共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Hongmei Du Yeyu Li Feifei Ding Jinsheng Zhao Xianxi Zhang Yunwu Li Ruijuan Zhao Mengting Cao Tiantian Yu Xuejuan Xu 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(32):15348-15357
A facile method of directly growing NiCo2O4 hybrid hierarchical nanostructures on nickel foam is developed by a hydrothermal and post heat-treatment method without using any surfactant, stabilizer or organic binder. Due to the rich porous nanostructures, relative large specific surface area (177.71 m2 g?1) of the NiCo2O4 hybrid structure and efficient electrical contact with the conductive nickel substrate, the NiCo2O4NF hybrid electrode shows significantly enhanced specific capacitance (3105.1 F g?1 at 1 A g?1), outstanding rate properties (1621.3 F g?1 at 20 A g?1 and 1191.5 F g?1 at 50 A g?1) and high energy density (95.26 Wh kg?1). This facile and effective design method opens up new possibilities for producing binder-free electrodes in high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors and miniaturized devices. 相似文献
2.
Abdolhamid Namdarian Amin Goljanian Tabrizi Andino Maseleno Abdolkhaled Mohammadi Seyyed Ebrahim Moosavifard 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(37):17780-17787
In the last decade, supercapacitors possessing high power density and cyclic stability have attracted great interests in various applications. Graphene-based composite electrodes are known as a promising candidate for supercapacitors due to synergistic effects. For the first time, in this work, we develop a simple one-step hydrothermal synthesis of graphene wrapped Ni3S2 nanocubes (rGO-Ni3S2) composite for high-performance and low-cost supercapacitor electrodes. The rGO-Ni3S2 electrode exhibits an ultrahigh specific capacity of 616 C g?1 at the current density of 1 A g?1 with excellent cycling durability of 92.7% after 5000 cycles, which is much better when compared with the counterpart without graphene (pure Ni3S2). We attribute the remarkable performance of the rGO-Ni3S2 electrode to the synergistic effects of the graphene as the conductive support and Ni3S2 cubics as the pseudocapacitive material. This work constitutes a step forward towards the development of low-cost and high-performance supercapacitors for the next generation of portable electronics. 相似文献
3.
Puttimate Thongtan Palmarin Dansirima Sophida Thiangviriya Natthaporn Thaweelap Apirak Suthummapiwat Praphatsorn Plerdsranoy Rapee Utke 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(27):12260-12270
By doping with 5 wt % TiF4 and activated carbon (AC), onset and main dehydrogenation temperatures of MgH2 significantly reduce (ΔT = 138 and 109 °C, respectively) with hydrogen capacity of 4.4 wt % H2. Up-scaling to storage tank begins with packing volume and sample weight of 28.8 mL and ~14.5 g, respectively, and continues to 92.6 mL and ~60.5–67 g, respectively. Detailed hydrogen sorption mechanisms and kinetics of the tank tightly packed with four beds of MgH2TiF4-AC (~60.5 g) are investigated. De/rehydrogenation mechanisms are detected by three temperature sensors located at different positions along the tank radius, while hydrogen permeability is benefited by stainless steel mesh sheets and tube inserted in the hydride beds. Fast desorption kinetics of MgH2TiF4-AC tank at ~275–283 °C, approaching to onset dehydrogenation temperature of the powder sample (272 °C) suggests comparable performances of laboratory and tank scales. Hydrogen desorption (T = 300 °C and P(H2) = 1 bar) and absorption (T = 250 °C and P(H2) = 10–15 bar) of MgH2TiF4-AC tank provide gravimetric and volumetric capacities during the 1st-2nd cycles of 4.46 wt % H2 and 28 gH2/L, respectively, while those during the 3rd-15th cycles are up to 3.62 wt % H2 and 23 gH2/L, respectively. Due to homogeneous heat transfer along the tank radius, de/rehydrogenation kinetics superior at the tank center and degrading forward the tank wall can be due to poor hydrogen permeability. Particle sintering and/or agglomeration upon cycling yield deficient hydrogen content reproduced. 相似文献
4.
