Effect of solution treatment on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloy AA7150: Optimisation for corrosion resistance

Studies for Al-alloys normally employ specimens subject to a fixed solution heat treatment (SHT), and hence the specific role of solutionising is overlooked. It is revealed that SHT has a major role in corrosion of AA7150 as judged by electrochemical, microscopic and profilometry studies. SHT dictates the constituent particle type and population remaining in the alloy for subsequent processing, and is thus not only a principal factor in corrosion, but a factor that can be engineered in developing more damage tolerant AA7150. Effect of an optimised SHT minimising the residual MgZn₂ and Al₂MgCu content on corrosion resistance is demonstrated.     

The effect of welding parameters on the corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded AA2024-T351

The effect of welding parameters (rotation speed and travel speed) on the corrosion behaviour of friction stir welds in the high strength aluminium alloy AA2024-T351 was investigated. It was found that rotation speed plays a major role in controlling the location of corrosion attack. Localised intergranular attack was observed in the nugget region for low rotation speed welds, whereas for higher rotation speed welds, attack occurred predominantly in the heat-affected zone. The increase in anodic reactivity in the weld zone was due to the sensitisation of the grain boundaries leading to intergranular attack. Enhancement of cathodic reactivity was also found in the nugget as a result of the precipitation of S-phase. The results were compared with samples of AA2024-T351 that had been heat treated to simulate the thermal cycle associated with welding, and with samples that had been exposed to high temperatures for extended periods to cause significant over-ageing.     

The effect of cryogenic CO2 cooling on corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded AA2024-T351

Abstract

Cryogenic cooling with CO₂ was applied during friction stir welding of AA2024-T351 in order to reduce the temperature increase during welding, and thus improve the corrosion resistance of the weld. The effect of cryogenic cooling on corrosion susceptibility was investigated with gel visualisation, immersion tests and local electrochemical measurements. The most susceptible area for both uncooled and cooled welds was in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) region, which showed intergranular attack. Cryogenic cooling had no detectable influence on the degree of anodic reactivity in the weld region. However, it did decrease the width of the reactive HAZ.     

Effect of aging temperature and of retrogression treatment time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy AA 7075

Alloy AA 7075-T6 is studied after retrogression and re-aging. The retrogression heat treatment is performed at various temperatures and hold times, and subsequent aging is performed at 130°C for 12 h. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy are studied depending on the temperature and the hold time of the retrogression heat treatment. Electron microscopic studies are preformed and mechanical characteristics are determined in tensile and impact tests. The HRB microhardness is measured.     

The effect of adatoms on the corrosion rate of copper

On the premises that corrosion is a surface process and adatoms modify the electronic states of the surface, the influence of Zn, Sn, S, I, F, Ta, Sb, Ti, Bi and Cr adatoms on the corrosion rate of copper was investigated. Adatoms were adsorbed at open-circuit from a solution containing 1.0×10⁻² mol l⁻¹ of the ions of the adatom element. The coverage of the adatoms at the surface was calculated by integration of the area under one of the peaks on the voltammogram of the copper electrode before and after dosing the electrode with the adatom. A significant difference in adsorbability of the adatoms at copper surface was observed. This difference was inter alia attributed to atomic size, crystallographic and kinetic effects. The surface properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, and for selected systems by SEM and electron microprobe. Corrosion of the surface in presence and in absence of the adatoms was followed by weight-loss method while surface oxidation, ‘surface corrosion’ was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and by electrochemical polarization techniques. The results showed that the nonmetals (F, S and I) markedly enhanced the rate of corrosion; Cr, Ta, Sb, Bi, Ti, Sn slightly enhanced the rate of corrosion of copper. Zinc, however, was the only element which decreased the rate of corrosion.     

