呈增加趋势,鲜腐竹感官品质劣变,蒸煮损失率、可溶性肽含量、过氧化值含量、菌落总数增加。初始水分含量下降,腐竹色泽L*值降低,a*值增加;40%和45%水分含量的腐竹,冷藏过程中的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性较高,45%水分的腐竹弹性最大,且质构特性更为稳定;冷藏过程中,鲜腐竹感官品质劣变,降低水分含量至45%和40%时,可使鲜腐竹在第8d时感官评分在60分以上,其对感官品质中的质地和气味改善最大;40%的初始水分含量,腐竹的蒸煮损失率最低,但与45%的水分含量不具有显著性差异(P<0.05);降低水分含量,可延缓鲜腐竹最大过氧化值出现的时间,降低蛋白质网络结构的破坏程度。冷藏过程中存在明显的水分迁移现象,鲜腐竹的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、胶黏性受可溶性肽含量影响最大,与其呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。结论 初始水分含量显著影响鲜腐竹的冷藏品质,降低水分含量对于延长鲜腐竹保质期具有重要意义。     

不同包装方式对高含水量萌芽糙米储藏的影响

将高水分含量(25±1）%的发芽糙米分别用PE袋自然包装、充入CO2和N2包装,纸袋自然包装和纳米包装袋自然包装5种包装方式在25 ℃条件下储藏90天,研究了这5种包装方式的发芽糙米在贮藏过程中的霉菌总数、还原糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、脂肪酶活力、脂肪酸、丙二醛及表面颜色(L*值、C*值和H°值)的变化。结果表明：PE袋气调包装和纳米包装袋自然包装的效果明显优于纸袋包装,其中PE袋充N2包装储藏效果最佳,PE袋充CO2包装和纳米包装效果次之。     

A fundamental approach and its experimental validation to simulate density as a function of moisture content during drying processes

Although several empirical models are available in the literature to predict density in solid matrices, only a very limited number of theoretical models have been reported. So far, no model considered the possible variation in the initial air volume existing at the beginning of the drying process. In this contribution, a theoretical model to predict bulk density of dried materials was built by considering two mechanisms that might occur during drying processes. These mechanisms are represented by collapse and shrinkage functions. The predictions obtained by this theoretical model were extensively validated with experimental data published by several independent groups for different food products dried with different technologies. In all these cases, the model gave excellent agreement with the experimental data regardless the topology of the curve bulk density versus moisture content. The model was also compared with other published models. The result of this comparison revealed that the errors resulting from the predictions obtained by the present model are among the smallest. Shrinkage and collapse functions were used to analyze the mechanisms by which bulk density varies during air-drying and freeze-drying. The model showed that both shrinkage and collapse phenomena are dramatically involved during air-drying. However, in the case of freeze-drying, no collapse is observed and only partial shrinkage is taking place. Hence, the present model can be used as a tool to predict the bulk density with excellent accuracy, to understand the dynamic mechanisms involved during drying. Moreover, this model can be incorporated to other models involving the variation of density as a function of moisture.