Base-station tracking in mobile communications using a switchedparasitic antenna array

Base-station tracking in mobile communications benefits from a directional antenna and so requires direction finding technology. A novel technique for electronically directing the radiation pattern of an antenna array employs a directional array with only one active element and three parasitic elements operating near resonance. Three different methods of direction finding are assessed; a coarse angular location method, a precise angular location method assuming one incident beam, and a precise angular location method with multiple incident beams. An array with n elements, if used in conjunction with a relatively simple controller, can be used to resolve n-1 signals. This technology can be implemented using both wire and patch antenna-array elements and either linear or circular polarization can be used, lending the technology to applications in both terrestrial and satellite communications systems     

Wideband smart antenna theory using rectangular array structures

Smart antenna techniques at the base station can dramatically improve the performance of the mobile radio system by employing spatial filtering. The design of a fully spatial signal processor using rectangular array configuration is proposed. Two-dimensional (2-D) spatial filters that can be implemented by microstrip technology are capable of filtering the received signal in the angular domain as well as the frequency domain. Furthermore, it has wideband properties and, hence, eliminates the requirement of different antenna spacing for applications including various carrier frequencies. The desired frequency selectivity of the smart antenna can be combined with compensation of the undesired frequency performance of a single antenna element, and the result is quite satisfactory for practical implementation. In addition, if the elements of the array are not perfectly omnidirectional or frequency independent, we can compensate for these deficiencies in the design algorithm. Two different algorithms for calculating the real-valued weights of the antenna elements are proposed. The first algorithm is more complex but leads to sharper beams and controlled performance. The second method is simpler but has wider beam and lower fractional bandwidth. Some computer simulation results demonstrating the directional beam patterns of the designed beamformers are also presented.     

低副瓣多波束Rotman透镜天线设计

设计了一个工作于Ka频段的16波束H面波导结构低副瓣多波束Rotman透镜天线.各相邻波束间隔小于半功率波束宽度.采用相邻波束副瓣对消的原理实现了降低副瓣目的.实测结果表明,与未采取对消的天线相比,天线副瓣电平平均降低了10 dB.给出了H面喇叭激励下透镜内电磁场计算公式及阵列轮廓的截获损耗.螺钉移相器的应用缩小了透镜...     

基于压缩感知的自适应数字波束形成算法

该文根据目标在空间的稀疏性,提出了接收端的基于压缩感知理论的自适应数字波束形成算法.在阵元稀布的情况下,用压缩感知的压缩采样理论,恢复出缺失通道的回波信息,然后用恢复的信号做数字波束形成.该算法所形成的波束具有波束旁瓣低,指向误差小,干扰方向零陷深,而且没有栅瓣等优点,波束性能接近满阵时候的波束性能,而且使用该方法减少的阵元数远远大于其他稀布阵方法减少的阵元数.采用蒙特卡罗方法对该方法进行了性能评估,给出了不同信噪比、不同干噪比、不同快拍情况下的计算结果,仿真结果也验证了该算法的正确性.     

A comparison among 1-, 3-, and 7-horn feeds for a 37-beam MBA

A very common multiple beam antenna (MBA) configuration consists of a collimating device illuminated by an array of feeds. The collimating device is usually a reflector or a lens. The feeds are usually horn antennas with a circular aperture. The reflector is usually offset-fed to eliminate aperture blockage; the lens is center fed. The antenna's feeds are excited to produce a finite number of beams, so as to provide contiguous coverage of the field of view. The designer is forced to minimize the angular spacing between adjacent beams in order to maximize the minimum gain over the antenna's field of view. On the other hand, the feed horn's aperture gain is maximized when the feed horn spacing and its aperture diameter are equal. This results in antenna efficiency of the order of 30% when a single feed horn is excited to produce a beam. When a cluster of 3 or 7 adjacent feed horns are excited to produce a single beam, antenna efficiency can be increased to 50%. When it is tolerable, several identical antenna apertures can be used to replace a single aperture configuration. In this case, each of M apertures produces approximately N/M beams of an MBA that produces N beams. Horns producing adjacent beams do not illuminate the same aperture. This permits the use of a much larger horn aperture for a given beam spacing. This results in reduced spillover, higher gain of each beam, and increased antenna efficiency of each aperture. This paper investigates the maximization of gain for several lens antennas. It shows that antenna gain is increased as its focal length is decreased. That is, a focal length-to-diameter ratio (F/D) less than 1 is preferred     

Design considerations for two-dimensional symmetric bootlace lenses

It is generally known that a symmetrical bootlace lens having two pairs of conjugate foci can be designed. Additionally, there is a bootlace lens, the R-2R, which focuses perfectly at infinitely many points. It is shown in this paper that the R-2R is unique; there are no other perfect bootlace lenses and, in fact, no others with more than two pairs of conjugate off-axis foci.     