Ao Wang Xin Wang Peng Qiu Jiajun Yang Xiaofeng Yang Shiyang Hua Bo Chi Jian Pu Jian Li 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(27):12368-12376
PdO/ZrO2 co-infiltrated (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3-δ-(Y2O3)0.08(ZrO2)0.92 (LSM-YSZ) composite cathode (PdO/ZrO2+LSM-YSZ), which adsorbs more oxygen than equal amount of PdO/ZrO2 and LSM-YSZ, is developed and used in Ni-YSZ anode-supported cells with YSZ electrolyte. The cells are investigated firstly at temperatures between 650 and 750 °C with H2 as the fuel and air as the oxidant and then polarized at 750 °C under 400 mA cm?2 for up to 235 h. The initial peak power density of the cell is in the range of 438–1207 mW cm?2 at temperatures from 650 to 750 °C, corresponding to polarization resistance from 1.04 to 0.35 Ω cm2. This result demonstrates a significant performance improvement over the cells with other kinds of LSM based cathode. The cell voltage at 750 °C under 400 mA cm?2 decreases from initial 0.951 to 0.89 V after 170 h of current polarization and remains essentially stable to the end of current polarization. It is identified that the self-limited growth of PdO particles is responsible for the cell voltage decrease by reducing the length of triple phase boundary affecting the high frequency steps involved in oxygen reduction reaction in the cathode. 相似文献
5.
Rui-Qi Yao Li-Ping Han Xing-You Lang Tuo Cheng Zi Wen Gang Liu Qing Jiang 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(43):19947-19954
Nanocatalysts that boost the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction with a long-term durability are crucial for widespread use of low-temperature fuel cells. Here we report a nanoporous intermetallic compound typically composed of platinum–cobalt–aluminum intermetallic core with in-situ grown atomic-layer-thick Pt skin as a novel oxygen-reduction-reaction nanocatalyst with remarkably enhanced performance. Both Pt and Co atoms thermodynamically prefer to locate nearby Al element within face-centered cubic Pt3Al matrix via the formation of strong PtAl and CoAl bonds, which not only enable synergistic ligand and compressive strain effects to moderately weaken the oxygen adsorption energy of Pt skin, but alleviate the evolution of surface Pt atoms to protect against the further dissolution of less-noble Co and Al. As a result, the nanoporous platinum–cobalt–aluminum nanocatalyst exhibits specific activity of 3.40 mA cm?2Pt and mass activity of 2.2 A mg?1Pt for the oxygen reduction reaction at 0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (~13- and ~20-fold enhancement relative to commercially available platinum nanoparticles supported carbon) with an exceptional durability, showing genuine potential as cathode catalyst in next-generation electrochemical energy conversion devices. 相似文献
6.
J.A. Prithi N. Rajalakshmi G. Ranga Rao 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(9):4716-4725
Nitrogen doped mesoporous carbons are employed as supports for efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Heteroatom doped carbons favour the adsorption and reduction of molecular oxygen on Pt sites. In the present work, nitrogen doped mesoporous carbons (NMCs) with variable nitrogen content were synthesized via colloidal silica assisted sol-gel process with Ludox-AS40 (40 wt% SiO2) as hard template using melamine and phenol as nitrogen and carbon precursors, respectively. The NMC were used as supports to prepare Pt/NMC electrocatalysts. The physicochemical properties of these materials were studied by SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, TGA, Raman, XPS and FTIR. The surface areas of 11 wt% (NMC-1) and 6 wt% (NMC-2) nitrogen doped mesoporous carbons are 609 m2 g?1 and 736 m2 g?1, respectively. The estimated electrochemical surface areas for Pt/NMC-1 and Pt/NMC-2 are 73 m2 g?1 and 59 m2 g?1, respectively. It is found that Pt/NMC-1 has higher ORR activity with higher limiting current and 44 mV positive onset potential shift compared to Pt/NMC-2. Further, the fuel cell assembled with Pt/NMC-1 as cathode catalyst delivered 1.8 times higher power density than Pt/NMC-2. It is proposed that higher nitrogen content and large pyridinic nitrogen sites present in NMC-1 support are responsible for higher ORR activity of Pt/NMC-1 and high power density of the fuel cell using Pt/NMC-1 cathode electrocatalyst. The carbon support material with high pyridinic content promotes the Pt dispersion with particle size less than 2 nm. 相似文献
7.
