以太阳能为热源的冷热电联合循环研究综述

常规的冷热电联供技术是提高能源利用率的有放手段。但是仍然不能完全解决消耗化石能源存在污染的问题。以太阳能作为热源驱动冷热电联供则能从根本上解决这一问题。分析太阳能冷热电联产的原理和实现形式，以及各种不同实现形式的优缺点和应用前最。以太阳能为热源，通过光电转换并驱动制冷机组制冷，或者通过光热电转换。以动力循环的方式实现同时发电和供暖，制冷是太阳能冷热电联产的技术途径之一。发展太阳能冷热电联产是解决目前能源紧张和污染问题的有效手段。尽管目前的技术水平还不能使其在实际领域进行大规模应用，但该技术是将来能源技术的主要发展方向之一。     

冷热电联产系统新评价准则研究

从冷热电联产系统能量梯级利用的本质特征提出了能量梯级利用率的评价准则.该准则由发电、制冷与供热的能量利用率分别乘以不同的权重系数后累加得到.先确定比较的基准点,然后采用层次分析的方法得出基准点各能量利用率的权重系数.对基准点权重系数根据冷热产品温度及环境温度进行修正可得到其它情况的权重系数值.结合实际的联产系统算例,给出了这种评价准则的使用方法,并与原有的评价准则进行分析对比.结果表明,该评价准则具有合理性,可作为冷热电联产系统评价比较的实用方法.     

太阳能冷热电联供分布式能源系统的研究

以太阳能应用为背景，讨论了能够实现独立建筑冷热电联供的两种分布式能源系统的原理。以太阳能作为唯一热源，用于加热气体工质，进行闭式Brdyton循环发电。其透平释放的余热通过余热制冷方式供冷或通过换热器直接供热．可实现独立建筑的冷热电联供。当把燃料电池系统和该热动力系统组合起来，则可实现白天和夜间连续的独立建筑冷热电联供。该系统不消耗化石能源，无污染，能源利用效率高，具有进一步理论研究的价值和推广应用潜力。     

基于外墙的建筑光伏热电集成系统研究进展

建设以太阳能为核心能源的绿色建筑，对应用于外墙的建筑光伏热电集成（BIPV/T）系统的技术发展进行分析，主要分为BIPV/T-空气冷却型系统、BIPV/T-水冷却型系统和BIPV/T-热泵系统三类，重点介绍建筑外墙集成PV/T系统的设计及其对发电、围护结构的热工性能和建筑供暖和制冷的能耗的影响。应用于建筑时，该集成系统既能够输出太阳能绿色电力供应和太阳能绿色供热，又能显著提高太阳能利用效率，降低建筑的冷热负荷。     

聚光连续型高效智能吸附式空调及其强化传热设计浅析

基于双床吸附连续制冷的理论,提出了一种聚光连续型高效智能吸附式空调系统,将聚光光伏技术和吸附式制冷技术相结合,形成冷、热、电联产一体化的新思路。系统设计围绕连续回热型的吸附制冷循环、太阳能聚光器、光伏电池板3个重要方面,提出太阳能3个层次优化利用,进一步强化传热和提高能源利用率,为丰富发展吸附式空调系统理论、低成本高效利用太阳能提供技术支持。     

太阳能光伏-内燃机发电及余热利用系统热力学分析

对利用太阳能和生物质能的联合冷热电系统(CCHP)进行热力学分析。系统由内燃机和太阳能光伏电池供电，由吸收式制冷及热水系统进行余热回收。太阳能光伏电池采用五参数模型，内燃机为零维、单区模型。分析转速和压比对内燃机输出功率、排气排放物和气缸内传热的影响。结果显示：太阳能光伏电池效率为14%，日发电量500 kWh；内燃机热效率可以达到37%。转速提高后，整体CCHP电效率提高2.8%，余热利用效率提高10%。内燃机的压缩比增大后，CCHP电效率增大0.52%，整体冷热电效率几乎不变。整个CCHP系统电效率为20%，冷热电联合效率可以达到40%。     

基于能量梯级利用的太阳能冷热联供系统

从能量梯级利用的角度出发，提出了一种新型太阳能冷热联供复合系统。该复合系统可根据太阳辐射强度在不同的季节分别用作单一的太阳能热水器、热泵热水器或太阳能吸附式冷热联供复合系统。建立了相应的数学模型，计算了该系统在不同季节各种典型工况下的性能指标。计算结果表明，该系统不仅可实现冷热联供的双重功能，而且具有较大的节能潜力。     

