化工企业的环保管理方法探讨

环境保护已经成为了我国在发展经济的过程中需要遵循的基本原则,特别是化工企业在进行生产过程中产生废料对环境的污染十分严重,必须进行无害化处理,达到排放标准。但是,传统的管理方案已经无法适应当前企业的发展需求,为了能够让环保工作切实为企业的发展做出贡献,需要采用先进的管理办法,完成对管理方法的有效探讨,创建环境友好型社会。     

An optimal control-based safety system for cost efficient risk management of chemical processes

The design of conventional safety systems is based on failure likelihood and accident severity, which is normally obtained empirically, leaving the system vulnerable to process nonlinearities. To ensure process safety, control actions are conservative and small deviations from setpoints may lead to shutdown, generating economic losses. In this work, periodic simulations of system behavior against failures is proposed in order to determine the potential risk to which the system is subjected. Depending on this potential, preventive actions can be taken in order to guarantee the system safety and integrity and avoid potential shutdown. These actions are calculated to provoke least possible disturbance in order to reduce impact on product quality, while keeping the process operating. The goal is to increase annual operating time of the plant without compromising safety and product quality. Results show that the proposal is feasible to real time applications and unnecessary shutdowns can be avoided.     

新型环保低汞触媒在氯碱化工的应用

通过对新型环保低汞触媒与普通高汞触媒的试用对比,揭示了新型环保低汞触媒的优势与劣势。叙述了目前在氯碱化工行业新型环保低汞触媒的开发应用的意义及将来的发展趋势。     

Reduction of a single granule drying model: An essential step in preparation of a population balance model with a continuous growth term

The development of a Population Balance Model (PBM) for a pharmaceutical granule drying process requires a continuous growth term; the latter actually represents the drying process as the moisture content is the internal coordinate of the PBM. To establish such a PBM, a complex drying model for a single granule needs reduction in complexity. The starting point is a detailed model that describes the drying behavior of single pharmaceutical granules. A Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) was performed to detect the most sensitive degrees of freedom in the model as these need to be retained in the reduced model. Simulations of the complex drying model were, in a next phase, used to develop the reduced model, which describes the decrease of the moisture content in function of the gas temperature. The developed reduced model was then included in a Population Balance Equation (PBE) to describe the drying behavior of a population of granules. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1127–1138, 2013     

基于构建集约环保型社会的天然植物化工的研究进展

综述了目前天然植物化工主要领域的国内外产业规模、产品开发方向、市场现状与技术水平;总结归纳了本领域存在的主要问题并有针对性地重点介绍了与天然植物资源综合利用、循环使用、高效/绿色/低碳开发模式直接相关的若干新思路、新工艺与关键技术;同时结合作者所在课题组在以上领域近年来的一系列研究进展与主要成果,对于几种存在较为广泛的天然植物资源提出了多种开发方案并进行了技术与经济等多方面的比较,最终提出了相关的思考与见解。结合国家制定的工业发展战略与目标,对于天然植物化工发展方向和策略进行了分析和展望。     

浅论化工园区应急救援管理体系建设

从我国化工园区的概况、社会经济可持续发展和化工园区应急救援的需要分析了建立化工园区应急救援管理体系的必要性,并针对目前化工园区应急救援体系建设中存在的问题,提出建设化工园区应急救援管理体系的几点建议。     

化工行业设备集成管理系统设计

基于化工行业的生产特点以及设备管理在化工行业中的重要性,进行了化工行业设备集成管理系统的总体设计,并给出了实现的框架方案.     

基于应急演练的化工安全模糊专家系统

在化工安全研究领域中,应用计算机辅助应急预案演练是当今研究的重要方向,其中构建演练专家系统平台是其关键.本文重点分析研究了应急预案演练中的推理技术,获取应急预案中的安全信息及专家知识并加以模糊化,并采用智能混合描述方法实现演练推理机的设计与应用,从而通过精确规则和模糊逻辑规则建立了演练专家系统.通过航煤加氢应急演练案例...     

电镀企业环境管理制度设计探讨

提升电镀行业环境污染防治能力,既要强调提高生产设备和治污设施等硬件,更要着眼于企业环境管理制度等软件。指出了当前企业在建设环境管理制度方面存在的问题。从企业自身及监管部门两个角度,阐述了企业建设环境管理制度应遵循的原则、重点建设内容和需要注意的一些问题,介绍了一些值得推广的措施。     

How to implement environmental considerations in chemical process design: An approach to multiobjective optimization for undergraduate students

This paper expects to give some guidelines for undergraduate students about how to implement environmental considerations in chemical process design and how the introduction of these issues could have an important effect on the results obtained in the multiobjective problem optimization when economic and environmental aspects are considered simultaneously.For this work, a representative flowsheet of many chemical and petrochemical processes has been considered. This processing scheme works with a feedstock containing some inert and with not very high conversion per pass in the reactor.Therefore, the influence of the quality of raw materials, the installation of additional stages for treating effluents, the environmental impact and the optimum conversion of the chemical process are evaluated, attending both environmental and economic criteria.Our goals were, first to show how to identify the tradeoffs of a representative chemical process when environmental and economic considerations are included simultaneously in the design and its optimization. Secondly, how feedstock quality and additional waste treatment stages affect to the results obtained in the multiobjective optimization: minimize the total cost of the installation and its environmental impact.As a result, the final objective of this paper is to teach undergraduate students how multi-objective optimization could be used to make better decisions in the design of chemical processes, taking into account both economic (minimum total cost) and environmental (minimum environmental impact) performances.For each case study proposed, a detailed optimization was performed to determine Pareto curves using the ?-constraint method to identify the tradeoffs of this multiobjective optimization and ultimately determine the best alternatives, and even their optimum operational conditions attending to both criteria.It is important to remark that this problem could be solved in Excel so that it could be a good example to undergraduate students.     

