Simultaneous ultrawide and narrowband detection of PD pulses indielectric liquids

Simultaneous narrow band (300 kHz) and wide band (500 MHz) measurements were carried out to obtain estimates of the apparent charge transfer associated with discrete isolated discharge pulses and discharge pulse bursts, which are observed to occur in dielectric liquids when wide band detection systems are utilized. The integrated apparent charge transfers determined with the narrow band system ranged from 12 to 95 pC, which represents typically the lower range of values normally encountered with PD activity in dielectric liquid-filled or impregnated equipment. While the discharge phenomena in perfluoro polyether liquids was found to be typified by sporadic appearances of single isolated pulses involving charge transfers between 33 and 38 pC, the discharge events in mineral oils assumed most frequently the form of pulse bursts, displaying the usual pulse sequences of quasi-ascending amplitudes; the overall integrated apparent charge transfer of the observed pulse bursts extended commonly from 12 to 16 pC. The charge release, occurring with the first (initiating) smallest discharge pulse within the pulse bursts, was estimated to be of the order of ~1 pC     

Partial discharge pulse sequence patterns and cavity development times in transformer oils under AC conditions

Discrete partial discharge (PD) pulse occurrence times within the PD pulse bursts in transformer oils were found to extend from approximately 0.42 to 2.9 /spl mu/s, with the discrete pulse separation times evincing a weak dependence on the inverse of the oil viscosity. Many PD pulse burst patterns exhibited substantial deviation from the classical behavior, which is normally characterized by successive discrete pulses of ascending amplitude with well defined increases in the pulse separation times. The average elapsed time from the incipient formation for the cavity to the onset of the first partial discharge event extended downwards from 0.62 to 0.42 /spl mu/s with increasing oil viscosity.     

PD pulse burst behavior of a transformer type synthetic organic ester fluid

The partial discharge (PD) pulse burst characteristics of a transformer type synthetic organic ester fluid were compared with those of an equivalent transformer type mineral oil. Wide and narrow bandwidth measurements were carried out to determine simultaneously the apparent charge transfers associated with the overall PD pulse burst as well as that of the individual discrete pulses within the PD pulse burst. The PD pulse burst behavior was found to be similar in both insulating liquids. The discharge cavity formation times ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 μs, while the charge transfers associated with the PD pulse bursts in the liquids were found to extend from approximately 5 to 30 pC.     

Early stages of negative PD development in dielectric liquids

The pulse shapes in the early stages of partial discharge (PD) development, well before liquid streamer onset, and obtained with a 500 MHz wide band detection system using needle-to-metallic plane electrodes submerged in a mineral oil, were compared to those measured with needle to mineral oil plane electrodes in air under negative dc potential. All measurements were carried out ≈50% below the breakdown field value, using gap separations between 3 and 25 mm. Whereas the needle to plane discharge behavior in the mineral oil was characterised by discrete sporadic pulses or burst of several pulses of increasing negative amplitude and oscillatory form, the needle to mineral oil plane gap in air gave rise to primarily dense bursts of unidirectional negative pulses with sequentially decreasing amplitude. The pulses had rise times typically of the order of 1 to 2 ns, indicating the involvement of rapid PD mechanisms     

Space charge behavior in SF6 gas and sequentialgeneration of PD pulses

We observed time-resolved partial discharge (PD) characteristics under ac and dc conditions in order to demonstrate the effects of space charge behavior and the corona stabilization effect in SF₆ gas. From the experimental results, we found that the charge magnitude of the first PD in the positive half cycle of applied ac voltage depended only on the instantaneous voltage. Under dc conditions we found that the magnitude of the PD charge related closely to the time interval between PD pulses. Space charge behavior and the PD generation mechanism are interpreted diagrammatically, and we describe how positive ions reduce the magnitude of PD charge and activate the corona stabilization effect and that the negative ions shorten the time interval between PD pulses     

A past hybrid system for PD measurement

A fast partial discharge (PD) measurement system is described, which employs analog as well as digital signal processing to achieve high sensitivity and discharge pulse resolution with low spectral distortion. Data on apparent charge, time of pulse occurrence and instantaneous applied voltage are stored in memory for subsequent information retrieval and treatment. The PD measurement system is designed to provide an integrated response to rapid rise time pulses of 1 to 2 ns, with suitable filtering added to reject extraneous noise     

