滑块摇杆机构对小腿三头肌康复的作用研究

以小腿三头肌的康复训练为应用背景,研究了滑块摇杆机构对小腿三头肌的康复作用。推导了滑块摇杆康复机构的矢量方程,建立了其数学模型,并利用MATLAB软件进行了滑块摇杆康复机构的运动仿真。结果显示：通过控制机构滑块的位移、速度和加速度可以间接地控制末端执行器的运动,从而形成能满足患者不同需求的康复模式;为保证滑块摇杆康复机构在使用过程中的安全性,滑块位移的变化区间应为200~700 mm。开展了滑块摇杆康复机构对小腿三头肌的按摩实验。结果显示,使用滑块摇杆康复机构后,小腿三头肌的表面肌电信号明显改变,使用前后小腿三头肌的肌电值有显著性差异（p1=0.037<0.05）,使用过程中肌电值的峰值有显著性差异（p2=0.018<0.05）,说明该机构对小腿三头肌有显著、有效的康复性刺激。研究结果可为滑块摇杆机构在康复医疗中的应用提供理论参考。     

自适应消声系统的设计与性能研究

为了有效控制低频宽带噪声,结构简单的声衬被广泛应用。传统声衬只能消除固定频率的噪声,即当环境噪声频率发生改变时,传统声衬消声性能明显下降。为此,提出了一种自适应消声系统,利用压电声衬工作原理,通过LabVIEW串口通信技术传输与控制数据程序,驱动压电声衬使它能根据噪声频率的变化自适应控制信号;通过调节电源输出电压,改变压电声衬共振腔体积,从而及时有效地调节压电声衬消声频率,拓宽压电声衬的消声频带。分析结果表明,压电声衬共振腔体积减小时,消声频带向低频方向偏移,反之向高频方向偏移;当输出电压为-100~200 V时,自适应消声系统可在噪声频率为1 364~1 420 Hz的环境中一直保持最佳的消声效果,实现了自适应消噪。研究结果表明,对声衬施加直流电源可以对其消声频率进行调节,使其消声频带随着噪声频率的变化而偏移,拓宽其消声频带。设计的消声系统可以实现噪声的自适应控制,可为声衬的主动控制及优化提供参考。     

汽油发动机双回路冷却系统的研究

汽油发动机双回路冷却系统由于其快速暖机以及减磨的优点，已逐渐被业界认可，但国内对其工程设计及应用尚属于起步阶段，缺乏相应完善的设计理论和方法。为了满足轻型汽车污染物排放限值（中国第六阶段）的要求以某1.5 T直列四缸汽油发动机为研究对象，对机体、缸盖双回路冷却系统进行了研究。首先，在按经典公式计算的基础上，通过燃气侧对机体、缸盖散热量的计算，初步确定了机体、缸盖双回路冷却介质的流量分配比例。其次，通过一维流动传热和基于CFD （computational fluid dynamics， 计算流体动力学）的三维联合仿真，确定了最终冷却回路的流量分配。在此基础上，通过一维瞬态流动传热模型仿真对比了单回路和双回路冷却系统在暖机阶段的性能。结果表明：双回路冷却系统中机体的温度比单回路高10 ℃，缸盖的温度比单回路低9.6 ℃，双回路冷却可以显著加快发动机的暖机过程，使发动机在冷启动期间的磨损减小。最后，进行了流量分配验证试验和暖机对比试验，结果表明：在暖机过程中，与单回路冷却系统相比，双回路冷却系统可以使机体温度上升更快，活塞与缸套摩擦减小；在此阶段，怠速工况下油耗降低20.2%，HC（碳氢化合物）排放量降低7.58%，常用工况点（2 000 r ? min-1，200 kPa）下油耗降低8.5%，HC排放量降低10.03%。研究结果可为发动机冷却系统的设计优化提供参考。     

多档位扭摆推力测量装置的设计与标定实验

针对卫星用中高功率电推进器产生的推力范围跨度大，现有的推力测量装置存在测量范围不全、抗干扰能力差导致测不准等问题，开展了多档位三丝扭摆推力测量装置研究。首先，建立了推力测量装置物理模型，研究了推力与偏转位移之间的数学关系，并实现了多档位三丝扭摆推力测量装置的设计。接着，采用标准砝码与定制砝码对测量装置进行标定，并通过标定实验确定各档位下的测量误差。然后，综合考虑了装置的不确定度影响因素，设计相关试验开展不确定评估。实验结果表明：在实验环境不变的情况下，多档位三丝扭摆推力测量装置设计的小档位推力为98 mN的不确定度为0.030 mN（k=2）；中档位推力为490 mN的不确定度为0.068 mN（k=2），大档位推力为980 mN的不确定度为0.092 mN（k=2）。多档位扭摆推力测量装置采用换档位的测量方法实现了9.8~1029 mN范围的推力测量，测量精度高、抗干扰能力强，解决了宽范围推力测量过程中全量程精度难以保证的问题，为中高功率电推进器推力测量提供技术支撑。     

