不同海拔下柴油机颗粒过滤器碳烟加载及再生特性研究

为研究不同海拔下柴油机颗粒过滤器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)碳烟加载规律及再生特性,在一台高压共轨柴油机上分别在两种大气压力(80kPa和100kPa)下进行了试验研究。研究内容包括全球统一瞬态循环(world harmonized transient cycle,WHTC)排放测试、DPF碳烟加载及压降特性、DPF再生过程温度场及压降特性。结果表明:高原环境下DPF的排气温度和各项排放数据指标均高于平原环境。高原环境下压降损失随碳烟的累积呈现出先快速增加后缓慢增加的趋势。再生温度和海拔高度对DPF再生压降、载体再生峰值温度、载体再生径向和轴向温度梯度、再生时机均有影响;再生温度越高及海拔越低,DPF再生压降越高;再生温度及海拔越高,再生时载体的峰值温度越高且载体径向和轴向温度梯度越大。     

Thermogravimetric analysis of soot emitted by a modern diesel engine run on catalyst-doped fuel

Understanding the mechanisms that affect catalytic activity in porous ceramic diesel particulate filters (DPF) at the temperature range 200 to 400°C is important for the successful modeling of the initiation and evolution of catalytic regeneration by use of fuel additives. This refers not only to the dry carbon particulate, but also to the volatile hydrocarbons adsorbed on it. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the hydrocarbon adsorption-desorption and oxidation behavior of diesel particulate emitted by a modern diesel engine and collected on a SiC diesel filter is performed by use of thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (TGA-DSC). Non-isothermal tests were performed with samples collected directly from a ceramic filter connected to the exhaust system of the diesel engine running under low and medium speed and load operating conditions with and without fuel additive. Fuel additive concentration was varied to investigate its effect on the soot oxidation behavior. Based on the TGA data, the kinetic parameters of the soot oxidation reaction were calculated. The effect of volatile adsorbed hydrocarbons on the soot oxidation reaction was evaluated by comparing the calculated activation energies for samples collected from the center and the periphery of the filter at various exhaust temperatures prevailing at filter loading phase. In particular it was seen that the catalytic activity of the fuel additive is enhanced by the presence of the volatile organic components.     

灰分分布系数对柴油机性能的影响研究

通过构建柴油机耦合柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)的一维热力学仿真模型,研究了灰分分布系数对柴油机性能的影响,并重点分析了灰分分布系数对柴油机系统热效率的影响.结果表明:炭载量为6 g/L,灰分量为33 g/L时,DPF压降和捕集效率随灰分分布系数增加而上升;随着灰分分布系...     

NO2-Assisted Soot Regeneration Behavior in a Diesel Particulate Filter with Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust Gases

A major concern in operating a diesel engine is how to reduce the soot emission from the exhaust gases, as soot has a negative effect on both human health and the environment. More stringent emission regulations make the diesel particulate filter (DPF) an indispensable after-treatment component to reduce diesel soot from exhaust gases. The most important issue in developing an effective DPF, however, is regeneration technology to oxidize the diesel soot trapped in the filter, either periodically or continuously, during regular engine operations. Various methods exist for regenerating diesel soot captured by the filter. Of these, NO₂ is widely used for continuous regeneration of diesel soot since it can oxidize diesel soot at lower temperatures than the conventional oxidizer O₂ In this work, after introducing governing equations for trapping and regenerating diesel soot in the DPF, regeneration behavior is examined by changing such various parameters as exhaust gas temperature and O₂ concentration. Numerical investigation is then performed in order to find the optimum NO₂/soot ratio required for continuous regeneration of the soot deposited in the DPF.     

DPF主动再生过程颗粒排放特性试验

通过柴油发动机台架,采用后喷助燃的再生方式研究了主动再生过程中柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)出口的颗粒排放特性.结果表明:在主动再生期间,DPF出口颗粒浓度可增加2~3个数量级;在升温过程和再生过程,出口颗粒物数量浓度和粒径分布会因为碳载量和再生温度的共同作用而表现出差异;升温过程中,10 nm左右核模态颗粒物的排放主要由来流中颗粒物的穿透引起;再生过程中,10 nm左右核模态颗粒物的排放主要由碳烟颗粒层氧化反应生成的二次颗粒逃逸引起;整个再生期间,100 nm左右的积聚态颗粒物的排放主要由DPF载体内碳烟颗粒的逃逸引起.     