连续高压脉冲方波下局部放电测试系统设计

为解决具有陡上升沿的连续方波脉冲下局部放电(PD)测试系统设计中强电源干扰及宽频带、高速采集的问题,设计了宽带、高频局部放电数据采集、数据传输和脉冲提取系统,可用于上升沿为100ns的连续高压脉冲方波下的局部放电测试。采用不同通带的12阶Butterworth滤波器,对比分析了抑制电源干扰的效果,提出了满足测试信噪比(SNR)要求的配置。基于虚拟仪器技术,实现了高速数字示波器的局部放电数据传输,并结合时域阀值、相位窗脉冲提取及极性辨别算法,实现了干扰抑制和峰值提取。系统可实现连续高压脉冲方波下局部放电长时间连续记录,得到脉冲方波下多周期局部放电脉冲峰值数据库,并计算其统计特性,从而为研究各种材料在脉冲方波下的局部放电特性和绝缘破坏机理奠定基础。     

连续方波脉冲电压下温度对聚酰亚胺薄膜局部放电特性的影响

为了评估温度对局部放电(partial discharge,PD)特性的影响,对连续方波脉冲电压条件下的局部放电测试系统进行了改进,并采用该系统测试变频电机用聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜在不同温度条件下的局部放电特性,分析了不同温度下的局部放电散点图、放电次数及绝缘寿命。试验结果表明:局部放电多集中在方波脉冲的上升沿及下降沿附近,且在电压负半周期平顶区内,出现了大量放电;同时,随着实验温度的增加,局部放电次数及放电幅值虽然降低,但聚酰亚胺的绝缘寿命也逐渐降低,这说明局部放电只是引起聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜绝缘失效的原因之一,高温条件下活性电子的入陷、脱陷过程及空间电荷造成的电场畸变可能是诱导绝缘失效的另一个因素。     

基于介质损耗分析研究变频电机绝缘老化特性

变频牵引调速电机匝间绝缘承受来自逆变器的连续高压脉冲方波的作用,其老化机理与工频正弦电压作用下具有很大差异。笔者通过采用两种电压源对模拟变频电机匝间绝缘和对地绝缘的绞线对试样进行老化试验,测量了tanδ随老化时间的变化趋势,分析了电压形式对匝间绝缘和对地绝缘介质损耗产生和发展的作用机理。试验结果表明:脉冲电压下,匝间绝缘内部有放电发生时,放电与空间电荷协同作用使绝缘缺陷迅速增多;无放电时空间电荷反复注入和抽出造成绝缘损伤。交流电压下绝缘介质发热主要由局部放电造成,而脉冲电压下主要是由空间电荷所导致。对地绝缘由于其绝缘结构,呈现槽放电现象,空间电荷的引入大大加速了绝缘的老化。     

Power frequency dependence of space charge behavior and partial discharge characteristics in SF/sub 6/ gas

The partial discharge (PD) and breakdown (BD) characteristics in SF/sub 6/ gas under commercial and higher frequency (/spl sim/600 Hz) ac voltage applications were investigated using high-speed electrical and optical measuring techniques with phase gate control method. Experimental results revealed that 400 Hz BD voltage at a certain gas pressure range was higher than that for 60 Hz and PD characteristics especially at the positive PD inception phase were much influenced by the applied power frequency. From these results, we clarified the dependence of space charge behavior on the applied power frequency and discussed the physical mechanism of PD and BD in SF/sub 6/ gas with consideration of the space charge behavior generated by PD in the previous half cycle of ac voltage.     

