法兰密封的低温试验研究

在液氮液氦温度下对5种纯金属和4种法兰做密封性能试验,并对超流氦试验装置进行分析和介绍.     

空间环境试验舱液氦系统设计与测试

舱外航天服是航天员完成出舱活动的必要装备,为了确保出舱活动的顺利进行以及航天员的生命安全,针对舱外航天服的试验舱的设计与测试至关重要.本文根据航天试验的需要,设计了空间环境试验舱的液氦系统,并通过调试试验,对液氦系统的性能进行测试,表明该液氦系统完全可以满足技术要求.     

超导HWR腔垂直测试低温系统试验研究

中国科学院先导科技专项ADS(Accelerator Driven Suberitical,ADS)嬗变系统中超导HWR(half-wave resonator,HWR)腔垂直测试需低温系统维持4.2 K(液氦)的低温环境,低温系统降温过程包括氮气置换、液氮预冷、氦气置换和液氦冷却。通过实验建立了低温系统降温4个阶段不同测点温度随时间的变化规律,在此基础上,计算了液氦的消耗速率和杜瓦的静态热负荷,分析了低温系统在稳定工作状态时最佳的液氦补液时间间隔。结果表明:该低温系统满足超导HWR腔垂直测试需求,消耗液氮约175 kg、液氦约2 048 L,低温系统稳定工作时液氦体积消耗速率为32 L/h,杜瓦静态热负荷为21.36 W,液氦合理补液时间间隔为4 h,为后续超导HWR腔垂直测试提供了保障。     

300kW超导单极电机低温技术及试验研究

简述了３００ｋＷ超导单极电机试验的低温系统，介绍了超导单极电机的磁体低温系统及液氦、液氮冷却，输液及运行情况，分析比较了多次试验研究的结果。     

空间低温光学试验深低温背景环境的实现

为了实现空间低温光学试验的深低温背景条件,对实现深低温环模技术以及氦冷却系统进行了探讨.通过分析得到以氦循环方式建立的20 K稳定深低温冷黑背景是最为合适的低温光学试验背景环境.该系统是由氦液化系统配合相应冷氦分配装置以及终端冷舱组成密闭循环系统.氦液化系统是基于由布雷顿循环和焦耳-汤姆逊作用组合而成的克劳德循环,它能持续提供一定流量和压力的液氦或冷氦气作为循环系统中制冷工质,从而为试验提供稳定的深低温环境.     

在低温液体纯化中采用金属丝网过滤技术的可行性研究

以金属丝网过滤器为研究对象,在介绍金属丝网的结构特点和过滤机理的基础上,论证了采用该种新技术获得超高纯低温液体的可行性.以太空条件下的液氦纯化为例,详细介绍了采用金属丝网过滤技术的液氦纯化系统,提出了过滤及再生方案,探讨了各过滤参数对过滤效率的影响,为进一步的试验论证提供参考.     

1000L卧式液氦供气杜瓦的研制

低温液体储运具有效率高，供气质量好，压力稳定，供气简便及使用安全的特点，液氦供气杜瓦不仅具有常规杜瓦的要求，而且气压可控，本文主要论述了1000L液氦供气杜瓦的工作原理和结构设计，及主要研制工艺和试验情况，介绍了液氦供气系统的特点，产品于1997年9月投入正常使用，全部性能指标达到设计要求，液氦日蒸发率为0．9％。     

低温超高真空下用的直径520毫米的金丝密封圈

稳态磁镜装置超导磁体系统低温恒温器中液氦贮槽的上法兰,其密封圈直径为520毫米,要求工作在10—16k 的低温下和6.67×10~(-6)帕以上的超高真空环境中,为满足液氦的低温要求及烘烤的高温要求,选用金丝密封圈在法兰设计及密封圈安装等方面采取了一些措施:法兰与法兰圈获用加厚设计,台阶式密封结构;试验了两种密封圈安装工艺:法兰密封性能的液试验表明,第二种安装工艺在常温下漏率小于1.69×10~(-7)帕·升/秒:介绍了与整机一起进行的液氦试验:第二种安装工艺在充液氦后真空度达到6.67×10~(-7)帕,系统真空室剩余气体的氦分压小于1.33×10~(-9)帕,满足物理实验要求。     

液氦输送技术

正确掌握液氦输送方法，对减少液氦预冷量，充分利用氦气冷量和提高液氦输送效率有着十分重要的经济意义，对液氦输送管的结构特点和使用要求及液氦预冷，液氦的输送方法和几种特殊容器的输送方法做了介绍。     

