富含MnO的不锈钢炉渣对MgO-C耐火材料的侵蚀

为了研究高Mn不锈钢生产中MnO对MgO-C砖的蚀损速度的影响,将MgO-C耐火材料试样暴露于不同含量的MnO(高达26%)炉渣中。用过砖的显微结构表明,在耐火材料和炉渣的表面出现了许多富含Mn的金属颗粒而且形成了(Mg,Mn)O的固溶体,但是并没有观察到由于炉渣中MnO含量高从而导致蚀损速度明显加快的现象。关于耐火材料的蚀损问题,炉渣中MgO的含量是主要因素。通过将实验结果和动态计算结合起来,讨论了蚀损过程。     

氢对不锈钢堆焊层的力学性能和断裂形貌的影响

研究了在模拟加氢反应器工况条件下,国产加氢反应器壁材料2(1/4)Cr-1Mo内壁上的309L和347L不锈钢堆焊层的力学性能和断裂形貌.结果表明：热渗氢后,明显降低了其断裂应力(σ_f)和塑性.对于309L和347L堆焊层,未经热渗氢的光滑试样与缺口试样(除缺口位置在309L区域试样外)均断裂在347L区域内.而经渗氢后,无论是起裂于2(1/4)Cr-1Mo和309L的熔合线,还是309L和347L的熔合线处,最后都断在309L区域内(除缺口位置在347L区域试样外).在对短裂纹的低周疲劳特性研究中,计算了裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)和门槛值(ΔJ_th).经热渗氢后,ΔJ_th有明显下降,da/dN-ΔJ曲线也向左移,提高了da/dN.SEM断口分析结果与上述结论一致,裂纹扩展以穿晶为主,热渗氢后有二次裂纹存在,说明热渗氢降低了其力学性能,增加了加氢反应器壁材料的断裂敏感性.     

Effects of the thermal history on the hydraulic properties of slags

Glasses with two composition in the CaO---Al₂O₃---SiO₂ system were prepared with different cooling conditions. Glass A has a eutectic composition of wollastonite-gehlenite-rankinite and glass B has that of wollastonite-gehlenite-anorthite. The effects of the thermal history on the structure and hydraulic properties were discussed. Effects of cooling rate on the physical and chemical properties of glasses are found to be different with chemical composition of glass. Cooling rate affects the hydraulic reactivity and crystallization temperature, especially in glass A, but scarcely affects the physical properties such as chemical shift of AlK and surface basicity of the glass.     

Immobilizing chromium in stainless steel slags with MnO addition

This work investigates the stabilizing impact of MnO on the leaching behavior of hazardous Cr-containing CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃-MnO stainless steel slags after equilibrating at various elevated temperatures and evaluates the potential immobilization of Cr into a MnCr₂O₄ spinel phase from the existing Cr₂O₃ phase. The MnCr₂O₄ spinel phase was found to be an excellent Cr-stabilizer in stainless steel slags, where the leaching tendency of potentially hazardous Cr-related ions decreased with higher MnO content and lower equilibration temperatures within the range of 0 to 15 mass pct. and 1500 to 1300°C, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations by conducting the phase stability diagram also showed that the MnCr₂O₄ spinel phase was relatively stable and the Ca₃Si₂O₇ (Ca_3-xMn_xSi₂O₇) phase was relatively unstable compared with other crystal phases in acid extractant with pH value of 3.2. Combined with the scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction results along with the thermodynamic calculations, the leached Cr-related ions was predominantly originating from the unstable amorphous glass phase.     

Degradation of MgO–C refractories by MnO-rich stainless steel slags

In order to identify the influence of MnO on the wear rate of MgO–C bricks for the production of high Mn stainless steel, MgO–C refractory samples were exposed to slags containing different MnO levels (up to 26 wt.%). Although the investigations of the worn brick microstructures revealed the presence of numerous Mn-rich metal particles and the formation of a (Mg,Mn)O solid solution at the slag/refractory interface, no clear evidence of wear rate enhancement was observed due to high MnO concentration in the slags. With respect to refractory wear, the MgO content in the slag is the dominant factor. The degradation processes are discussed by combining experimental results and thermodynamic calculations.     