空间电荷对脉冲电压下局部放电影响

研究了空间电荷对双极性脉冲电压下局部放电行为的影响。通过等温松弛法测量了纳米和非纳米聚酰亚胺膜的陷阱能级和密度,表明纳米材料中大量界面区的存在导致其陷阱密度和电导率比非纳米材料大;此外,通过测量不同频率和上升时间下的局部放电参量(平均放电量和放电次数等)表明,频率的增加和上升时间的缩短导致PD放电活动增强,纳米材料的放电活动低于非纳米材料。通过不同材料的陷阱参数测量结果,分析了纳米和非纳米材料在脉冲电压下PD特征的不同,其PD特征受到材料陷阱参数的影响。     

Partial discharge and dissipation factor behavior of model insulating systems for high voltage rotating machines under different stresses

This article describes the change in partial discharge (PD) pattern of high voltage rotating machines and the change in the tan /spl delta/ as a function of the applied test voltage during the aging processes as caused by the application of different stresses on stator bars. It also compares the PD patterns associated with internal, slot, and end-winding discharges, which were produced in well-controlled laboratory conditions. In addition, the influence of different temperature conditions on the partial discharge activities are shown. The investigations in this work were performed on model stator bars under laboratory conditions, and the results might be different from those obtained for complete machines, as rotating machines are complex PD test objects, and for example, the detected PD signals in a complete machine significantly depend on the transmission path from the PD source to the measurement device.     

Write/erase cycling endurance of memory cells with SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ tunnel dielectric

The write/erase cycling endurance of low voltage floating-gate memory cells programmed and erased by tunneling through a SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ dual layer tunnel dielectric stack is investigated. The use of fixed single pulse program and erase conditions leads to fast shifting (after /spl sim/1000 cycles) of the threshold voltage window, so that only a limited number of write/erase cycles can be achieved. Increasing the write and erase duration quickly leads to an excessive erase time so that a different erase method has to be used. Improvement of the erase behavior and cycling endurance has been obtained by a combination of two methods. Inclusion of soft write pulses between the erase pulses reduces the amount of charge trapped in the tunnel dielectric and therefore limits the increase in erase time. Also, the erase voltage can progressively be raised in order to further limit the erase time, leading to an endurance of 10 000 cycles on the considered cells. When combining the SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ stack with channel hot electron injection so that tunneling is only required in one direction, 100 000 write/erase cycles are demonstrated with minimal change of the memory window.     

Positive Corona Pulse Characteristics from Two Interacting Needles in Air

A set of oscillograms has been obtained to investigate the development of pulse mode in the positive discharge from a single and twin interacting thin needles. The transition from burst pulses to continuous glow in laboratory air is discussed. When the needles are brought close together, the onset voltage increases with a subsequent decrease of the corona current for the same applied voltage. Not only the onset voltage but also the offset voltage (i.e., voltage at which the burst pulses disappear) increases as the needle-to-needle spacing decreases. The pulse repetition rate increases with the applied voltage reaching maximum and then showed a decrease with further increase of voltage. When the needles are brought very close to each other, the rate of increase of pulse repetition rate with voltage increases by about 15 percent more than the corresponding rate for single needle. Not only the rate of increase of pulse repetition rate but also the repetition rate itself reaches almost double the value for a single needle. The randomness of the pulse repetition rate was found maximum at voltages close to the onset value and decreases with increase of the voltage. On the contrary, the pulses had almost the same amplitude at voltages very close to the onset value.     

Phase relationship of PD pulses in dielectric liquids under acconditions

Partial discharge pulse phase analysis carried out on a mineral oil and a perfluoropolyether with point-to-plane electrodes provided further and additional evidence that discharge epochs tend to be concentrated in the vicinity of the alternating voltage peaks at discharge inception in lieu of the voltage zeros characteristic of normal cavities occluded in solid and liquid-impregnated solid insulating systems. Relatively large positive polarity discharge pulses, having an associated charge transfer of ⩾15 pC with a recurrence rate of at least one per every ten consecutive cycles, appear initially on the positive half-cycle; with further increases in applied voltage both their number and magnitude continue to exceed those of negative polarity over the negative half-cycle. This behavior is to be distinguished from that commonly observed with high sensitivity measurements, which clearly indicate that early discharge onset in liquids is characterized by the occurrence of minute highly intermittent negative polarity pulses. The increase in charge transfer of the discharge pulses with applied voltage is suggestive of the development of longer more intense streamers in the dielectric liquids at the more elevated electrical fields. Also the results infer that discharges or streamers form and propagate more readily in the mineral oil than in the electronegative perfluoropolyether     

Electroluminescence excitation mechanisms in an epoxy resin underdivergent and uniform field