中性束注入器低温冷凝泵抽气性能测试平台的研制

中性束注入器用液氦低温冷凝泵抽气性能的主要影响因素是低温冷凝抽气面温度,单位时间进气量和被冷凝的气体总量.本文采用流量计法抽速测试装置;同时依据液氦温度与其饱和蒸汽压之间的变化规律,系统中采用了氦气出气压力控制单元,通过调节液氦杜瓦内压力改变液氦的温度从而实现控制液氦低温冷凝面温度;且采用压电晶体阀对单位时间进气量以及被冷凝气体总量进行精确控制;使用ZJ-12型B-A规测量测试装置内真空度.设计了仿真中性束注入器用的低温冷凝泵的测试泵,对其进行ANSYS热力学分析,从而计算出该泵的低温冷凝面积.加工组装了测试平台,并在中性束注入器的工作条件下进行实验,得到测试泵的对氢抽速为940 L/s,表明该系统能够满足测试要求,为中性束注入器低温冷凝泵设计提供实验和理论依据.     

Design and development of a helium injection system to improve external leakage detection during liquid nitrogen immersion tests

The testing of assemblies for use in cryogenic systems commonly includes evaluation at or near operating (therefore cryogenic) temperature. Typical assemblies include valves and pumps for use in liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen rocket engines. One frequently specified method of cryogenic external leakage testing requires the assembly, pressurized with gaseous helium (GHe), be immersed in a bath of liquid nitrogen (LN₂) and allowed to thermally stabilize. Component interfaces are then visually inspected for leakage (bubbles). Unfortunately the liquid nitrogen will be boiling under normal, bench-top, test conditions. This boiling tends to mask even significant leakage.One little known and perhaps under-utilized property of helium is the seemingly counter-intuitive thermodynamic property that when ambient temperature helium is bubbled through boiling LN₂ at a temperature of −195.8 °C, the temperature of the liquid nitrogen will reduce.This paper reports on the design and testing of a novel proof-of-concept helium injection control system confirming that it is possible to reduce the temperature of an LN₂ bath below boiling point through the controlled injection of ambient temperature gaseous helium and then to efficiently maintain a reduced helium flow rate to maintain a stabilized liquid temperature, enabling clear visual observation of components immersed within the LN₂. Helium saturation testing is performed and injection system sizing is discussed.     

Cryogenic leak test procedure for a large superconducting cyclotron helium vessel

A procedure for testing the vacuum integrity of very large stainless steel weldments used at cryogenic temperatures has been developed at Michigan State University. This development, which uses large quantities of liquid nitrogen, is a modification of a technique commonly applied to small devices and involves cooling the cryostat's liquid helium vessel (bobbin) to liquid nitrogen temperature, and then proceeding immediately with leak testing. This method was applied to the K800 superconducting magnet helium vessel, which seemed leak tight at room temperature, but was found to have an easily detectable helium leak when cooled. After repairing the leak, retesting revealed no leaks, where upon the K800 cryostat construction was completed; i.e. the bobbin was wrapped with superinsulation, a liquid nitrogen radiation shield was added, and the assembly was inserted into the vacuum jacket. The final leak test occurred when the cryostat was cooled to liquid helium temperature and was found to be helium leak tight.     

低温氦气体轴承透平膨胀机实验系统设计

设计了一套氦透平膨胀机实验系统,该系统可以用来对工作在液氢—常温区范围内的不同规格的氦透平膨胀机进行性能测试,还可以用于开展以氦为工质的低温环境下透平膨胀机实验研究,以期掌握氦透平膨胀机的关键技术并进一步提高氦透平膨胀机的性能。     

模拟超临界氦迫流冷却系统

为ＣＩＣＣ子缆及子缆接头试验而设计的超临界氦迫流冷却系统由高压氦气钢瓶,汇流排,减压阀,流量控制阀,换热器等部件组成。     

Liquid helium free mechanical property test system with G-M cryocoolers

In the present work, a cryogenic mechanical property testing system conduction-cooled by two G-M cryocoolers was developed. The testing sample can be cooled from room temperature to 2.7 K within 7.5 h. The sample was first cooled down to 11.1 K directly by the two G-M cryocoolers and then cooled down to 2.7 K by decompressing the chamber. Instead of liquid helium, the cooling process is characterized by cooling with recycled helium gas as heat transfer medium. The heat load of the system was analyzed and optimizations were adopted in terms of material selections and design. The static load capacity of the system reaches 200 kN and the fatigue load capacity can reach 50 kN. This system can be installed onto an electronic universal testing machine or a fatigue testing machine to characterize static tension, fracture mechanics or fatigue properties at tunable low temperatures. Tensile properties of 316L austenitic stainless steels at 4.2 K were tested with the system and the results were compared with those obtained by cooled using liquid helium, which demonstrates high reliability.     