基于太阳能集热-蓄热技术发展的吸收式制冷、供暖、供热水联供运行系统

基于太阳能集热器和热能蓄热器这一套能量转换和收集设备的基础上,为吸收式制冷、供暖、供热水提供热力驱动。系统组成包括太阳能集热蓄热部分,共用集热蓄热装置的制冷、供暖、供热水等三大功能循环系统,电路及其自动控制部分。该系统通过集热管和蓄热装置,将分散化、低品位的太阳能转换为较高品位的热能并存储起来,同时将其它形式的废热通过换热装置储存于蓄热装置内。三大循环能够按需获取热能,提高能源的利用效率。     

基于可再生能源的冷热电联供系统集成配置与运行优化研究进展

基于可再生能源的分布式冷热电联供系统（RE-CCHP系统）,以可永续利用的可再生能源作为能量输入,能借助太阳能、风能等的时空互补特性实现冷热电综合供应,显著提升能源利用效率和系统可靠性,因而对可再生能源的大规模高效利用和节能减排具有非常重要的意义。梳理了近年来RE-CCHP系统的主要研究进展,总结了RE-CCHP系统集成配置、设计和运行优化等几个方面的研究成果,明确了目前冷热电联供系统的研究现状,指出了当前研究中亟待克服解决的问题,并对未来的发展方向做出了展望。     

太阳能辅助干操剂制冷

太阳能辅助干操剂制冷御风饭店是佛罗里达州耗能最多的商业部门，主要用于采暖、通风和空调。潮湿是能量利用效率低的主要原因。大多数空调系统的设计目的是控制温度（显制冷），它们的除湿（潜制冷）容量通常只有总容量的１５─３５％。这就是说，如果潜制冷负载超过总制...     

楼宇型天然气分布式能源系统的典型案例分析

  目的  以各类建筑全年典型日冷、热、电负荷需求作为计算基础,得出分布式能源系统优化配置和运行策略。  方法  能源站配置了内燃机、烟气-热水型溴化锂机组、离心式电制冷（热泵）机组、地源热泵、天然气热水锅炉及水蓄冷（热）罐等多种节能节资装置,实现了能源的梯级利用,更好地匹配用户端负荷需求。  结果  研究结果表明,在技术、经济上具有一定的可行性。  结论  能源站合理配置机组可节省投资,环保节能。利用峰谷电价差,降低运行费用,提高系统效益。     

住宅新型热水供应系统研究

介绍了太阳能热水供应系统和地源热泵热水供应系统这两种新型热水供应系统 ,从经济性、可靠性、方便程度、对环境的影响、能源的有效利用及适用范围几个角度对两种不同方式进行了阐述。指出两种方式在实际应用中存在的问题并提出了改进措施     

利用岩土储能冷热分区增强换热性能的研究

[目的]岩土储能(BTES:Borehole Thermal Energy Storage)指利用地下土壤、岩石和水的热容量进行储能的钻孔闭式循环系统,主要特点是采用冷热分区布置,以智能化控制手段结合国内地质进行创新型的开发利用.为了研究利用冷热分区提高地埋管换热效果的可行性,以多孔介质传热理论、能量守恒、有限长非移动...     

A run-around heat exchanger system to improve the energy efficiency of a home appliance using hot water

A significant portion of the energy consumed by many home appliances using hot water is used to heat cold supply water. Such home appliances generally are supplied water at a temperature lower than the ambient temperature, and the supply water is normally heated to its maximum operating temperature, often using natural gas or an electrical heater. In some cases, it is possible to pre-heat the supply water and save energy that would normally be consumed by the natural gas or electrical heater. In order to save the energy consumed by an appliance using water heater, a run-around heat exchanger system is used to transfer heat from the ambient to the water before an electrical heater is energized. A simple model to predict the performance of this system is developed and validated, and the model is used to explore design and operating issues relevant to the run-around heat exchanger system. Despite the additional power consumption by the fan and pump of the run-around heat exchanger system, the experimental data and analysis show that for some systems the overall energy efficiency of the appliance can be improved, saving about 6% of the energy used by the baseline machine.     