An algorithm for diagnosis of system failures in the chemical process

An attempt was made to apply graph theory to the diagnosis of the system failures in the chemical process. A signed digraph is used for a mathematical model representing the influences among elements of the system. The concept of a pattern on the signed digraph is introduced for representing a state of the system. In order to eliminate carrying out the complicated and inefficient quantitative simulation, the mathematical model of the system structure to represent the rpopagation of failures is simplified in a qualitative fashion. The origin of the system failure can be located at the maximal strongly-connected component in the cause-effect graph reflecting the pattern of abnormality. Even when the pattern is observed only partially, the assumption of single origin of the failure reduces, to some extent, the range of possible candidates to be the first cause of the failure.     

水喷雾系统在化工钢结构主动防火保护中的应用

论述了化工企业中钢结构的主动保护和被动保护的异同及特点,并对钢结构管架的主动防火保护进行详细描述,提出水喷雾系统在主动防火保护中的应用及其相应的设置原理、选型参数、喷头布置原则和操作控制系统.     

美国环境保护的发展战略

美国一直重视环境保护工作,当前环境保护几个观念的转变大都是美国首先提出来的。例如,从末端控制到源头控制;从局部管理到全过程控制;环境保护管理工作要用行政手段,但是也要用市场经济手段;环境保护涉及到国家主权,美国首先提出环境安全的概念,并把环境问题作为美国外交工作的重要内容之一。1　战略原则当今时代,公众的环境意识正在迅速增强。“我们只有一个地球”、“为了人类的生存、保护环境”、“实施可持续发展战略”,正成为时代的最强音。为适应飞速发展的形势,美国环保局(ＥＰＡ)制定了5年战略计划。这项战略计划研究了ＥＰＡ向21…     

新型环保智能型熟料火车散装系统的开发设计

为满足国家环保要求及现代化企业智能化的要求,解决现有熟料火车散装存在的问题和缺陷,开发设计了新型环保智能型熟料火车散装系统。本文对新型环保智能型熟料火车散装系统进行了介绍,阐述了系统设计理念和工作原理,通过计量系统、装车系统和收尘系统连锁反馈手段,实现了实时在线计量,智能移动装料,达到了作业效率高,智能化程度高,收尘效果好的目的。     

硼化工环境应急系统的耗散结构功能机理及其生态化转向探讨

首先提出开展硼化工环境应急系统研究的可能性与可行性,将耗散结构与生态学理论方法引入硼化工环境应急系统研究中,剖析硼化工环境应急系统的耗散结构表征、生态化转向,从而完善其耗散结构作用机理。指出进行硼化工环境应急系统生态化趋势深入研究是开展硼化工环境安全评估方向探讨的基础性工作。     

An improved algorithm for diagnosis of system failures in the chemical process

The detailed techniques for improving the efficiency of a fault-diagnosis algorithm can be based on the signed directed graph. This graph represents the structure of the system, and the pattern on the graph represents a state of the system. The usefulness of the improved algorithm is demonstrated using a model of a chemical process comprising a reactor, a heat exchanger and a distillation tower.     

煤化工企业水系统的策划与管理

介绍了煤化工企业水系统的构成,重点阐述了企业水系统与煤化工工艺相结合统筹策划的理念,对煤化工企业的循环水、脱盐水、冷凝液、产污环节、污水及其回用等策划和水网络系统集成优化等进行了举例说明。     

Chemoselective protection of chitosan by dichlorophthaloylation: preparation of a key intermediate for chemical modifications

In order to expand the scope of protection of the amino group of chitosan for synthesizing a key intermediate that would allow regioselective modification reactions, dichlorophthaloylation behavior was studied in detail. The reaction proceeded in a similar manner to phthaloylation, and chemoselectively protected N-dichlorophthaloyl-chitosan could be prepared either by partial hydrolysis of N,O-dichlorophthaloylated chitosan or by one-step dichlorophthaloylation in N,N-dimethylformamide/water. Deprotection of N-dichlorophthaloyl-chitosan was achieved by hydrazinolysis followed by alkaline hydrolysis. GPC measurements revealed that the number–average molecular weight was reduced to about a half after the protection–deprotection process, indicating the cleavage of the main chain to be not pronounced. In the triphenylmethylation, N-dichlorophthaloyl-chitosan exhibited adequate reactivity for facile protection of the C6 hydroxy group. The dichlorophthaloyl group has thus proved to be a promising candidate to prepare a novel precursor for controlled chemical modifications of chitosan.