In this work, we reported an asymmetric supercapacitor in which active carbon (AC) was used as a positive electrode and carbon-coated LiTi2(PO4)3 as a negative electrode in 1 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. The LiTi2(PO4)3/AC hybrid supercapacitor showed a sloping voltage profile from 0.3 to 1.5 V, at an average voltage near 0.9 V, and delivered a capacity of 30 mAh g−1 and an energy density of 27 Wh kg−1 based on the total weight of the active electrode materials. It exhibited a desirable profile and maintained over 85% of its initial energy density after 1000 cycles. The hybrid supercapacitor also exhibited an excellent rate capability, even at a power density of 1000 W kg−1, it had a specific energy 15 Wh kg−1 compared with 24 Wh kg−1 at the power density about 200 W kg−1. 相似文献
8.
Yi-Xin Liu Sea-Fue Wang Yung-Fu Hsu Piotr Jasinski 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(11):5703-5713
In this study, micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (T-SOFCs) with extruded La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ (LSGM) electrolyte as the mechanical support and LaCo0.4Ni0.6O3-δ (LCNO) or LaCo0.4Ni0.4Cu0.2O3-δ (LCNCO) as cathodes were prepared and characterized. Partial substitution of Cu for the Ni-ion positions in the LCNO lattices was found to significantly enhance the densification and accelerate the grain growth. The porosity-corrected electrical conductivity was significantly increased from 1275 S/cm for LCNO ceramic to 1537 S/cm for LCNCO ceramic, because the acceptor doping was compensated by the formation of hole carriers that produced additional polarons and significantly augmented the electrical conductivity. SOFCs with three configurations were built in this study, including Cell A that had a lanthanum-doped ceria (LDC) buffer layer inserted between the LSGM electrolyte and the LCNCO cathode, Cell B that used an LCNO-LSGM composite cathode, and Cell C that featured an LCNCO-LSGM composite cathode. Among the three cells, Cell C with 263 μm of LSGM electrolyte possessed the lowest Ohmic resistance of 0.89 Ω cm2, a polarization resistance of 0.69 Ω cm2, and the highest maximum power density of 178 mW cm?2 at 750 °C. 相似文献
9.
G.D. Bhowmick Md.T. Noori Indrasis Das B. Neethu M.M. Ghangrekar A. Mitra 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(15):7501-7510
Bismuth impregnation on pure TiO2 (BiTiO2) was carried out and tested in microbial fuel cell (MFC) as photocathode catalyst. UV–Visible spectral observation confirmed higher catalytic activity of BiTiO2 under visible light irradiation with reduced band gap of 2.80 eV as compared to pure TiO2 (3.26 eV). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also showed two times higher exchange current density with lower charge transfer resistance for BiTiO2 (1.90 Ω) than pure TiO2 (3.95 Ω), thus confirming it as superior oxygen reduction reaction catalyst. MFC operated with BiTiO2 could generate a maximum power density of 224 mW m?2, which was higher than MFC with Pt as cathode catalyst (194 mW m?2) and much higher than MFCs with TiO2 catalyzed cathode (68 mW m?2) and without any cathode catalyst (60 mW m?2). The results thus promote Bi doped TiO2 as a superior low-cost alternative to the costly Pt catalyst to take this MFC technology forward for field application. 相似文献
10.
