Experimental investigation of air spindle unit thermal characteristics

This paper presents a report on the first stage of a research on the thermal analysis of spindle units with aerostatic bearings and an experimental investigation of temperature distributions. The objective of the present paper is to provide background information for further analysis. A test machine was used running to a maximum rotational speed of 20000 min⁻¹ with a 60 mm diameter spindle supported by aerostatic journal bearings of 20 μm radial clearance, and the temperatures of the housing, bush and the interface between the bush and air film were measured. In addition, the inlet and outlet air temperatures, the air film pressures and the deformations of the housing and spindle were measured. The experimental results show that the heat flow pattern is essentially radial flow, although axial heat flow was observed. The circumferential temperature distribution can be considered to be uniform, and the temperatures are proportional to the square of the spindle speed.     

Study of variable depth air pockets on air spindle vibrations in ultra-precision machine tools

The low vibration of air spindle is a very important thing to achieve nanometer accuracies in the products of machined parts in nano-machining. Compared to the common air pockets with constant depth used in air cells of ultra-precision machines, this paper studied some special air pockets including five variable depth modes: flat, conical, pyramidical, spherical with two sphere radii. Considering rotational speed as well as these parameters, 18 experiments have been committed using a lathe machine. From experiment results, the air spindle with air pockets of pyramidical depth at a low rotational speed has minimum vibrations.     

Refrigerant charge prediction based on start-up characteristics of an air conditioner using a gray box model

The refrigerant charge is one of the important parameters that determines the performance and power consumption of an air conditioner. Refrigerant charge fault occurs because of refrigerant leakage as well as initial charge fault. Since refrigerant charge loss resulting from a leakage is a gradual process, it is difficult to detect it in an early stage of leakage. In this study, the refrigerant charge of an air conditioner was estimated using predictions of its start-up characteristics obtained from a gray box model. The dynamic characteristics of heat exchangers were assumed to vary with the refrigerant charge as well as operating conditions. Furthermore, the moving boundary method was used to determine the transient behavior of the refrigerant in the condenser and evaporator. Additionally, correction factors were employed in the heat exchanger model. The correction factors were correlated under training conditions of the air conditioner, and the accuracy of the model was verified by comparing its predictions with experimental results under test conditions. The condensation temperature was selected for estimating the refrigerant charge amount. The refrigerant charge could be estimated within a prediction error of 5 % by minimizing the differences between simulation and experimental data. The proposed method can be used for predicting the refrigerant charge and detecting faults in air conditioners during refrigerant leakage on the basis of the start-up characteristics of the air-conditioners.

     

C620车床主轴轴承代替轴瓦的改进

轴瓦与主轴配合精度要求高，更换调整非常困难，一旦出现问题，解决难度大。通过用轴承代替轴瓦，不仅效率高，同时节约了戎本，缩短了周期，使用效果良好。     

Development of a vacuum-compatible hydrodynamic spindle using an ionic liquid as a lubricant

The importance of beam machining and extreme ultraviolet lithography technologies in the area of precise and fine machining used for high-density optical discs, integrated circuits and patterned media of hard disc drives (HDDs) is rapidly increasing.In this paper, a very simple vacuum-compatible rotary spindle is proposed that uses an ionic liquid as a lubricant with a very low vapor pressure. The usefulness of the proposed spindle lubricated by an ionic liquid was experimentally confirmed by measuring the partial pressures of outgassed products during rotation of the spindle in the vacuum chamber, measuring the accuracy of movement of the rotary table and machining circular grooves by an electron beam in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the proposed spindle could be used in vacuum, and the partial pressures of outgassed products were almost the same as those of a clean, empty vacuum chamber. In addition, it was confirmed that by using the proposed spindle, circular grooves with diameters of 200 and 400 μm, 450 nm width and 40 nm depth could be machined on a photoresist surface coated on a silicon wafer in vacuum of an SEM.     