Aperture-Sparsity Analysis of Ultrawideband Two-Dimensional Focused Array

We investigate the effects of aperture sparsity on the focusing performance and the angular-resolution capability of a two-dimensional focused array antenna excited by ultrawideband (UWB) impulse waveforms. The UWB-focusing array is characterized by a planar square aperture and a design parameter referred to as array spatial bandwidth. Spatial bandwidth is a function of the number of array elements, inter-element spacing, and frequency bandwidth. Performance analysis is carried out by generating computer plots of three-dimensional and two-dimensional antenna patterns for different values of array spatial bandwidth that hold for large aperture sparsity and large aperture density. The antenna patterns are peak-amplitude pattern, peak-power pattern, and energy pattern, whose narrow beamwidth and low sidelobe level are robust against aperture sparsity that may be caused by removed or failed elements. The half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of the antenna patterns, the focal distance, and the far-field distance of the UWB-focused array are expressed in terms of array spatial bandwidth. Computer simulation results show that UWB-focused-array beamforming based on impulse waveforms achieves efficient focusing of the radiation energy in the radiation-near-field region and beyond, and yields improvement in focusing performance and angular resolution for increased values of array spatial bandwidth. Such practical advantages are achieved without encountering grating lobes, large sidelobe level, or distortion of the radiation beam pattern that often limit the performance of the conventional narrowband phased array antennas.      

Extension of the Orchard-Elliott synthesis method to pure-realnonsymmetrical-shaped patterns

The Orchard-Elliott (1985) method for the synthesis of linear antenna arrays is extended to enable the synthesis of pure real radiation patterns for nonsymmetrical-shaped beams. It is shown that for an array of N elements, with 2M roots off the unit circle, grouped in pairs, a pure real pattern will be obtained (real field synthesis), satisfying the center-fed constraint     

环栅型宽带多波束相控阵天线初探

抛物透镜式天线利用其馈源偏置特性可同时产生多波束,当透镜为环栅型相控阵形式时,该组合天线即成为同时多波束相控阵天线,因此研究该型天线的特性,具有非常重要的使用价值.     

两种应用于宽带阵列天线的阵列单元

介绍了两种应用于宽带相控阵中的阵列单元,分析了每种天线的性能和优点,对天线单元进行了充分的设计、仿真和优化,仿真结果与实测结果基本一致。组成9×9的阵列,并对阵列中单元进行测量,对测量数据进行处理。结果显示出良好的宽带特性,具有较低的互耦等优点,可应用于三坐标雷达系统。     

一种基于压控移相技术的低成本相扫天线

研制了一种基于铁电体压控移相技术的低成本相扫天线阵列,该天线采用空间馈电透镜型式,省去复杂的馈电网络,减少移相器/TR组件数量,能显著降低相控阵天线的制造成本。介绍了空馈铁电体透镜相控阵天线系统的组成及其特点。对透镜天线关键部件的设计作了详细阐述,给出了12列铁电体空馈透镜天线阵列的实验结果,结果表明:在X波段,研制的铁电体透镜天线阵列在10%频带内可实现天线波束±45°的电控扫描,各扫描状态的输入驻波比小于1.4。     

Ka波段被动成像天线系统设计与研究

针对Ka波段被动毫米波成像应用,设计了一种由介质透镜与缝隙天线馈源组成的天线系统.将高斯波束理论与光学透镜中的等光程原理相结合,设计了一种大口径介质透镜,该透镜具有良好的聚焦性能;提出了一种新型的共轭直线渐变缝隙天线作为透镜的馈源,该天线呈现出截面小、增益高的优良性能,可以在焦平面上形成密集的馈源阵列.将所设计的介质透镜与馈源天线进行联合仿真,研究结果表明,该系统在距透镜2.81 m处聚焦焦斑为50 mm,并且在±5°偏焦时聚焦焦斑都小于60 mm.所设计的天线系统具备很好的聚焦性能且具有较大的偏焦工作角度,可以适用于被动毫米波近场成像应用.     

面向毫米波透镜阵列的FNN天线选择算法

为了减少毫米波大规模多输入多输出( Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)系统在数据传输过程中所使用的射频链数目,解决高硬件成本和高功耗的问题,可以将透镜天线阵列作为一个实际有效的解决方案部署在毫米波MIMO系统的基站端.利用透镜天线阵列具有基于方向的能量聚焦特性,对透镜阵列进行天线选...     