基于冷原子重力仪的轨道移动绝对重力测量

绝对重力测量在铁路路基探测等领域发挥着重要作用，但大多数室外移动重力仪结构复杂或精度一般，可使用的范围有限。研制了一套轨道移动绝对重力测量系统，实现了高集成的系统结构设计、自动化的测试流程，开展了实验室及轨道环境下的绝对重力测量，测量结果可靠。首先，在实验室环境下重力测量灵敏度达到了440 μGal?Hz-1/2，测量300 s的误差小于30 μGal。其次，在炎热、嘈杂的室外轨道移动条件下，绝对重力测量不确定度优于15 μGal，与相对重力仪（LG-1）的测量偏差优于40 μGal。最后，轨道环境下的重力测量灵敏度达到707.9 μGal?Hz-1/2。所提出的轨道移动绝对重力测量系统可以在室外条件下进行快速重力测量，为铁路路基探测提供了新的仪器与解决方案。     

拉曼抑制光频梳微腔的设计与仿真

为了解决回音壁模式下的微腔在产生光频梳时受拉曼效应的影响，尤其在重频GHz时难以产生平滑的光梳谱的问题。首先，设计并调节波导和微环的耦合长度；然后，优化耦合角度，调整微环与波导之间的匹配模式，降低在长波段的耦合Q值，增加拉曼产生的阈值，抑制拉曼效应。通过仿真分析得出，相较于一般的直波导微环耦合结构，设计的弯曲波导微环在短波长处拉曼阈值增加了3倍，且在短波长处产生的光频梳功率提高了20 dB。为回音壁模式微腔结构的设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

DP600双相钢在两种盐雾实验条件下的腐蚀行为对比研究

采用SEM、EDS、XRD以及EIS等技术,对比研究了DP600双相钢在中性盐雾(NSS)实验和循环盐雾腐蚀实验(CCT)两种不同加速实验条件下的腐蚀行为,并获得了腐蚀动力学规律。结果表明：在两种加速实验条件下,试样腐蚀失重均逐步增加,且CCT中的大于NSS中的;同时,初期腐蚀速率相差不大,在480 h时腐蚀速率均达到最大值,分别为1.89 g·m^-2·h^-1(NSS)和2.72 g·m^-2·h^-1(CCT)。两种实验条件下腐蚀产物主要是Fe₃O₄、α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、δ-FeOOH和α-Fe₂O₃,而CCT条件下同时也形成了较多的β-FeOOH。CCT条件下的锈层厚度大于NSS条件下的,且厚度增加趋势也更快。EIS结果表明：两种加速实验条件下试样溶液电阻和腐蚀产物膜电阻均逐步增大,电荷转移电阻均为先减小后增加。实验前期(≤480 h),NSS和CCT条件下的腐蚀速率可分别表达为：ΔD_1-1=0.7349t^{\mathrm{0.1522}},ΔD_2-1=0.3511t^{\mathrm{0.3313}};而在实验后期(>480 h),则分别为：ΔD_1-2=14.6239t^{-\mathrm{0.3236}},ΔD_2-2=6.8542t^{-\mathrm{0.1570}}。     

氚气标准源的研制

高性能芯片级原子气室的制备是现阶段芯片级量子传感仪器研制急需解决的关键技术之一。为解决目前芯片级原子气室研制领域存在的碱金属定量填充难、气密性差等问题，开展了高气密性芯片级原子气室制备方法研究，利用微电子机械系统（MEMS）技术实现了芯片级原子气室的批量制备。采用深硅刻蚀技术制备硅气室腔，利用RbN₃的光分解实现碱金属单质的制备及定量填充，采用阳极键合技术对原子气室进行两次硅片/玻璃键合封装，成功获得了以N₂为缓冲气体的Rb碱金属原子气室。对所制备的原子气室进行键合强度、气密性、吸收光谱测试，结果表明原子气室的玻璃/硅片/玻璃键合强度均较高，其中B组原子气室的漏气率平均值为2.2×10^-9 Pa?m³?s^-1，其气密性为目前行业内领先水平。最后从制备工艺上分析了两组原子气室的性能差异原因，为推动量子传感仪器的芯片级集成技术发展奠定重要基础。     

汞离子微波钟及其研究进展

汞离子微波钟是下一代星载原子钟、地面守时原子钟的有力候选者。文章介绍了本团队在汞离子微波钟的离子囚禁、缓冲气体冷却、微波综合器、汞光谱灯等关键技术取得的突破和进展，在此基础上，研制出了小型化汞离子钟整机，其频率稳定度达到了2.3 × 10^-15/10⁵ s，同时开展了分区式线形阱汞离子微波钟的技术研究，实现了离子的高效梭动及系统的闭环锁定，测得频率稳定度3.45 × 10^-13/τ^1/2（τ = 10 ～ 10 000 s），为汞离子微波钟技术的应用奠定了重要基础。     