减振镗杆动力学特性研究

针对进口与自制减振镗杆,基于模态试验,分析其动力学特性。实践结果表明,模态试验分析是深入了解减振镗杆在工作状态下动态特性的有效手段,所获得的数据可为自制镗杆的设计改进与结构优化提供支持,分析结果也可为设计相类似的减振镗杆提供参考。     

数控铣床主轴部件动态特性分析

以某数控铣床主轴为研究对象,建立了轴和角接触轴承的等效动力学模型,研究了轴承等效刚度和预紧力参数对主轴系统固有频率影响规律,通过模态分析确定主轴部件的固有频率和振型,验证数控铣床主轴部件结构设计的合理性.     

A parametric study on oil/air lubrication of a high-speed spindle

The ball-bearing is widely used on many high-speed spindles due to its low starting friction and high load capacity. However, heat generation and dynamic loading caused by high-speed rotation have been obstacles for increasing the speed limit in many high-speed ball-bearing applications. Applying an appropriate lubrication and preload cannot be overemphasized. Recently, oil/air lubrication has been used on high-speed spindles because of its accuracy in oil quantity control and high cooling efficiency. However, an oil/air supply with inadequate parameters is undesirable. In this study, the performance of a high-speed spindle under different lubrication parameters and preloads was investigated. The Taguchi method was applied to study the effects of design parameters on the lubrication efficiency. This method can also be used to obtain the optimum lubrication conditions. The optimum operating conditions that create the smallest temperature increase were established. The effects of preload on the temperature increase, the thermal deformation and the static stiffness of an oil/air lubricated spindle were studied. The results provide a useful tool in designing a high-speed spindle with a small increase in temperature and sufficient static stiffness.     

Analysis of coupled vibration characteristics of PMS grinding motorized spindle

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Field-path-kinetic coupling and the multi-body dynamics models were established and the finite element method (FEM) was used to study the coupled...     

Space-time characteristics of the wall shear-stress fluctuations in an axial turbulent boundary layer with transverse curvature

Direct numerical simulation database of an axial turbulent boundary layer is used to compute frequency and wave number spectra of the wall shear-stress fluctuations in a low-Reynolds number axial turbulent boundary layer. One-dimensional and two-dimensional power spectra of flow variables are calculated and compared. At low wave numbers and frequencies, the power of streamwise shear stress is larger than that of spanwise shear stress, while the powers of both stresses are almost the same at high wave numbers and frequencies. The frequency/streamwise wave number spectra of the wall flow variables show that large-scale fluctuations to the rms value is largest for the streamwise shear stress, while that of small-scale fluctuations to the rms value is largest for pressure. In the two-point auto-correlations, negative correlation occurs in streamwise separations for pressure, and in spanwise correlation for both shear stresses.     

Float characteristics of a squeeze-film air bearing for a linear motion guide using ultrasonic vibration

The float characteristics of a square squeeze-film air bearing using piezoelectric actuators as a vibrator are discussed. In this type of bearing, piezoelectric actuators are adhered to a flat bearing plate and vibrate the bearing plate at ultrasonic resonant frequency. The influence of various design parameters on the float characteristics of the proposed bearing, such as the vibration frequency, input voltage to the piezoelectric actuator, and imposed load were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Our proposed squeeze-film air bearing was found to be quiet, because this type of bearing uses ultrasonic vibration to generate the squeeze-film. An average film thickness of 5 μm could support an imposed load of 10 N.     

HMC80卧式加工中心电主轴热态特性分析

分析了高速电主轴的两个热源,轴承发热和电机的发热,并计算了轴承和电机的发热量.分析了高速电主轴的散热特性,并对电主轴各部分散热系数进行了计算.以HMC80卧式加工中心电主轴为例,运用ANSYS有限元软件建立了电主轴的稳态热分析模型,以散热系数为边界条件,轴承和电机的发热量为热载荷进行有限元分析,得出该电主轴在热稳定状态下的温度场分布.分析结果表明,主轴前后轴承的温升符合该电主轴的温升标准,说明了该电主轴设计的合理性,最后提出了改善该电主轴热态特性的措施.     

