粳糯高粱籽粒理化性质及酿酒特性分析

以6种高粱为材料,对高粱籽粒理化性质、出酒率和酒品质等进行测定,分析不同类型高粱品种酿酒特性。结果显示,糯性高粱籽粒吸水率和膨胀率均大于粳性,其中冀酿2号支链淀粉含量最高,为69.84%。粳性辽杂19容重、含水量、蛋白质含量最大,分别为787 g/L、9.66%、8.91%。粳性高粱淀粉颗粒表面光滑,结构较为松散,糯性淀粉浆起始温度、终止温度和热焓值均高于粳性。粳性辽杂19酒中乳酸乙酯含量最高,为227.98 mg/100 mL,其余酯类糯性的均小于粳性。粳性佳县高粱总淀粉、单宁、酒中乙酸乙酯的含量和出酒率均为最高,分别为77.42%、1.22%、229.29 mg/100 mL和41.61%。该研究揭示了粳糯高粱之间籽粒、淀粉理化性质和蒸煮特性存在较大差异,最终导致不同高粱酒香味物质含量不同,结合出酒率得出佳县高粱较适合于陕西省西凤酒的酿造。     

酿酒高粱籽粒理化品质及蒸煮特性分析

为探讨不同高粱籽粒理化品质与蒸煮特性之间的关系,明确主要影响高粱蒸煮特性的理化指标。文章系统对16个高粱品种(品系)籽粒理化品质和蒸煮特性进行了测定,并进行科学统计和相关分析。结果表明:(1)同性质和不同性质淀粉结构高粱的理化品质间均存在一定差异,粳性高粱籽粒千粒重大于糯性高粱;支链淀粉含量糯性高粱大于粳性高粱;蒸煮特性方面大部分粳高粱的膨胀率和裂口率要显著高于糯高粱。(2)高粱籽粒膨胀率与裂口率和直涟淀粉之间表现为极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与支链淀粉呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);与千粒重呈显著正相关(P<0.05);与种皮厚度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。籽粒裂口率与籽粒千粒重和直涟淀粉之间表现为显著正相关(P<0.05),与籽粒外果皮厚度、种皮厚度和支链淀粉之间表现为显著负相关(P<0.05)。(3)回归结果得出千粒重每增加1 g,膨胀率和裂口率分别增加5.5487%和0.9061%;种皮厚度每增加1μm,膨胀率和裂口率分别降低7.3572%和1.3582%;直链淀粉含量每增加1%,膨胀率和裂口率分别增加5.3296%和0.7299%;支...     

粒用高粱的特性及其在食品工业中开发利用前景

高粱是耐旱性最强的粮食作物;在收获前不会产生显著量的黄曲霉毒素;还适用于盐碱地与酸性地等土壤类型的种植:高粱是一种不含面筋的谷物,可以部分替代小麦粉应用于烘焙食品、面制品等食品中,以满足面筋过敏人群的需求;高粱富含多酚类化合物与单宁酸等抗氧化成分,这些化合物对癌症与心血管疾病有较好的预防和改善作用;对高粱的营养与加工特性、国内外高粱食品的研究开发现状进行了综述,并对高粱食品研究开发的趋势进行了展望,以期促进我国新型、高品质的高粱食品、食品配料与功能保健食品的研究与开发.     

20种高粱淀粉特性

对我国高粱主产区的20 种高粱淀粉的微观结构、物理特性、糊化回生特性及热特性进行比较研究。结果表明：高粱淀粉颗粒多数为不规则形状,表面内凹,颗粒较大,其中部分颗粒表面有类蜂窝状结构,少数为球形,表面光滑,颗粒小,淀粉颗粒粒径在5～20μm 之间;不同品种高粱淀粉的直链淀粉含量、物理特性、糊化回生特性及热特性差异较大。因此,不同的加工目的应该选择不同的高粱品种。     