柴油机微粒捕捉器主动再生特性的计算与分析

对柴油机排气微粒捕捉器（DPF）的主动再生特性进行了研究,建立了DPF主动再生数学模型,具体分析了柴油机转速、排气中的氧气浓度、DPF的微粒沉积量、微粒的活化能以及柴油机排气温度等参数对DPF主动再生特性的影响。结果表明,通过适当推迟柴油机喷油提前角以提高其排气温度,并辅以燃油加剂或利用催化剂降低微粒的活化能,在适当的条件下,进行DPF的主动再生是可行的。     

Analysis of reformed EGR on the performance of a diesel particulate filter

The use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) in combination with an upstream diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) has been successfully implemented and shown to reduce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and Particulate Matter (PM) diesel exhaust gas emissions. However issues including cost, size and uncontrolled active regeneration under a low temperature window still require attention. This study therefore primarily focuses on the potential benefits of using a single catalytic coated DPF (cDPF) and a combined DOC-cDPF instead of the DOC-DPF aftertreatment system utilising a passive, low temperature regeneration method. Comparisons were made through monitoring exhaust gas compositions from an experimental single cylinder diesel engine as well as measuring the pressure drop across the filters to analyse the accumulation of soot particles. The influence of reformed EGR (REGR), enriched simulated hydrogen (H₂) and CO, on DPF and cDPF soot loading was of interest as H₂ promotes the NO to NO₂ oxidation. Similarly the addition of simulated reformate (added either directly into the engine intake or exhaust manifold) for optimal performance of the aftertreatment systems was examined.The effects of adding REGR resulted in a significant decrease in total engine-out NO_x emissions, as well as an increase in both NO₂ concentration and NO₂/NO_x ratio. This resulted in improved filter efficiency and overall loading, especially under a DOC-cDPF aftertreatment configuration system. As a whole, a simultaneous NO_x and PM reduction was achieved.     

The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emissions

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Previous research has shown that biodiesel-fueled engines produce less carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate emissions compared to diesel fuel. One drawback of biodiesel is that it is more prone to oxidation than petroleum-based diesel fuel. In its advanced stages, this oxidation can cause the fuel to become acidic and to form insoluble gums and sediments that can plug fuel filters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of oxidized biodiesel on engine performance and emissions. A John Deere 4276T turbocharged DI diesel engine was fueled with oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel and the performance and emissions were compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. The neat biodiesels, 20% blends, and the base fuel (No. 2 diesel) were tested at two different loads (100 and 20%) and three injection timings (3° advanced, standard; 3° retarded). The tests were performed at steady-state conditions at a single engine speed of 1400 rpm. The engine performance of the neat biodiesels and their blends was similar to that of No. 2 diesel fuel with the same thermal efficiency, but higher fuel consumption. Compared with unoxidized biodiesel, oxidized neat biodiesel produced 15 and 16% lower exhaust carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions from oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel.     

NTP技术降低柴油机PM排放及低温再生DPF的研究

针对柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)传统再生方法的缺陷,根据低温等离子体(non-thermal plasma,NTP)放电理论,探索了NTP低温再生DPF技术。从化学反应动力学角度探讨了基于NTP技术的DPF再生反应机理,并利用现代测试分析技术研究了NTP对颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)质量粒径分布、微观形貌、碳结构及表面官能团演变的作用规律。建立NTP技术再生DPF的试验系统,对已捕集PM的DPF进行再生试验研究。通过监测PM的氧化分解产物CO、CO2的体积分数和DPF的内部温度,结合DPF的背压变化,研究不同再生初始温度下的PM氧化分解特性和DPF再生特性,并考察NTP技术对DPF再生的安全性。研究结果表明,NTP技术可有效分解柴油机排气中的PM,显著降低DPF的再生温度,且无需催化剂。这为DPF再生提供了新的研究途径。     

Soot deposition effects and microwave regeneration modelling of diesel particulate filtration system

Regeneration of accumulated soot particles in the substrate walls of the diesel particulate filtration system is one of the major challenges faced by the automotive industry. This study investigated the conversion efficiency and filtration behaviour of the after treatment system comprising of diesel oxidation catalysis (DOC) and diesel particulate filtration (DPF) system. The average conversion efficiency of hydrocarbons was close to 54% and filtration efficiency of the particle number emissions was around 92%. Characterization of the DOC and DPF substrate were conducted using microscopic imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle size analysis (PSA). The results of FTIR study indicated the presence of carcinogenic agents trapped in the porous walls of the filter substrate. A model for microwave based regeneration system is proposed in this article and CFD analysis were conducted to determine the temperature and electric field distribution in the DPF substrate for a regeneration time of 180 s. Results of simulation showed that the microwave radiations raise the temperature close to soot oxidation temperature (873 K), ensuring effective regeneration.     