二次回归再时效对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu组织、强度及剥蚀性能的影响(英文)

采用硬度、拉伸和剥落腐蚀测试手段,结合透射电镜和扫描电镜观察以及能谱分析,研究二次回归再时效对组织、力学和剥蚀性能的影响。二次回归再时效处理保持了类似一次回归再时效处理的晶内析出相,得到比T76过时效更粗大且离散的晶界析出相。与T76相比,二次回归再时效处理的晶界析出相具有更高的铜含量和更低的锌含量。因此,二次回归再时效处理保持了一次回归再时效处理的强度,同时得到了比T76过时效处理更高的剥蚀抗力。     

Effect of temperature on the Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of titanium

The influence of variations in temperature on the electrochemical corrosion properties of VT 1-0 commercial titanium was studied in deaerated 1 mol/dm³ sulphuric acid between 293 and 353 K. Galvanostatic and quasi-potentiostatic polarization measurements were carried out. Corrosion rates were determined by mass loss measurements, too. The slopes of the cathodic Tafel-like lines obtained with galvanostatic polarization change anomalously with temperature. The corrosion rates calculated from the mass loss data increase with increasing temperature at a higher rate than those determined with the polarization method, pointing to a self-dissolution process. The results are attributed to a hydride layer with a H/Ti ratio increasing with temperature. Titanium hydride may play a dominant role both in the hydrogen evolution reaction and in the self-dissolution process.     

The effect of impurity inclusions on the pitting corrosion behaviour of beryllium

An electrochemical polarisation study has been conducted to determine the effect of impurity inclusions on the pitting corrosion behaviour of beryllium. Three grades of commercial beryllium differing in impurity levels were used. This work showed a strong relationship between the pitting potential of the beryllium and the level of impurity inclusions, the grade with the least number of overall inclusions being the most resistant to pitting corrosion. The work also revealed the preferred sites for pit initiation, with most corrosion pits initiating at intermetallic Fe/Al/Be inclusions, and to a smaller extent at inclusion sites containing either elemental silicon or carbides.     

The effect of molybdenum ion implantation on the general and pitting corrosion behaviour of pure aluminium and a high strength aluminium alloy

The effect of Ar and Mo ion implantation on the corrosion behaviour of pure Al and a high strength aluminium alloy (7075-T6) has been investigated in Cl^?-free and Cl^?-containing sulphate solutions. In Cl^?-free environments, Mo implantation markedly affects the general corrosion behaviour of both the pure metal and the alloy. Ar implantation, on the other hand, has no permanent effect on the potentiodynamic polarization behaviour of pure Al but does alter somewhat the polarization characteristics of 7075-T6. In Cl^?-containing environments, Mo implantation significantly improves the resistance of pure Al to pitting corrosion, and increases the breakdown potential by about 200 mV. A similar, though less marked effect is observed with the alloy. Ar implantation has no major effect on the behaviour of either the pure metal or 7075-T6 in Cl^?-containing environments. On the basis of Rutherford backscattering and potential-time measurements it is suggested that the beneficial effect of Mo may be due to either the incorporation of Mo in the passive film or to dissolution and reprecipitation of some Mo-containing species on the passive film.     

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behaviour of Ni-Cr-Mo-V high strength steel

Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behaviour of Ni-Cr-Mo-V high strength steel was investigated by electrochemical measurements and SEM observation. The electrochemical noise (EN) data was analyzed based on non-linear dynamic theory. The experimental results revealed that hydrostatic pressure decreased the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel and the corrosion at high hydrostatic pressure was more uniform due to the higher initiation rate and lower growth probability of metastable pitting.     

Effect of beta-to-alpha phase transition rate on corrosion behaviour of Zircaloy

The effect of β → α phase transition rate employed at the late stages of the fabrication process of Zircaloy-2 cladding tubes on the in-reactor corrosion behaviour is investigated. A cladding tube manufactured with a slower quenching exhibits a superior uniform corrosion resistance in boiling water reactors than the tube manufactured with a faster quenching. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations show that the slow β quench material has larger second phase particles and smaller particle number densities than the fast β quench material. It is argued that the larger SPPs with the lower number density survive the neutron irradiation field longer than the smaller ones. We have related the effective β quenching rate to the mean lamella grain size width, formed upon β quenching.     

Influence of the degree of polishing of alloy AA 5083 on its behaviour against localised alkaline corrosion

A study has been conducted of the influence of the surface finish on the behaviour against the corrosion of samples of alloy AA 5083 immersed in aerated solutions of NaCl at 3.5%. Samples polished from 80 to 1200 grit have been tested, utilising as experimental techniques, measurements of weight loss, optical and scanning electron microscopy, linear polarisations and electrochemical noise measurement (ENM).In the conditions studied, the principal corrosion process that takes place is localised alkaline corrosion (LAC). This type of corrosion occurs as a consequence of the alkalinisation of the area surrounding the Al(Mn,Fe,Cr) cathodic precipitates that exist in the alloy.The results obtained indicate that the samples polished to 1200 grit present a greater susceptibility to processes of localised alkaline corrosion than the samples polished to 80 grit. It has been found that the degree of polishing conditions the number of intermetallic particles exposed. Hence the differences of behaviour observed between the sets of results obtained have been interpreted as an effect function of the density of cathodic intermetallic particles exposed on the surface.     