Indrasis Das Md. T. Noori Gourav Dhar Bhowmick M.M. Ghangrekar 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(41):19196-19205
A low-cost electrochemically active oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst is obligatory for making microbial fuel cells (MFCs) sustainable and economically viable. In this endeavour, a highly active surface modified ferrite, with Co and Zn bimetal in the ratio of 1:1 (w/w), Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 was synthesised using simple sol-gel auto combustion method. Physical characterisation methods revealed a successful synthesis of nano-scaled Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4. For determination of ORR kinetics of cathode, using Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 catalyst, electrochemical studies viz. cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were conducted, which demonstrated excellent reduction current response with less charge transfer resistance. These electrochemical properties were observed to be comparable with the results obtained for cathode using 10% Pt/C as a catalyst on the cathode. The MFC using Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 catalysed cathode could produce a maximum power density of 21.3 ± 0.5 W/m3 (176.9 ± 4.2 mW/m2) with a coulombic efficiency of 43.3%, which was found to be substantially higher than MFC using no catalyst on the cathode 1.8 ± 0.2 W/m3 (15.2 ± 1.3 mW/m2). Also, the specific power recovery per unit cost for MFC with Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 catalysed cathode was found to be 4 times higher as compared to Pt/C based MFC. This exceptionally low-cost cathode catalyst has enough merit to replace costly cathode catalyst, like platinum, for scaling up of the MFCs. 相似文献
11.
Wenli Zhang Haibo Lin Haishen Kong Haiyan Lu Zhe Yang Tingting Liu 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
A PbO2/AC asymmetric electrochemical capacitor (AEC) with energy density as high as 49.4 Wh kg−1, power density of 433.2 W kg−1 and specific capacitance of 135.2 F g−1 was fabricated with PbO2 electrodeposited on three-dimensional porous titanium (3D-Ti/PbO2) and activated carbon. The high electrochemical active surface of 3D-Ti/PbO2 resulted in high specific capacity making it suitable for use as positive electrode in PbO2/AC AEC. The fabricated AEC demonstrated good power performance with an energy density conservation of 30 Wh kg−1 at power density of 2078 W kg−1. The fabricated AEC also showed excellent cycling stability with capacitance retention of 99.2% after 1000 cycles. 相似文献
12.
Liang Tan Si-Jie Li Xiao-Tong Wu Nan Li Zhao-Qing Liu 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(22):10311-10321
High-performance, low-cost, and robust oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts have played a very crucial role in the development of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Herein, A novel in-situ Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) modified nitrogen-doped graphene with three-dimensional porous structure (3D GN-Co3O4) has been successfully synthesized and employed as an efficient ORR catalyst in MFCs. Benefiting from 3D porous architecture feature, highly intrinsic conductivity and synergistic effect between nitrogen-doped graphene and Co3O4 NPs, the 3D GN-Co3O4 as a cathode catalyst in alkaline condition realizes significantly enhanced electrochemical performance and outstanding cycling stability. Furthermore, the self-assembly of MFCs based on the 3D GN-Co3O4 cathode offers a high power density of 578 ± 10 mW m?2, which is even comparable to the commercial Pt/C. 相似文献
13.
B.R. Tiwari Md. T. Noori M.M. Ghangrekar 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2017,42(36):23085-23094
Performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with carbon supported nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc)MnOx composite (MFC-1) and nickel phthalocyanine (MFC-2) incorporated cathode was compared with a control MFC with non-catalysed carbon felt as cathode (MFC-3) and MFC-4 having Pt on cathode (as benchmark reference control). MFC-1 exhibited power density of 8.02 Wm?3, which was four folds higher than control MFC-3 (2.08 Wm?3) and 1.14 times higher than MFC-2 (6.97 Wm?3). Coulombic efficiency of 30.3% obtained in MFC-1 was almost double of that obtained for control MFC-3 and it was 5.4% lesser as compared to MFC-4 (35.7%). Linear sweep voltammetry study of cathodes revealed that NiPc-MnOx could enhance the electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in comparison to control cathode. However, the power recovery from MFC-1 was noted little lower than what obtained from MFC-4 (10.58 Wm?3), however the cost normalized power was two times higher than Pt catalyst on cathode. Thus, NiPc-MnOx based catalyst developed in this study has potential to enhance ORR in cathodes of MFCs in order to harvest more power. 相似文献
14.