利用音叉共鸣结构的大振幅双足压电直线电机

本文提出了一种根据人类行走姿态加以抽象的新型双足压电直线电机。音叉共鸣结构的引入使得驱动足可以产生大振幅,而且提高了压电换能效率,低电压即可驱动。驱动足实现大振幅的意义在于大大降低了对于导轨的要求,木轨、塑料轨等首次成为压电超声波电机的驱动导轨。本文建立了该电机简化的动力学模型,分析了定子拓扑结构、配重等设计参数对于输出机械性能的影响,给出了设计准则。通过实验测出了该电机的输出特性,最高输出速度为210mm/s,最大输出力为0. 5N。     

Flextensional ultrasonic motor using the contour mode of a square piezoelectric plate

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a new type of standing wave piezoelectric ultrasonic motor. The motor uses a metallic flextensional amplifier, or cymbal, to convert the contour mode vibrations of a square piezoelectric ceramic plate into flexural oscillations, which are further converted to produce rotary actuation by means of an elastic-fin friction drive. The motor operates on a single-phase electrical supply. A beryllium copper rotor design with three-fin configuration was adopted, and the geometry was varied to include different material thicknesses, fin lengths, and inclinations. The best stall torque and no load speed for a 25-mm square motor were 0.72 Nmm and 895 r/minute, respectively. The behavior of the stator structure was analyzed by ANSYS finite element software using harmonic and modal analyses. The vibration mode estimated by finite element modeling (FEM) was confirmed by laser Doppler vibration measurements.     

Improvement of the longitudinal vibration system for the hybrid transducer ultrasonic motor

This paper presents a symmetric hybrid transducer ultrasonic motor designed to produce large longitudinal vibration stress in the rotor/stator contact interface for high-torque operation. The nodal plane of the longitudinal vibration mode was adjusted to match the rotor/stator contact interface, and the piezoelectric ceramic disks for the longitudinal vibration were installed at the nodal plane of the longitudinal vibration mode for effective excitation. An experimental motor, 20 mm in diameter, using the first torsional vibration mode and the second longitudinal vibration mode was manufactured. A maximum torque of 0.8 N.m was achieved in the prototype, an improvement over previous versions.     

新型箝位式压电电机的设计研究

针对传统箝位式压电电机在谐振态下工作时,方波振动的箝位部分结构设计复杂问题,提出一种新型箝位式压电电机。该电机箝位部分与驱动部分均由同频正弦电压驱动实现正弦振动,通过定子对动子的箝位接触,实现动子单向输出运动。相较于传统箝位式压电电机和超声电机,该电机的定子结构设计无需采用模态简并,结构设计难度降低。利用有限元仿真确定定、动子结构参数,制造样机并搭建实验平台。对箝位部分分别采用正弦波与方波做激励,再对驱动部分进行波形对比,表明正弦波亦能达到预期效果。实验结果表明:准静态时,激励电压频率为250Hz、电压峰峰值Vp-p为10V时,步进距离为0.5μm,步进速度0.13mm/s;谐振态时,激励电压频率为540Hz、电压峰峰值Vp-p为70V时,步进距离为32μm,步进速度16.9mm/s;该电机可兼顾低频高分辨率和高频高速输出以实现跨尺度工作。     

Rotor Design and Finite Element Analysis of Traveling Wave Rotaty Ultrasonic Motor

The dynamic transfer mechanism of the traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor rotor-stator' s contact surface is studied in the paper and the key parts stator and cone flexible rotor of ultrasonic motor are designed.The three-dimensional contact model and finite element model considering the radial sliding between the rotor and the stator are established. The relation between the stator surface particle that amplitude frequency characteristics,resonance speed,radial displacement of ultrasonic motor and the tooth height are analyzed. Mass point radial relative displacement of contact surface between the cone flexible rotor,flexible rotor and the stator are contrasted. The cone flexible rotor is better placed on the surface of the stator tooth through its elastic deformation is interpreted. The cone flexible rotor reduces the radial slip between the stator and the output efficiency of ultrasonic motor is improved. The displacement trajectory of the stator surface is synthesized in a row wave cycle. The method of the stator mass point elliptical motion drives the rotor rotation is verified.     