Investigation of the corrosion behaviour of AA 2024-T3 in low concentrated chloride media

Aluminium alloy (AA) 2024-T3 is an important engineering material due to its widespread use in the aerospace industry. However, it is very prone to localized corrosion attack in chloride containing media, which has been mainly associated to the presence of coarse intermetallics (IMs) in its microstructure. In this work the corrosion behaviour of AA 2024-T3 in low concentrated chloride media was investigated using microscopy and electrochemical methods. TEM/EDS observations on non-corroded samples evidenced the heterogeneous composition within the IMs. In addition, SEM observations showed that intermetallics with the same nominal composition present different reactivity, and that both types of coarse IMs normally found in the alloy microstructure are prone to corrosion. Moreover, EDS analyses showed important compositional changes in corroded IMs, evidencing a selective dissolution of their more active constituents, and the onset of an intense oxygen peak, irrespective to the IM nature, indicating the formation of corrosion products. On the other hand, the results of the electrochemical investigations, in accordance with the SEM/EDS observations, evidenced that IMs corrosion dominates the electrochemical response of the alloy during the first hours of immersion in the test electrolyte.     

The effect of stress on the corrosion behaviour of mild steel in alkaline solutions

The influence of stress, type of aggressive anion and anodic current density on the corrosion behaviour of mild steel in lime water has been studied. Under open circuit condition the passivity of steel in lime water containing low concentrations of C1?, SO₄^2? or S^2? ions was impaired by the application of stress. In the presence of high concentrations of these ions corrosion was enhanced by the application of stress. Sulphide ions were found to be more dangerous than C1- or SO₄^2? ions at the free corrosion potential. With anodic polarization, S^2? ions are inhibitive both in the absence and in presence of stress. In early stages at low current densities, the anodic process was stimulated by the application of stress.     

Comparison of microstructure and corrosion properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys 7150 and 7010

The influence of coarse Cu-bearing particles, matrix and subgrain boundary precipitates on the stress corrosion susceptibility of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys was investigated. The strength of 7150 alloy is about 15 MPa higher than that of 7010 alloy. The 7010 alloy exhibits higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking as compared with the 7150 alloy. The coarse Cu-bearing particles are detrimental to the resistance to stress corrosion cracking. The increase of size of matrix and subgrain boundary precipitates decreases the susceptibility of stress corrosion. The anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement govern the cracking process. The severity of stress corrosion cracking is shown to be related to the coarse Cu-bearing particles, matrix and subgrain precipitates in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.     

The effect of retrogression and reaging on the properties of the 7249 aluminum alloy

The retrogression and reaging (RRA) heat-treatment process and recent developments in high-strength 7xxx series aluminum alloys are summarized in this article. The results of experimental work indicate that RRA 7249 aluminum has the strength equivalent to or greater than 7249-T6 and superior corrosion resistance. This work is the result of collaborative efforts between the U.S. Navy and Loyola Marymount University. For more information contact Omar S. Es-Said, Mechanical Engineering Department, Loyola Marymount University, 7900 Loyola Blvd. Los Angeles, CA, 90045; (310) 338-2829; fax (310) 338-2391; e-mail oessaid@lmu.edu.     

淬火工艺对含Sc的AA7150锻造铝合金性能的影响

采用熔炼铸造与锻造变形方法制备含0.3%Sc的AA7150铝合金。通过拉伸测试、剥落腐蚀测试、金相及透射电镜等技术方法,研究不同淬火工艺对锻造态铝合金性能及显微组织的影响。结果表明:铝合金在空气中自然冷却时,T6时效态合金的抗拉强度与抗剥落腐蚀性能层严重降低;而室温水淬的T6时效态合金比室温油淬的T6时效态合金具有更好的塑性。当预先采用(80℃,30s)水淬火或(80℃,30s)油淬火再15℃水淬时,T6时效态合金的抗拉强度明显得到提高,且抗剥落腐蚀性能也得到了改善。预先80℃淬火能提高T6时效态合金性能的主要原因是时效态合金晶界析出相的尺寸与离散度明显增大。