Heat planning for fossil-fuel-free district heating areas with extensive end-use heat savings: A case study of the Copenhagen district heating area in Denmark

The Danish government plans to make the Danish energy system to be completely free of fossil fuels by 2050 and that by 2035 the energy supply for buildings and electricity should be entirely based on renewable energy sources. To become independent from fossil fuels, it is necessary to reduce the energy consumption of the existing building stock, increase energy efficiency, and convert the present heat supply from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. District heating is a sustainable way of providing space heating and domestic hot water to buildings in densely populated areas. This paper is a theoretical investigation of the district heating system in the Copenhagen area, in which heat conservation is related to the heat supply in buildings from an economic perspective. Supplying the existing building stock from low-temperature energy resources, e.g. geothermal heat, might lead to oversized heating plants that are too expensive to build in comparison with the potential energy savings in buildings. Long-term strategies for the existing building stock must ensure that costs are minimized and that investments in energy savings and new heating capacity are optimized and carried out at the right time.     

A concept of combined cooling,heating and power system utilising solar power and based on reversible solid oxide fuel cell and metal hydrides

In energy systems, multi-generation including co-generation and tri-generation has gained tremendous interest in the recent years as an effective way of waste heat recovery. Solid oxide fuel cells are efficient power plants that not only generate electricity with high energy efficiency but also produce high quality waste heat that can be further used for hot and chilled water production. In this work, we present a concept of combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) energy system which uses solar power as a primary energy source and utilizes a reversible solid oxide fuel cell (R-SOFC) for producing hydrogen and generating electricity in the electrolyser (SOEC) and fuel cell (SOFC) modes, respectively. The system uses “high temperature” metal hydride (MH) for storage of both hydrogen and heat, as well as “low temperature” MH's for the additional heat management, including hot water supply, residential heating during winter time, or cooling/air conditioning during summer time.The work presents evaluation of energy balances of the system components, as well as heat-and-mass transfer modelling of MH beds in metal hydride hydrogen and heat storage system (MHHS; MgH₂), MH hydrogen compressor (MHHC; AB₅; A = La + Mm, BNi + Co + Al + Mn) and MH heat pump (MHHP; AB₂; A = Ti + Zr, BMn + Cr + Ni + Fe). A case study of a 3 kWe R-SOFC is analysed and discussed. The results showed that the energy efficiencies are 69.4 and 72.4% in electrolyser and fuel cell modes, respectively. The round-trip COP's of metal hydride heat management system (MHHC + MHHP) are close to 40% for both heating and cooling outputs. Moreover, the tri-generation leads to an improvement of 36% in round-trip energy efficiency as compared to that of a stand-alone R-SOFC.     

Feasibility study of a district energy system with seasonal water thermal storage

In this paper, performance of three types of district heating/cooling and hot water supply system with natural and unused energy utilization were examined by using system simulation. An area zoned for both commercial and residential buildings was chosen for this study. The first system is the conventional system in which an electric driven turbo chiller and a gas-fired boiler are installed as the heat source. This is considered as the reference system. Two alternative systems utilize waste heat from space cooling and heating. One is designed based on short-term heat recovery and the other employs the concept of an annual cycle energy system (i.e. seasonal heat recovery). All of the three systems use solar thermal energy for hot water supply to the residential zone. The index for evaluation is the coefficient of performance of the overall system, based on primary energy. As a result, it was found that the seasonal storage system could decrease the energy consumption by about 26% and the short-term heat recovery system could decrease it by about 16% compared with the reference system. In designing the heat recovery system, a balance of cooling/heating demand is an important factor. Therefore a sensitivity analysis of performance of the overall system and the seasonal thermal storage for several load patterns was performed. From these results, it was found that if the amount of heating/cooling demand were well balanced, an improvement of energy performance could be achieved and the utilization factor of the seasonal tank would become higher. Furthermore, the volume of the seasonal storage tank could be reduced.     

以太阳能/空气为热源的直膨式热泵热水系统

介绍了一种直膨式太阳能热泵空调及热水系统。针对春季供热水工况，分别对以太阳能及空气为热源生产生活热水进行了比较，发现以太阳能为热源具有更高的COP值，节能效果更为显著；根据试验数据分析了压缩机工作频率、太阳辐射强度、环境温度等因素对热泵系统性能系数的影响。     

太阳能与地源热泵供应生活热水方案比较

对太阳能热水系统和地源热泵热回收热水系统进行分析,并通过某一实际工程对两系统能耗进行了对比,最后得到对于南京地区地源热泵热回收制热水系统更节能。为合理选择热水供应系统提供一定的依据。