生物柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

列举了生物柴油的基本物化特性。介绍了生物柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响。相比普通柴油,燃用生物柴油可以减少CO、CO_2、SO_2、HC、微粒以及碳烟的排放且不会影响柴油机工作性能。采用EGR、乳化油、多次喷射及微粒捕捉器等措施可以进一步降低使用生物柴油的微粒和NOx排放。生物柴油作为一种可再生的替代能源,以其良好的环境效应受到越来越多的关注。     

A novel 1D approach for the simulation of unsteady reacting flows in diesel exhaust after-treatment systems

A new one-dimensional approach, based on the solution of the governing equations for unsteady, reacting and compressible flows has been developed for the simulation of the hydrodynamics, the transient filtration/loading and the catalytic/NO₂-assisted regeneration occurring in diesel particulate filters (DPF). The model is able to keep track of the chemical compounds, of the amount of soot transported by the flow, and it can estimate the increasing of back-pressure occurring in the exhaust system, due to the permeability variation of the porous wall and to the soot cake building up on the DPF porous surface. Further, a prediction of the oxidation of the deposited particulate induced by the Oxygen (collected in the exhaust gas), by the nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), by the carbon oxide (CO) and by the hydrocarbons (HC) converted along the diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) is given.     

DPF降怠速再生温度场分布测试及过滤效率分析

基于柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)降怠速(DTI)再生的特点,介绍了一种DPF极限碳载量、再生温度评估方法.在非道路瞬态循环(NRTC)工况进行DPF碳加载,通过缸内后喷控制再生温度,试验研究了碳载量为8g/L、不同再生温度下降怠速再生时DPF的内部温度;在再生温度为600℃时测试了不同碳载量下降怠速再生期间DPF内部温度...     

非对称孔结构载体对DPF及柴油机性能的影响研究

运用GT-Power建立柴油机整机耦合柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particle filter,DPF)的模型,研究非对称孔道结构DPF的压降特性及其对柴油机整机性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着进/出口孔道比例增加,碳烟容量增大,DPF压降降低,但过度增大进/出口孔道比例会使出口孔径过小而造成压降升高;柴油机加装洁净DPF时,柴油机各项性能指标随进/出口比例增加而降低,但随着DPF碳烟和灰分沉积量的增加,柴油机各项性能指标随进/出口比例增加均有所改善。DPF进/出口孔道比例为1.3时,柴油机综合性能最佳。     

喷油策略耦合EGR对柴油机燃烧过程与CDPF再生性能的影响

以匹配了可变截面几何增压系统(VGT)的D19高压共轨柴油机为研究机型,采用GT-Power和AVL FIRE构建了一维热力学整机模型和催化型微粒捕集器(CDPF)三维仿真模型,针对3 000r/min、50%负荷工况,研究了喷油策略耦合废气再循环(EGR)对燃烧过程和CDPF再生性能的影响。研究表明:随主喷定时提前,有效燃油消耗率(BSFC)先降后升,排气温度降低,排气流量与氧浓度变化则较小,排气中一氧化氮(NO)增加,CDPF再生速率逐渐降低,颗粒物残余量、压降与CDPF出口端二氧化氮(NO_2)同时增加;随EGR率增大,BSFC和排气温度升高,排气流量、排气氧浓度、排气中NO浓度则同时降低。在主喷定时较晚时,随EGR率增大,CDPF再生速率先升后降,颗粒物残余量先降低后略升高;而在主喷定时较早时,随EGR率的增大,CDPF再生速率降低,颗粒物残余量增多。在主喷定时较晚时,提高喷油压力使BSFC和排气温度明显降低;而在主喷定时较早时,提高喷油压力导致BSFC反而快速增加。此外,随喷油压力提高,排气流量与氧浓度变化较小,排气中NO浓度增加,CDPF再生速率逐渐减小,颗粒物残余量、压降和CDPF出口端NO_2排放同时升高。总体上,相比喷油压力,主喷定时对CDPF再生过程影响更大。     