Characterization of landfilled stainless steel slags in view of metal recovery

The slag samples taken from landfill, which originated from different metallurgical processes, have been characterized in this study. The slags were categorized as electric arc furnace (EAF) slag, argon oxygen decarburization/metal refining process slag and vacuum oxygen decarburization slag based on chromium content and basicity. EAF slags have higher potential in metal recovery than the other two slags due to its higher iron and chromium contents. The size of the iron-chromium-nickel alloy particles varies from a few μm up to several cm. The recoveries of large metal particles and metal-spinel aggregates have potential to make the metal recovery from landfilled slags economically viable.

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Degradation mechanisms of magnesia-carbon refractories by high-alumina stainless steel slags under vacuum

The corrosion behaviour of a pitch-bonded magnesia-carbon refractory by an Al₂O₃ rich (∼15 wt.%) stainless steelmaking slag was investigated by rotating finger tests in a vacuum induction furnace at high temperature (>1650 °C) and low oxygen partial pressure (1.5–4.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ atm). This study confirms the poor slagline behaviour of MgO-C bricks industrially observed in VOD ladles. Higher temperatures and longer exposure times lead to more severe slag infiltration and direct MgO dissolution. The intrinsic MgO-C reaction is the major decarburisation mechanism, while extrinsic decarburisation by oxygen from the atmosphere and/or reducible slag components (CrO_x, FeO_x) was limited. Three kinds of metallic particles with different size, shape, location, composition and origin were observed in the refractory specimens. Concurrently, the thermodynamic conditions for the formation of a protective Mg(Al,Cr)₂O₄ spinel layer at the slag/refractory interface are investigated. The industrial relevance of this spinel layer formation is discussed with respect to the chosen Al₂O₃ level. Guidelines are proposed to minimise MgO refractory dissolution in VOD slaglines.     

Degradation mechanisms of magnesia-chromite refractories by high-alumina stainless steel slags under vacuum conditions

The corrosion behaviour of magnesia-chromite refractory by an alumina-rich (15–20 wt.%) stainless steelmaking slag is investigated by rotating finger tests in a vacuum induction furnace. The influence on the refractory wear, of the process temperature, corrosion time and, in particular, the high Al₂O₃ content in the slag, is discussed. Two distinct mechanisms cause primary chromite degradation: FeO_x and Cr₂O₃ decomposition because of low oxygen potentials and dissolution by infiltrated slag due to the high Al₂O₃ slag content. Upon decomposition, small metallic particles and pores are homogeneously generated inside the primary chromite. At the refractory/slag interface, a relatively continuous solid (Mg,Mn)[Al,Cr]₂O₄ spinel layer is formed. Its density and stability decreases with higher temperatures and more turbulent conditions. The spinel formation arises through heterogeneous in situ precipitation from a slag rich in spinel forming compounds. Higher Al₂O₃ levels in the slag promote the spinel layer formation, which may limit slag infiltration. Finally, it is shown that the present experimental procedure is an excellent tool to simulate refractory wear in industrial processes, diminishing the risks associated with plant trials.     

化学粗化时间对不锈钢/橡胶复合件性能的影响

通过控制化学粗化时间得到比表面积不同的不锈钢。研究了化学粗化时间对金属/橡胶复合件粘合性能和抗硫化变形性能的影响。结果表明,化学粗化72 h后不锈钢的比表面积为0.11,表面均匀、细腻,能够与橡胶形成良好的粘接,所得不锈钢/橡胶复合件硫化后不变形。     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of thin 304 stainless steel sheets by friction stir welding

Friction stir welding (FSW) was performed on 304 stainless steel sheets. The welding speed was varied from 30 to 70 mm/min. Because the FSW of thin plates is sensitive to heat input. The surface of the welds is smooth and without any macroscopic cracks and cavities only when the rotation speed is 50 mm/min. The stir zone had equiaxed grains with austentic structure due to dynamic recrystallization. There was not any evidence for the presence of sigma phases being found in this study. Meanwhile, there was a weak region in the advancing side because of the flow of plastic metals. However, compared with the base material, mechanical properties of the joint are maintained in a comparatively high level.     