A piezoelectric motor using flexural vibration of a thin piezoelectric membrane

This paper describes a new implementation of a disk-type piezoelectric motor, whose stator is a commercial available piezomembrane composed of a nickel alloy disk to which a piezoceramic disk is bonded. The two disks are concentric, and the total thickness is very small. Ultrasonic motors are based on the concept of driving a rotor by mechanical vibration excited on a stator, via the piezoelectric effect. The rotor is in contact with the stator, and the driving force is the frictional force between rotor and stator. To transform the mechanical vibration of the stator in the rotor rotation, a traveling wave must be excited on the stator surface. The proposed motor can be regarded as a disk-type, single wavelength motor in which the traveling wave is due to the natural flexural vibration of the piezomembrane at low frequency. The behavior of the stator is analyzed both theoretically, by using the theory of isotropic and homogeneous vibrating plates, and by means of a commercial finite element computer code, finding a good agreement with the experimental results. The main features of the motor are very small thickness, appreciable torque, and high speed, obtained with low input power at low voltage; the intended application is to substitute the moving-coil in analogic instrumentation.     

Finite element simulation for a new disc-type ultrasonic stator

This paper is concerned with the development of a new disc-type piezoelectric ultrasonic stator. Linear piezoelectric, mechanical, and piezoelectro-mechanic behaviors of a metal disc structure embedded with piezoelectric actuator are considered. Using a finite element method, a dynamic formulary is modeled for the new disc-type piezoelectric ultrasonic stator. In this model, a 3-dimensional (D) mechanical element with an extra electrical degree of freedom is used to simulate dynamic vibration modes and analyze characteristic responses such as electrical impedance response, phase response, and mechanical frequency response for a new disc-type piezoelectric ultrasonic stator. An adaptive boundary condition, simple support condition with three nonequal-triangular fixed points near the edge for the mechanism design of a new disc-type piezoelectric ultrasonic stator is defined so that a lateral elliptical motion of the contact point between stator and rotor can be realized for driving the rotor. The finite element results have been compared with the experimental measurements. As a result, the analysis model seems to be similar to the real condition.     

An ultrasonic piezoelectric motor utilizing axial-torsional coupling in a pretwisted non-circular cross-sectioned prismatic beam

A rotary piezoelectric motor design with simple structural components and the potential for miniaturization using a pretwisted beam stator is demonstrated in this paper. The beam acts as a vibration converter to transform axial vibration input from a piezoelectric element into combined axial-torsional vibration. The axial vibration of the stator modulates the torsional friction forces transmitted to the rotor. Prototype stators measuring 6.5 x 6.5 x 67.5 mm were constructed using aluminum (2024-T6) twisted beams with rectangular cross-section and multilayer piezoelectric actuators. The stall torque and noload speed attained for a rectangular beam with an aspect ratio of 1.44 and pretwist helix angle of 17.7 degrees C were 0.17 mNm and 840 rpm with inputs of 184.4 kHz and 149 mW, respectively. Operation in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions was obtained by choosing either 70.37 or 184.4 kHz for the operating frequency. The effects of rotor preload and power input on motor performance were investigated experimentally. The results suggest that motor efficiency is higher at low power input, and that efficiency increases with preload to a maximum beyond which it begins to drop.     

A piezoelectric motor using two orthogonal bending modes of a hollow cylinder

This paper proposes a compact ultrasonic motor with low manufacturing costs, a simpler driving circuit, and scalability. The stator of the motor presented in this paper consists of a hollow metal cylinder, whose outside surface was flattened on two sides at 90 degrees to each other, on which two rectangular piezoelectric plates were bonded. Because the cylinder has a partially square/partially circular outside surface, the stator has two degenerated bending modes that are orthogonal to each other. A wobbling motion is generated on the cylinder when only one piezoelectric plate is excited at a frequency between the two orthogonal bending modes. A rod through a pair of ferrules was used as the rotor of this motor. The prototype motor, whose stator was 2.4 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, operated at 69.5 kHz, was experimentally characterized, and a maximum torque of 1.8 mNm was obtained.     

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of traveling wave-type ultrasonic motors

In this paper, nonlinear dynamic response of a traveling wave-type ultrasonic motor was investigated. In particular, understanding the transient dynamics of a bar-type ultrasonic motor, such as starting up and stopping, is of primary interest. First, the transient response of the bar-type ultrasonic motor at starting up and stopping was measured using a laser Doppler velocimeter, and its driving characteristics are discussed in detail. The motor is shown to possess amplitude-dependent nonlinearity that greatly influences the transient dynamics of the motor. Second, a dynamical model of the motor was constructed as a second-order nonlinear oscillator, which represents the dynamics of the piezoelectric ceramic, stator, and rotor. The model features nonlinearities caused by the frictional interface between the stator and the rotor, and cubic nonlinearity in the dynamics of the stator. Coulomb's friction model was employed for the interface model, and a stick-slip phenomenon is considered. Lastly, it was shown that the model is capable of representing the transient dynamics of the motor accurately. The critical parameters in the model were identified from measured results, and numerical simulations were conducted using the model with the identified parameters. Good agreement between the results of measurements and numerical simulations is observed.