几种高粱粉挤压特性的研究

选取辽宁白高粱、辽宁红高粱、内蒙白高梁三种具有地方代表性的高粱栽培品种,分析了高粱粉的基本化学组成,比较了其挤压加工特性,及其挤压前后单宁酸含量的变化.结果表明:双螺杆挤压技术是一种较好的改善高粱品质的加工方式,三种高粱粉经挤压处理均能形成细致多孔的海绵体,糊化度、吸水指数、水溶性指数、蛋白消化率比挤压前均大幅度增加,产品中单宁酸含量比挤压前降低了50%以上.比较三种高粱粉挤压产品的质量,辽宁白高粱挤压产品具有最小容重,具备一定的膨化度和硬度,其水溶性、蛋白体外消化率均明显高于内蒙白高粱挤压产品(P<0.05),经感官评定,与其他两种高粱挤压产品相比具有更好的可接受性,因此辽宁白高粱更适合挤压加工.     

三种不同产地高粱模拟浓香型白酒发酵过程中发酵特性的研究

以东北粳高粱、自贡本地小高粱和泸州糯高粱为实验对象,研究3种高粱在实验室条件下,采用控温发酵的方式模拟浓香型白酒酿造过程的发酵特性。定期对糟醅进行取样分析,并对发酵结束后的糟醅进行出甑蒸馏。结果表明,泸州糯高粱在淀粉分解、利用及产酒精方面的效果更优,出酒率为33.9%,优于自贡本地小高粱的31.7%和东北粳高粱的27.3%。同时,在发酵过程中,泸州糯高粱糟醅的水分含量、酸度、微生物数等指标更适宜酿酒。故泸州糯高粱相比自贡本地小高粱和东北粳高粱,更适宜浓香型白酒的酿造。     

高粱淀粉的理化和流变特性

淀粉由３个高粱栽培种的种子提取的，并与商品小麦淀粉进行了比较。高粱淀粉的直链淀粉含量的２２．０％－２７．８％，其总脂低于小麦淀粉，而高粱Ｍｉｌｏ和Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ高粱“１００”之间地差异，高粱Ｄａｂａｒ淀粉的水结构能力和小麦淀粉无差异。     

5种常用酿酒高粱的主要成分及淀粉特性差异分析

酿酒高粱的组成成分含量及其淀粉特性对酿酒过程有着至关重要的影响。对5种常用酿酒高粱的组成成分差异及其淀粉特性进行比较研究。结果表明,5种常用酿酒高粱的主要成分上差异较大,美国高粱直链淀粉、脂肪含量最高、冻融稳定性最好,分别为23.79%、3.75%、78.02%;红矛六号高粱的蛋白质含量、单宁含量最多,透明度最高、淀粉糊化所需热量最多,分别为9.09%、0.70%、25.78%、9.7 J/g;宜宾糯红高粱的支链淀粉和灰分含量最高,分别为97.48%、1.62%;大高粱淀粉的含水量最高,为12.63%,此外,在80 ℃时,其溶解度、膨胀率最高,达15.72%、16.07 g/g。5种常用酿酒高粱的主要成分及淀粉特性上差异较大。     

不同品种高粱糊化特性研究

为研究高粱糊化特性,以不同品种高粱为原料,采用Brabender型粘度仪描绘出粘度曲线,测评不同品种高粱糊化特性各项指标;结果表明,不同品种高粱由于其淀粉组成、结构、性质不同,具有不同糊化特性。     

金莲花中黄酮类化合物稳定性研究

主要研究金莲花中黄酮类化合物稳定性。结果表明,强光对金莲花黄色素具有较强的影响,高温对金莲花黄酮也有一定的降解作用,但70℃以下稳定性良好,常用食品添加剂食盐、蔗糖等对其无影响,而还原剂和氧化剂对金莲花黄酮有明显影响。     