Effect of metallurgical slags on the cohesive strength of undercoat enamels and steel

The possibility of using metallurgical slags as a complex additive in frit melting and as an additive in enamel slip milling is investigated. The optimum amount of slag positively affecting the cohesive strength of undercoat vitreous enamels and substrates is determined.Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 9, pp. 30–31, September, 1995.     

Selective elemental concentration during the solidification of stainless steel slags for increased Cr recovery with MnO addition

The study investigated the effect of MnO on the viscosity and the equilibrium crystallization behavior of CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃-MnO stainless steel slags to understand the selective concentration behavior of Cr during slag solidification. The apparent viscosity gradually decreases with higher MnO content, which act as a network modifier, resulting in simpler [SiO₄]-structural units. Due to the formation of MnCr₂O₄ spinel crystals, the tendency of decreasing viscosity is impeded. The equilibrium crystal phase with higher MnO content changes from the Cr₂O₃ phase to the MnCr₂O₄ spinel phase during the crystallization process. Distinct separation between Cr-enriched phases with the amorphous phase can be observed and analysis of as-quenched slags after thermochemical equilibrium experiments shows that the overall Cr content in the amorphous phase gradually decreases with higher MnO content and lower temperature, indicating Cr can be selectively enriched in a corresponding Cr-containing crystalline phase. The sizes of the primary Cr-enriched phases are < 20 μm. With a higher MnO content, the volume of the Cr₂O₃ phase decreases, and the corresponding volume of the MnCr₂O₄ spinel phase increases. Understanding the distribution characteristics of the Cr-enriched phase and the gradually enriched Cr content can provide a new approach for the increased retrieval of stainless steel slags.     

Effect of the semi-conductive properties of the passive layer on the current provided by stainless steel microbial cathodes

Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms were formed under constant polarisation at −0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl on stainless steel cathodes to catalyse the reduction of fumarate. The time-evolution of the current strongly depended on the quality of the inoculum. Inoculating with young cells significantly shortened the initial lag-phase and using the same inoculum improved the reproducibility of the current–time curves. The whole set of experiments showed that 254SMO stainless steel provided higher current densities (on average 14.1 A/m²) than biofilms formed on 316L stainless steel (on average 4.5 A/m²). Biofilm coverage assessed by epifluorescent microscopy showed that coverage ratios were generally higher for 316L than for 254SMO. It must be concluded that 254SMO is more efficient in transferring electrons to bacterial cells than 316L. Mott–Schottky diagrams recorded on both materials under conditions of electrolysis in the absence of microorganisms showed that the surface oxide layers had similar n-type semi-conductive behaviour for potential values higher than the flat band potential. In contrast, 316L exhibited slight p-type behaviour at potential lower than the flat band potential, while 254SMO did not. The higher electrochemical performances of biocathodes formed on 254SMO are explained by semi-conductive properties of its passive layer, which prevented the p-type behaviour occurring in cathodic electrolysis conditions.     

Laser pyrolyzed organosilazane-based Al/ZrO2 composite coating on stainless steel: Resulting microstructure and mechanical properties

Protective ceramic-based coatings are frequently the most suitable solutions for problems like corrosion and wear. It has been shown that the precursor technology is suitable for the preparation of ceramic coatings by pyrolysis in a furnace. However, the required high temperature for the preparation of the ceramic coatings limits this approach to high temperature-resistant substrates. A very innovative approach to overcome this restriction is the use of laser radiation as a thermal source for the pyrolysis of the preceramic polymer. In this paper, we report on a coating system, for steel substrates, consisting of a polysilazane (Durazane 2250) bond coat and a hard and dense top-coat composed of an organosilazane (Durazane 1800) with tetragonal ZrO₂ particles and aluminum flakes as fillers pyrolyzed using Nd:YVO₄ laser. The aluminum fillers led to a significant increase in absorption of the laser energy leading to the formation of a dense coating with a thickness up to 20 μm and a mainly cellular/columnar-dendritic microstructure. The microstructure, mechanical, and tribological behaviors of these composite coatings are reported and compared to those of laser pyrolyzed glass/ZrO₂-filled polysilazane-based coatings reported in the literature.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel clad plate joints produced by TIG and MAG hybrid welding