Electroluminescence (EL) excitation mechanisms have been investigated in epoxy resin under divergent and uniform field situations. Metallic wires embedded in the resin were used to produce field divergence whereas film samples were metallised to obtain a uniform field. EL under divergent field was stimulated by a pulse voltage. Light was emitted on the positive and negative fronts of the pulses when the field exceeded 20 kV/mm at the wire surface, with equal intensity and without polarity dependence. There was evidence of space charge accumulation around the wires in multiple-pulse experiments. Charge injection and extraction occurring at both fronts of the pulse provide the condition for EL excitation. Further excitation of the EL during the plateau of the voltage pulse is prevented by the opposite field of the trapped charge. Field computation with and without space charge supports the proposed interpretation. A dc voltage was used for the uniform field experiments. A continuous level of EL is found at 175 kV/mm. Charging/discharging current measurements and space charge profile analyses using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique were performed at different fields up to the EL level. Dipolar orientation generates a long lasting transient current that prevents the conduction level being reached within the experimental protocol (one hour poling time). The continuous EL emission is nevertheless associated with a regime where the conduction becomes dominant over the orientational polarization. Polarization and space charge contribute to the PEA charge profiles. Homocharge injection at anode and cathode is seen at 20 kV/mm and a penetration of positive space charge in the bulk is detected above 100 kV/mm, suggesting an excitation of the continuous EL by bipolar charge recombination     

Initiation and formation of partial discharges in mineral-basedinsulating oil

This paper reports the results of fundamental investigations concerning the behavior of partial discharges (PD) in mineral-based oil with the aim of characterizing the physical mechanisms that lead to the initiation and formation of PD pulses. First the influence of the parameters temperature, moisture, pressure and oil condition on the PD inception voltage, the apparent charge and the number of PD pulses are introduced. Furthermore some results achieved by investigating the shape of PD pulses and the behavior of visible PD channels using the Schlieren technique are explained. The paper ends with a discussion of the obtained results     

Temporal development of partial discharge and its application tobreakdown prediction in SF6 gas

The authors measured the temporal change of partial discharge (PD) characteristics leading to breakdown in SF₆ gas for AC voltage application. At the final stage close to the breakdown, positive PD pulses with relatively high magnitude began to take place in the phase region near the applied voltage peak. This event was interpreted in terms of the change of PD type in SF₆ gas from streamer to leader. Optical observation also revealed that PD type transition occurred. With the results considered, the mechanisms of PD were discussed. Moreover, they discussed the possibility of breakdown prediction in GIS. An attempt was made to find a breakdown prediction parameter which characterized the change of PD type: the ratio R_L of maximum charge to the average charge of PD pulses appearing in the phase region near the peak in positive half cycle. It was found that R_L allowed to predict the time to breakdown successfully within the error of 4~20%     

常压下重频纳秒脉冲气体放电试验研究

气体介质在重频(PRF)纳秒脉冲作用下的绝缘特性是高重频脉冲功率技术研发的基础。采用SPG200重频纳秒脉冲电源，通过测量常压空气介质间隙(5、10、15、20mm)，在不同重复频率(1、10、100、500、1000Hz)、不同电压幅值(60、80、100kV)作用下的击穿电压、电流、击穿延时及耐受时间，研究了空气的绝缘特性。结果显示重频脉冲常压下空气的击穿场强比单次脉冲时低得多；随击穿场强的增大，击穿时延、重频耐受时间均有减小的趋势，高PRF时减小趋缓。低PRF下的放电发展过程与单次时的放电发展过程差别不大，而与高PRF下的不同。最后对纳秒脉冲下击穿时延及放电机理等进行了一些讨论。     

Characteristics of PD pulses in electrical trees and interfaces inextruded cables

The characteristics of partial discharge (PD) occurring within electrical trees in extruded cable insulation, and also at model interfaces between a cable and its accessories, have been investigated. A wideband PD detection system was used that enabled the true shape of the PD pulses to be measured. The rise- and fall-times, pulse width, amplitude and frequency of the pulses were recorded as electrical trees grew through the insulation, and also as the tracking progressed along a model cable/accessory interface. The PD pulse characteristics in electrical trees varied with time of voltage application and also with the electrical stress in the insulation. Differences in the PD characteristics of electrical trees in the bulk of a polymer and at interfaces between polymers were observed