高粱酒糟高纯度黄酮的制备及其抗氧化活性

以高粱酒糟为原料,采用微波协同乙醇-磷酸氢二钾双水相的方法提取高粱酒糟黄酮,并用多级双水相体系纯化,研究高粱酒糟黄酮的制备条件及其抗氧化活性。实验结果表明,乙醇浓度80%,磷酸氢二钾用量180 mg.mL_^-1,液料比47:1(V/m),提取时间60 s,微波功率为低火进行微波协同双水相高粱酒糟黄酮提取实验,黄酮得率为2.16%；二级双水相纯化,黄酮纯度可达82.58%。抗氧化实验表明：纯化后黄酮DPPH自由基清除率明显高于纯化前,但低于同一质量浓度的V_C,二级双水相纯化有利增强黄酮抗氧化活性。     

Effect of heat treatment of sorghum grains on storage stability of flour

Sorghum flour is susceptible to rancidity and develops off-flavor within a short duration when stored. Heat treatment on the development of rancidity after long-term storage of flour was studied. Heat treatment varying in severity was applied to the whole grains of different varieties of sorghum viz., CSH-9, CSH-5, M35-1 and a local variety varying in their morphological features. A trend was seen that when the thermal duration was for a shorter time, the shorter was the storage duration in certain varieties. Exposure of grains to moist heat for 15 min retarded hydrolytic rancidity significantly (p < 0.05) in CSH-5 until 6 months of storage and in the remaining varieties until 8 months of storage, Heat application for 15 min retarded the development of rancidity irrespective of the morphological variations and the oil content. Lipase activity varied among the varieties with CSH-5 recording higher activity when compared to the other varieties. No major differences in the physicochemical properties were observed in flours from 15 min heat-processed grains when compared to flours from unprocessed grains.     

高粱中酚类物质及其功能活性的研究进展

随着生活质量的提高,人们越来越重视健康饮食,高粱等杂粮因其独特的植物化学成分而备受消费者的喜爱。本文主要对高粱作为我国乃至世界上一种重要的耐早粮食作物其含有的原花青素、酚酸、花青素、黄酮等酚类物质的化学结构与分类、提取方法及潜在的保健功能等方面进行了阐述。自由基损伤会引起脂质、DNA、蛋白质、细胞膜等体内大分子损伤,是多种疾病,例如老化、癌症、心血管疾病等的诱因。高粱富含多种植物化学成分,大量研究表明高粱中的这些酚类物质具有抗氧化能力与自由基清除能力。适当补充外源抗氧化剂以改善衰老以及减少疾病的发生已成为目前消费者重点关注的问题,因而高粱作为一种健康食品具有广阔的应用与开发前景。     

The effects of wet sorghum distillers' grains inclusion on napiergrass silage quality

This paper studies different amounts of wet sorghum distillers' grain (WSDG) for inclusion in napiergrass silage for silage fermentation. Napiergrass was harvested, chopped and mixed in four different ratios with WSDG. The ratio of WSDG to napiergrass on a dry matter basis was 0, 20, 40 and 60% respectively in four different dietary treatments. These materials were ensiled in 60 laboratory mini‐silos, 45 cm in height and 21 cm in radius. The napiergrass was put into 56 containers, which included two replicates for each of the four treatments. Each treatment utilised seven silage containers for each sampling time. Every two replicate mini‐silos were opened and sampled for analysis at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days after ensiling respectively. One silage container from each treatment was installed with a remote‐controlled electronic thermometer to record temperature changes. Sample analyses included determination of pH, titratable acidity, buffering capacity, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), crude protein, ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid, volatile fatty acids (VFA), water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC), dry matter (DM) and ash. The results of the silage characteristics at the end of the 32 day ensilage showed that the pH value of the 40% WSDG group was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the other treatment groups. The titratable acidity, buffering capacity and water‐soluble carbohydrates of the control group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the other groups. Lactic acid production by the 20% WSDG group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the other treatment groups. Lactic acid production in the control was significantly lower (P < 0.05). The ammonia N concentration of the total N of the 60% WSDG group was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the other groups. The Flieg score of the control was 85, the 20% group was 93, the 40% group was 95 and the 60% group was 91. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