高速外圆磨床砂轮主轴系统动态特性研究

基于有限元素法,对高速外圆磨床砂轮主轴系统进行了动态特性分析。研究了不同主轴支撑刚度、轴承间距和陀螺效应对主轴组件系统动态特性的影响及其变化规律,为高速外圆磨床砂轮主轴系统结构的优化设计提供了理论依据和指导。     

Localized etching of an insulator film coated on a copper wire using an atmospheric-pressure microplasma jet

Atmospheric-pressure microplasma jets (APmicroPJs) of Ar and ArO(2) gases were generated from the tip of a stainless steel surgical needle having outer and inner diameters of 0.4 and 0.2 mm, respectively, with a rf excitation of 13.56 MHz. The steel needle functions both as a powered electrode and a gas nozzle. The operating power is 1.2-6 W and the corresponding peak-to-peak voltage Vp.p. is about 1.5 kV. The APmicroPJ was applied to the localized etching of a polyamide-imide insulator film (thickness of 10 microm) of a copper winding wire of 90 microm diameter. The insulator film around the copper wire was completely removed by the irradiated plasma from a certain direction without fusing the wire. The removal time under the Ar APmicroPJ irradiation was only 3 s at a rf power of 4 W. Fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscope images reveal that good selectivity of the insulator film to the copper wire was achieved. In the case of ArO(2) APmicroPJ irradiation with an O(2) concentration of 10% or more, the removed copper surface was converted to copper monoxide CuO.     

Combustion characteristics of an agricultural diesel engine using biodiesel fuel

Biodiesel has great potential as an alternative fuel for diesel engines that would reduce air pollution. It is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from fresh or used vegetable oils, or from animal fats. In this study, a biodiesel fuel derived from rice bran oil was tested as an alternative fuel for agricultural diesel engines. The emissions were characterized for both neat and blended biodiesel fuels, and for conventional diesel fuel. Since this biodiesel fuel contained 11% oxygen, it strongly influenced the combustion process. The use of biodiesel fuel resulted in lower carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke emissions, without any increase in nitrous oxide emissions. The study demonstrated that biodiesel fuel could be effectively used as a renewable and environmentally innocuous fuel for agricultural diesel engines.     

超高速空气电主轴动态特性的有限元分析

空气静压电主轴是高速精密数控加工机床的关键部件之一,其动态特性是影响高速数控机床的加工质量和切削性能的重要因素。然而,当前超高速电主轴的转速能达到几十万转每分钟,使其对振动变形的问题尤为敏感和重要。因此,研究电主轴系统的动态特性,对于改善电主轴的高质量性、稳定性和可靠性都有着十分必要的意义。围绕模态分析和谐响应分析来完成对主轴系统实际运作过程中的仿真分析,从而可以具体的得到主轴系统在不同载荷激励下的动态响应大小,确定整个电主轴结构的完善性,验证电主轴系统的稳定性。     

一种高速主轴锁紧防松机构的研究与应用

论述了一种高速铣削加工机床主轴系统中刀柄安全锁紧防松机构的工作原理和理论模型,并将此结构应用于中小型高速数控铣床和立式加工中心主轴系统中,经过试验和生产应用表明,该刀柄系统的回转精度和可靠性有了较大的提高。     

Laser vibrometry measurements of an optically smooth rotating spindle

Laser doppler vibrometry (LDV) is a well-established non-contact method, commonly used for vibration measurements on static objects. However, the method has limitations when applied to rotating objects. The LDV signal will contain periodically repeated speckle noise and a mix of vibration velocity components.In this paper, the crosstalk between vibration velocity components in laser vibrometry measurements of a rotating dummy tool in a milling machine spindle is studied. The spindle is excited by an active magnetic bearing (AMB) and the response is measured by LDV in one direction and inductive displacement sensors in two orthogonal directions simultaneously. The work shows how the LDV crosstalk problem can be avoided if the measurement surface is optically smooth, hence the LDV technique can be used when measuring spindle dynamics.     

基于ANSYS的高速外圆磨床主轴动态特性研究

阐述了影响高速主轴抗振能力的两个关键指标固有振动特性和动力响应特性。以M1432B-II高速外圆磨床主轴为研究对象,采用ANSYS有限元软件对主轴进行模态分析,研究主轴的固有频率和振型,得到高速主轴的各阶频率和振型,指出了高速主轴远离抗振性的频率要求以及前支承对主轴动态特性影响最大,为高速外圆磨床主轴的优化设计提供了理论依据和指导。