Analysis and design of a continuous-wave terahertz photoconductive photomixer array source

An array of photoconductive photomixer/antenna elements as a continuous-wave terahertz source is proposed, and its radiation characteristic is studied. Employing photomixer/antenna elements in an array configuration increases available terahertz power, while each of the array elements consumes optical power less than its maximum sustainable power. A few microwatt terahertz power is achievable from a typical array structure. It is shown that the radiated beam can be steered by changing the angle between the two exciting laser beams.     

基于多模态OAM涡旋电磁波的L波段宽频阵列天线设计

频谱资源紧缺已成为无线通信技术发展的瓶颈．本文通过控制阵元间馈电相位差将轨道角动量（orbit-al angular momentum）技术应用于阵列天线中,利用L型探针馈电微带贴片天线沿圆周等距排列设计出一种工作频段在1．35GHz～1．86GHz,相对带宽达到31．8％的8阵元涡旋电磁波宽频微带天线．仿真实验表明,该天线可以产生具有多模态轨道角动量的涡旋电磁波,当用于移动通信系统的发射端,它能够实现在同一时间、同一频率下的多路信号传输,提高了系统的容量和传输速率．     

二维综合孔径微波辐射计圆环结构天线阵 及其稀疏方法

本文介绍了圆环天线阵二维综合孔径微波辐射计的测量原理和反演算法,并通过模拟退火算法讨论了两种二维综合孔径微波辐射计圆环阵的稀疏方案,一种方案利用天线旋转,在半圆周上稀疏天线;另一种方案通过将空间频率采样点的均匀分布作为优化的约束条件,在全圆周上稀疏天线.结果显示两种设计较传统设计均有改进之处.对于半圆周天线而言,在积分时间允许的条件下,通过天线旋转与分时测量,天线阵可进一步稀疏.对于全圆周天线而言,与Y形天线阵结构相比,在同样的空间频率覆盖范围内,全圆周天线阵使天线单元数达到了最优.     

Multidimensional ambiguity functions of linear, interferometer, antenna arrays

Greater insight into the resolution and accuracy, as well as the data processing, of an interferometer radar is obtained in this partly tutoral paper by the examination of the multidimensional ambiguity function. Two approaches are used for determining the multidimensional ambiguity function. First, it is determined by the classical and more standard procedure in which the signals at the target and at the receiver antenna output terminals are found by the superposition of the signals of each antenna array element. The second method considers the antenna as a network having a specified frequency transfer characteristic which is dependent on the azimuth spatial coordinate of the target and on the axis of the antenna beam. Prime consideration is given to signals having large time-bandwidth products and wide bandwidth. Extensive plots are made for the multidimensional ambiguity function of the linear, interferometer, antenna array system. The analysis verifies the previously obtained result that the grating lobes of an interferometer radar can be eliminated by the use of very wide band signals. The results also show that a trade off can be made between the signal bandwidth and the number of array elements in order to achieve a specified sidelobe level. Furthermore, it is found that increasing the spacing between the array elements results in an improvement in the angular accuracy and resolution in direct proportion to the increase in spacing. This improvement is accrued without degradation in the estimation of the other target parameters or in detectability.     

Spatial correlations in adaptive arrays

A receiving array antenna can steer its main beam toward any direction by adjusting the complex weight in each element. However it cannot always steer one beam and one null toward two prespecified directions simultaneously with a single set of weights. The ability for an array to steer one beam and one or more nulls simultaneously is determined by five factors: 1) element positions, 2) orientations of elements, 3) antenna patterns of elements, 4) polarizations of signals, and 5) directions of the beams and/or nulls. A coefficient is defined, called spatial correlation, which includes these factors and completely characterizes array beam pointing and nulling. Its application to adaptive arrays is demonstrated. The adaptive array performance is dominated by this coefficient and can be improved by properly choosing the first three factors. Several examples on the selection of element placement in adaptive arrays are presented.     

Model-based synthesis of shaped-beam patterns with the minimum number of elements: a state-space method

Conventional antenna array synthesis methods can give good performance for uniform spaced antenna arrays within desired performance bounds. However, due to the restriction of uniform antenna element spacing, a lot of elements are required. Because of the above-mentioned drawback, in this paper, a new approach is presented to synthesise uniform spaced antenna array using the minimum number of elements. This approach introduces the state-space model to represent the desired discrete array pattern that is sampled uniformly from ?1 to 1 corresponding to 0–180°, then uses the desired sampled array pattern directly to construct the forward–backward data matrix that is introduced to estimate the model parameters, from which the locations and excitations of the new antenna elements can be extracted. The appropriate roots that are located on the unit circle are selected to obtain new radiation pattern. Simulation results show the viability for both shaped-beam and pencil-beam designs.