一种柴油机颗粒过滤器碳烟负载量的在线预估方法与试验研究

通过建立柴油机氮氧化物(NOx)排放、碳烟排放预估模型和柴油机颗粒物过滤器(DPF)内碳烟颗粒的催化氧化反应模型,探讨了一种基于质量平衡的DPF碳烟负载量在线预估方法。欧盟驾驶循环(NEDC)测试工况的排放试验结果表明,柴油机NOx和碳烟排放预估模型计算结果与试验结果的误差分别为5.1%和3.9%。在车辆实际道路行驶工况进行了DPF碳烟颗粒加载试验,结果表明,试验过程中对DPF碳烟负载量的在线预估值与试验结果的最大偏差为0.48g/L,平均偏差为0.17g/L,模型的平均预测误差为2.1%。本研究为热再生时机的准确判断提供了有效参考。     

车用柴油机微粒捕捉器的系统模拟

提出了一个车用柴油机微粒捕捉器（DPF）的系统模拟数学模型。利用数学模型可以对DPF在汽车实际运行过程中的性能,包括DPF再生的时间间隔,排气阻力特性以及DPF的使用对汽车附加能量的消耗等随汽车实际运行工况的变化进行分析研究,为汽车DPF的优化设计提供参考数据,并可以对DPF实际使用中的一些性能进行预测。     

灰分对柴油机颗粒物捕集器性能的影响

为了降低灰分对柴油机颗粒物捕集器(DPF)性能的影响,建立了DPF灰分和碳烟的数学模型,研究了灰分量、碳载量和灰分分布形态等多个因素对多种DPF性能的影响.结果表明:非对称孔结构(ACT)DPF增加了进/出口孔径比例有利于降低压降,但不利于捕集效率的提高;碳烟层的捕集效率高于灰分层,对称结构捕集效率高于ACT结构,低孔隙率捕集效率高于高孔隙率;灰分分布系数增加,DPF压降和捕集效率均上升,灰分分布系数对ACT结构DPF的影响小于对称结构;ACT结构有利于提升DPF容灰能力,延长清灰周期,提高经济性.     

EGR+DPF系统降低柴油机的排放

柴油机具有良好的动力性和经济性,汽车柴油机已成为发展趋势,但柴油机NOx和颗粒(PM)的高排放成为制约柴油车发展的因素之一。随着机动车排放法规的日益严格,降低NOx和颗粒的排放成为现阶段柴油机汽车的主要研究课题。废气再循环(EGR)技术是现今降低柴油机NOx排放的有效方法之一,应用颗粒捕集器(DPF)可以有效的降低尾气中颗粒的排放。本文介绍了EGR技术和DPF技术的原理、特点,对不同工况下EGR对NOx排放进行了分析,同时对不同工况下颗粒捕集器的再生效率进行了研究,结果表明适宜的EGR率和颗粒再生效率才能同时降低柴油机NOx和PM的排放。     

Study on combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with n-butanol and waste cooking oil blends

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel because of its renewability and extensive source of raw materials. Butanol can be blended in biodiesel to reduce the kinematic viscosity and promote the fuel atomization. In this respect, biodiesel was blended with 10% and 20% n-butanol, and the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of the fuel blends were tested in a turbocharged, 6-cylinder, common rail diesel engine at a constant speed of 1400 rpm under seven engine loads. The experimental results show that under various engine loads, all of the butanol and biodiesel fuel blends provide faster combustion than diesel due to the higher oxygen content of n-butanol and the lower cetane number of butanol which results in stronger premixed combustion. The addition of butanol is beneficial to concentrating the heat release and thus shorten the combustion duration. With an increased proportion of butanol, soot emissions of butanol and biodiesel fuel blends decrease, the number concentration and volume concentration of ultrafine particles (UFPs) reduce noticeably. Meanwhile, the geometric mean diameters of UFPs decrease with an increase in butanol. With an increase of the engine loads, the number concentration peaks of UFPs gradually transfer from the size range of nucleation mode particles (NMPs) to the size range of accumulation mode particles (AMPs) due to the elevated combustion temperatures and high equivalence ratios. Moreover, biodiesel and fuel blends exhibit a higher percentage of NMPs as compared to diesel because of the fuel-bound oxygen, zero aromatics, and low sulfides.