Abstract

This paper investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of Q235/304 stainless steel clad plate welding seam produced by hybrid welding of tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) and metal active gas arc welding (MAG). The results showed that the dual phases containing ferrite and austenite appeared in the stainless steel covering welding (SSCW), while the partial martensite phases appeared in the carbon steel backing welding (CSBW), which is attributed to the dilution behavior of Ni and Cr elements from stainless steel to the Q235 steel results into the movement of the CCT curve to the right side and the decrease of critical martensite formation cooling rate. The CSBW possesses the highest microhardness value in the weld metal due to the existence of the martensite zone. The impact tests were carried out and the results showed that the Charpy absorbed energy of weldments (81?J) is almost equal to that of base clad plate (83?J). The SSCW layer possesses the ductile fracture characteristics accompanying many dimples. However, in the CSBW layer, some cleavage fracture characteristics are presented in the radiation zone while many dimples are located in the fibrous zone, revealing a complex combination of brittle and ductile fracture behavior, which is due to the existence of martensite zone, different stress states and crack propagation velocity.

• Highlights

• Hybrid (TIG, MAG) welding is suitable for welding stainless steel clad plate;

• The martensite formation in CSBW is related to dilution and diffusion of Cr and Ni;

• Partial martensite transformation can strengthen and toughen the welding seam.

     

Physical and mechanical properties of fine hydraulic mixtures

This two-part article deals with the problem of the fissuring of sandstones reconstituted from fine hydraulic mixtures packed and vacuum dried according to a patented procedure. During more than two years, the dimensional variations of these products were measured on slender test pieces reconstituted according to several models proposed for hydraulic concretes.

In this part, we present the materials, the procedures used to mould the stones along with the calculations developed to obtain the exact composition of the test pieces. We also give densities, the mechanical strength and recorded time evolution of the deformations for different conservation modes which are representative of the possibilities of the envisaged production. In the second part, we present the method for describing the dimensional variations and the adaptations leading to the introduction of a crack index in choice of the formulas.     

V含量对Ti-V复合微合金钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)及物理化学相分析法等技术研究了V含量对Ti-V复合微合金钢在不同卷取温度下组织和力学性能的影响.结果 表明,两种Ti-V复合微合金钢在500～650℃卷取时,组织均由多边形铁素体和珠光体组成,增加V含量会抑制珠光体的形成;500～...     

不锈钢表面电化学磷化及膜层性能

采用由4.0 g/L ZnO、4 g/L CaCl₂、5%(体积分数)H₃PO₃、4 g/L酒石酸和3 g/L氯酸钠组成的锌钙系磷化液,在温度为70°C和电流密度为4 mA/cm²的条件下对1Cr₁₈Ni₉Ti不锈钢表面进行电化学磷化20 min。对比了所得磷化膜与采用相同磷化液化学磷化2 h所得膜层的表面形貌、相结构和耐蚀性。结果表明,与化学磷化相比,电化学磷化所需时间较短,所得膜层的结晶大小和分布均匀,耐腐蚀性更好。     

Effect of carbonitriding temperature process on the adhesion properties of diamond like-carbon coatings deposited by PECVD on austenitic stainless steel

The deposition of adherent coatings such as diamond-like carbon (DLC) on substrates of iron-based materials is difficult to obtain for two reasons: high residual compressive stress occurs in the inner film formation, and the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient between steel and DLC film generates delamination effects. In order to determine the carbonitriding temperature prior to film deposition, the steel substrate and the DLC films were analyzed for their microstructure and mechanical properties of adhesion as a function of temperature. The technique used to deposit the coating was DC-pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The delamination distances and the critical load of the film were obtained by scratch testing. The surface analysis by X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of nitride phases on the steel. Raman spectroscopy showed the fraction of sp³ carbon bonds in DLC films. Hardness profiling was used to verify the extent of the interface modified by carbonitriding along the cross section. For this, the steel sample with the appropriate surface modification to have high adhesion of the DLC film was used.