Xiaoyang Xu Ting Wei Xiangjing Zhang Xuteng Xing Linan Liang Haofei Wang Ying Zhao 《国际能源研究杂志》2020,44(3):2196-2207
The CoMoO4 microspheres constructed from ultrathin nanosheets were synthesized by means of a simple chemical precipitation using urotropin (C6H12N4) as a soft template, which were used as the electrode materials for supercapacitors. It was found that the CoMoO4 sample with 3 mmol of added urotropin (vs 1 mmol CoCl2) exhibits the uppermost specific capacity value of 89 mAh/g at a current density of 0.25 A/g due to its unique mesoporous structure and large specific surface area. In addition, a hybrid supercapacitor was established by the CoMoO4 microspheres (positive electrode) and activated carbon (AC, negative electrode). The obtained CoMoO4//AC hybrid supercapacitor possesses a specific energy value of 34 Wh/kg at 375 W/kg. Most importantly, this device owns excellent cycle stability with no capacity decay observed after 10 000 cycles. These good electrochemical properties of CoMoO4 microspheres are promising in the practical use fields. 相似文献
15.
Pragati A. Shinde Vaibhav C. Lokhande Amar M. Patil Taeksoo Ji Chandrakant D. Lokhande 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(5):2869-2880
In present study, new strategy is employed to build composite nanostructure and asymmetric configuration to enhance the capacitive performance of supercapacitor device. The WO3-MnO2 composite with mesoporous structure is prepared by single-step hydrothermal method and used to gain superior electrochemical performance in asymmetric configuration. A binder-free and additive-less WO3-MnO2 composite electrode exhibits high specific capacitance of 609 F g?1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s?1. The flexible asymmetric supercapacitor device with WO3-MnO2 as a positive electrode and WO3 as a negative electrode demonstrates stable operating potential window of 1.4 V with specific capacitance of 103 F g?1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s?1 and energy density of 24.13 Wh kg?1 at power density of 915 W kg?1. Furthermore, WO3-MnO2//WO3 device exhibits good cycle life with capacity retention of 95% after 2500 cycles and excellent mechanical flexibility. These results reveal the potential of WO3-MnO2 composite electrode for fabrication of high-performance supercapacitors. 相似文献
16.
Jiaohui Xu Bo Jin Huan Li Qing Jiang 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2017,42(32):20749-20758
Recently, lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have received extensive attention due to its high energy density of 2600 Wh kg?1. At the same time, sulfur is earth-abundant, economical and non-poisonous. Nevertheless, the poor electrochemical performance restricts its commercial application, including the inferior cycling stability caused by the significant dissolution of lithium polysulfides and the low specific capacity because of the poor electrical conductivity of sulfur. In this work, we adopt a simple and amicable process to prepare sulfur/alumina/polypyrrole (S/Al2O3/PPy) ternary hybrid material to overcome these defects. In this strategy, each composition of the ternary hybrid material plays an essential role in cathode: alumina and PPy can provide strong adsorption for the dissolved intermediate polysulfides. Meanwhile, PPy also works as a conductive and flexible additive to expedite electron transport, and is coated on the surface of the as-prepared SAl2O3 composite by in situ chemical polymerization. The sulfur is encapsulated uniformly and perfectively by the two components, which is confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscope. The ternary hybrid material manifests good electrochemical performance as expected, and displays high initial discharge capacity of 1088 mA h g?1 and a discharge capacity of 730 mA h g?1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g?1. Besides, S/Al2O3/PPy also shows good rate capability. The synergy between alumina and PPy is the decisive factor, which gives rise to good electrochemical performance of cathode for high-performance LSBs. 相似文献
17.