超流氦低温系统发展及涡轮冷压缩机的应用

2 K下大型氦低温系统已采用离心式涡轮冷压缩机在低温低压下对饱和液氦槽减压操作,以获得超流氦或过冷氦.介绍了2K温度级超流氦制冷机发展情况和涡轮冷压缩机在氦制冷系统中的应用,以及中国科学院等离子体物理研究所EAST超导托卡马克氦低温制冷机中过冷氦的制取过程.     

Fracture testing and results for a Ti-6A1-4V alloy at liquid helium temperature

This paper discusses fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth testing at liquid helium temperature, 4 K (?452°F). The design and performance of a fracture testing cryostat and associated instrumentation are described. Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth data for Ti-6A1-4V from room temperature to 4 K are presented.     

Linear Electron Chains on the Liquid Helium Surface: Carrier Transport

The unique system - linear electron chains on the liquid helium surface was realized experimentally for the first time. The system was realized using curvature of the liquid helium surface film covering a profiled substrate with a small dielectric constant and a pressing electric field holding electrons in the liquid channels. The conductivity of carriers in linear electron chains and magnetoresistance of a quasi-one-dimensional system have been measured in the temperature range 0.5 - 1.8 K in holding electric fields up to 1 kV/cm. The transport properties of the system depend on the substrate cleanness. For a clean system the electron mobility increases with decreasing temperature, the data are in good agreement with the existing theory which describes transport properties in a one-dimensional electron system without localization. Charging of substrate leads to the localization process in electron chains. It has been shown that in the absence of localization magnetoresistance of a quasi-one-dimensional system on liquid helium in the region of ripplon scattering increases with increasing magnetic field.     

Design and experimental investigation of a cryogenic system for environmental test applications

This paper is concerned with the design, development and performance testing of a cryogenic system for use in high cooling power instruments for ground-based environmental testing. The system provides a powerful tool for a combined environmental test that consists of high pressure and cryogenic temperatures. Typical cryogenic conditions are liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LO2), which are used in many fields. The cooling energy of liquid nitrogen (LN2) and liquid helium (LHe) is transferred to the specimen by a closed loop of helium cycle. In order to minimize the consumption of the LHe, the optimal design of heat recovery exchangers has been used in the system. The behavior of the system is discussed based on experimental data of temperature and pressure. The results show that the temperature range from room temperature to LN2 temperature can be achieved by using LN2, the pressurization process is stable and the high test pressure is maintained. Lower temperatures, below 77 K, can also be obtained with LHe cooling, the typical cooling time is 40 min from 90 K to 22 K. Stable temperatures of 22 K at the inlet of the specimen have been observed, and the system in this work can deliver to the load a cooling power of several hundred watts at a pressure of 0.58 MPa.     

The cryogenic system for ITER CC superconducting conductor test facility

This paper describes the cryogenic system of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Correction Coils (CC) test facility, which consists of a 500 W/4.5 K helium refrigerator, a 50 kA superconducting transformer cryostat (STC) and a background field magnet cryostat (BFMC). The 500 W/4.5 K helium refrigerator synchronously produces both the liquid helium (LHe) and supercritical helium (SHe). The background field magnet and the primary coil of the superconducting transformer (PCST) are cooled down by immersing into 4.2 K LHe. The secondary Cable-In-Conduit Conductor (CICC) coil of the superconducting transformer (SCST), superconducting joints and the testing sample of ITER CC are cooled down by forced-flow supercritical helium. During the commissioning experiment, all the superconducting coils were successfully translated into superconducting state. The background field magnet was fully cooled by immersing it into 4.2 K LHe and generated a maximal background magnetic field of 6.96 T; the temperature of transformer coils and current leads was reduced to 4.3 K; the inlet temperature of SHe loop was 5.6 K, which can meet the cooling requirements of CIC-Conductor and joint boxes. It is noted that a novel heat cut-off device for High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) binary current leads was introduced to reduce the heat losses of transformer cryostat.