响应面法优化甜高粱籽粒总黄酮提取及主要组分测定

确定甜高粱籽粒总黄酮最佳提取工艺,测定籽粒总黄酮主要组分及其含量,并评价其体外抗氧化性。以陇甜粱2号成熟期籽粒为研究对象,以黄酮含量为指标,在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面优化法确定甜高粱籽粒总黄酮最佳提取工艺为料液比1:15.5（g/mL）、乙醇体积分数70%、提取温度80 ℃、超声时间29.5 min,所得黄酮含量理论为34.14 mg/g,实际可达34.22±0.30 mg/g。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测得陇甜粱2号籽粒总黄酮中儿茶素和芦丁含量最高,分别为（3.557 8±0.02） mg/g和（2.114 6±0.04） mg/g。籽粒总黄酮清除羟基自由基（·OH）和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基的IC50分别为0.544 2 mg/mL和0.143 8 mg/mL,1 mg/mL籽粒总黄酮溶液对DPPH自由基的清除率可达（93.31 ± 0.60%）,具有良好的体外抗氧化性。     

天津本地品种水稻镉累积特性差异研究

目的 选取天津市水稻品种武津粳1号、香糯ZP-3及皖香早-1为研究对象, 研究水稻镉累积特性差异, 以及与天津本地种植环境的相关性。方法 分别对盆栽水稻土壤进行不同浓度梯度的镉污染处理, 然后种植3个品种的水稻, 最终采收测定。结果 各品种水稻的茎叶、稻壳及糙米中镉含量均随土壤镉污染程度增加而呈上升趋势, 且各部位镉累积量都符合茎叶>稻壳>糙米的规律。富集系数表明, 在低浓度污染条件下 (<5.0 mg/kg), 3个品种镉累积含量虽有一定差异, 但差异不明显; 在高浓度污染条件下(≥5.0 mg/kg), 香糯ZP-3的富集系数明显低于其他2个品种。通过软件对实验数据进行分析, 建立了3个水稻品种糙米镉含量预测模型。结论 通过阈值的比较, 可以看出不同品种水稻对镉吸收累积特性及镉污染的耐受性存在较大差异。     

苦荞麦中黄酮成分剖析

苦荞麦中富含黄酮，通过对苦荞麦中各部分黄酮的测定，结果发现，苦荞麦皮中黄酮含量较高。     

苦荞麦中黄酮成分剖析

苦荞麦中富含黄酮,通过对苦荞麦中各部分黄酮的测定,结果发现,苦荞麦皮中黄酮含量较高。     

Study of chemical compositions,anti-nutritional contents and digestibility of electron beam irradiated sorghum grains

Effects of electron beam irradiation at doses of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 kGy on chemical composition, phytate and tannin contents, and in vivo digestibility of sorghum grain were investigated. Irradiation had no effect (p > 0.05) on chemical compositions. Tannin content was reduced (p < 0.05) by 28%, 30%, 42%, 83% and 86% and phytate content reduced (p < 0.05) by 39%, 49%, 66%, 79% and 90% in electron beam irradiated compared to control, respectively. Irradiation improved (p < 0.05) in vivo digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, true protein and gross energy. Based upon these results, electron beam irradiation was judged to be a useful processing method for reducing the anti-nutritional compounds and therefore, improving nutritive value of sorghum grain.     

Chemical changes and diastatic activity in grains of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars during germination

Grain samples from nine sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) cultivars were germinated for 16, 48, 96 and 144 h, and changes in their diastatic activity, protein, starch, soluble sugars, tannin and total phenols contents were studied. The diastatic activity increased up to 96 h of germination and decreased at 144 h. Diastatic activity showed significant variation among cultivars, which ranged from 10.0 to 88.3 units at 48 h and from 20.0 to 150.4 units at 96 h germination. In general, starch content decreased while soluble sugars increased during germination. Variation in protein content during germination was appreciable among the cultivars.