Sindhuja Manoharan Surjit Sahoo Parthiban Pazhamalai Sang Jae Kim 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(3):1667-1674
In this study, we demonstrated the usefulness of proton conducting electrolytes (such as ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)) for electrochemical energy storage devices using activated carbon (AC) as the electrode material. The cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed the presence of rectangular shaped cyclic voltammograms indicating the presence of electrical double layer capacitance in AC electrode using NH4SCN and NH4NO3 electrolytes. The mechanism of charge-storage in AC electrode using the proton conducting electrolytes has been studied in detail using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (Nyquist and Bode plots). The galvanostatic charge-discharge analysis revealed that a maximum specific capacitance of AC electrode using NH4SCN and NH4NO3 electrolytes was found to be 136.75 mF cm?2 and 113.38 mF cm?2 at a current density of 0.5 mA cm?2. This study would open a new avenue for the use of ammonium based proton conducting electrolytes for supercapacitor applications. 相似文献
18.
Tahir Abdul Hussain Ratlamwala Ibrahim Dincer 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(9):4167-4176
The present paper concerns electrochemical, energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analyses of a hybrid photocatalytic-based hydrogen production reactor which is capable of replacing the electrolysis sub-system of the CuCl thermochemical cycle. Several operating parameters, such as current density, reactor temperature, ambient temperature and electrode distance, are varied to study their effects on the hydrogen production rate, the cost of hydrogen production and energy and exergy efficiencies. The present results show that the voltage drops across the anolyte solution (sol 1), catholyte solution (sol 2), an anode, cathode, and cation exchange membrane vary from 0.005 to 0.016 V, 0.004–0.013 V, 1.67–2.168 V, 0.18–0.22 V and 0.06–0.19 V, respectively with an increase in current density from 0.5 to 1.5 A/cm2. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the hybrid photocatalytic hydrogen production reactor decrease from 5.74 to 4.54% and 5.11 to 4.04%, respectively with an increase in current density. 相似文献
19.
Yan Wu Bao Dong Jing Zhang Huaibing Song Chunjie Yan 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2018,43(28):12627-12636
Heterogeneous ZnO–SrTiO3 nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The highest H2 production rate, 1317.44 μmol g?1 within 5 h under solar-light irradiation was achieved for the Zn/Sr ratio of 9:1 of the ZnO–SrTiO3. More interestingly though the ZnO–SrTiO3 is a semiconducting system, it could be used as an electrolyte in the low temperature solid oxide fuel cell without electronic conducting short circuiting problem. This device displayed an open circuit voltage of 1.14 V and reached the maximum power density of 564 mW cm?2 at 550 °C. These results are attributed to the enhanced separation of the charge-hole pairs by the heterogeneous structure of ZnO–SrTiO3 nanocomposites, which possess obvious both heterogeneously ionic and semiconduction. This new discovery indicates a good promising candidate for both solar and hydrogen energy conversions. 相似文献
20.
Utilizing the dual functions of activated carbon (AC) both as a conductive agent and an active substance of a positive electrode, a hybrid supercapacitor (AC-MnO2&AC) with a composite of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and activated carbon as the positive electrode (MnO2&AC) and AC as the negative electrode is fabricated, which integrates approximate symmetric and asymmetric behaviors in the distinct parts of 2 V operating windows. MnO2 in the positive electrode and AC in the negative electrode together form a pure asymmetric structure, which extends the operating voltage to 2 V due to the compensatory effect of opposite over-potentials. In the range of 0-1.1 V, both AC in the positive and negative electrode assemble as a symmetric structure via a parallel connection which offers more capacitance and less internal resistance. The optimal mass proportions of electrodes are calculated though a mathematical process. In a stable operating window of 2 V, the capacitance of AC-MnO2&AC can reach 33.2 F g−1. After 2500 cycles, maximum energy density is 18.2 Wh kg−1 with a 4% loss compared to the initial cycle. The power density is 10.1 kW kg−1 with an 8% loss. 相似文献