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1.
As a hydrogen fuel for real-time production without storage, HHO has great research prospect and significance. In this paper, we conducted experiments on a spark ignition (SI) engine which has two independent fuel supply systems to compare two combination modes of gasoline port injection plus HHO (GPI + HHO) and gasoline direct injection plus HHO (GDI + HHO) at different HHO flow rate, λ, engine speed and load. The results show that, in both modes, HHO addition increases the maximum cylinder pressure and torque. With the increase of HHO flow rate, the flame development period and flame propagation period shorten, the crank angle corresponding to the maximum cylinder pressure is closer to top dead center. In addition, GDI + HHO mode has better engine performance. HHO has a significant effect on improving combustion stability. Especially at λ = 1.4, as HHO flow rate increases from 0 to 16 L/min, the coefficient of indicated mean effective pressure variation of GPI + HHO and GDI + HHO mode decreases by 69.17% and 58.29%, respectively. Moreover, HHO addition improves HC and CO emissions but increases NOx emissions. CO and HC emissions of GDI + HHO mode are the lowest under all conditions, and reaching the lowest value when HHO flow rate = 16 L/min. Besides, GDI + HHO mode not only has lower NO emissions under normal working conditions (λ = 1) but also can maintain a better combustion environment under lean-burn conditions (λ = 1.2, 1.4). In general, the application of HHO as fuel in engine can improve combustion and emission characteristics and GDI + HHO mode is the best combination of gasoline and HHO.  相似文献   

2.
Hydrogen and HHO enriched biodiesel fuels have not been investigated extensively for compression ignition engine. This study investigated the performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with hydrogen or HHO enriched Castor oil methyl ester (CME)-diesel blends. The production and blending of CME was carried out with a 20% volumetric ratio (CME20) using diesel fuel. In addition, the enrichment of intake air was carried out using pure HHO or hydrogen through the intake manifold with no structural changes – with the exception of the reduction of the amount of diesel fuel – for a naturally aspirated, four cylinder diesel engine with a volume of 3.6 L. Hydrogen amount was kept constant with a ratio of 10 L/min throughout the experiments. Engine performance parameters, including Brake Power, Brake Torque, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and exhaust emissions – including NOx and CO, – were tested at engine speeds between 1200 and 2600 rpm. It is seen that HHO enriched CME has better results compared to pure hydrogen enrichment to CME. An average improvement of 4.3% with HHO enriched CME20 was found compared to diesel fuel results while pure hydrogen enriched CME20 fuel resulted with an average increase of 2.6%. Also, it was found that the addition of pure hydrogen to CME had a positive effect on exhaust gas emissions compared to that adding HHO. The effects of both enriched fuels on the engine performance were minimal compared to that of diesel fuel. However, the improvements on exhaust gas emissions were significant.  相似文献   

3.
Biomass fuel has been widely concerned because its net CO2 emission is close to zero. Biomass boilers are known to have lower pollutant emissions than fossil fuel boilers, but in some applications, they also release high-level CO and NO. We developed a medium-sized hydrogen and oxygen (HHO) generator, with high energy conversion rate and adjustable output gas. The HHO gas was then introduced into a biomass hot air generator for mixed combustion. The experimental results showed that based on the electricity consumption of gas production and biomass fuel price, the total cost during preheating reduced. In addition, the average concentrations of CO, NO and smoke decreased by 93.0%, 22.5% and 80%, respectively. Integration of biomass fuel and HHO gas can effectively reduce pollutant emissions and save fuel, especially in areas rich in renewable energy.  相似文献   

4.
Environmental crisis requires using cleaner energy sources for different sectors including the transportation. Hydrogen can support the transition of the automotive industry from petrol and diesel into a sustainable fuel. It could be the main source of energy or the auxiliary fuel in vehicles. As an auxiliary fuel, it has recently been considered in hydroxyl (HHO) form for reducing the emissions from transportation fleet. In this study, an HHO generator with the optimum power consumption was utilised for HHO injection into the intake manifold of a petrol engine as the case study. High concentration of CO is expected to be produced during idling, so the experiments were designed to inject ultra-low HHO for reducing CO emissions. The results were very promising, and it was shown that the CO emission could be reduced by about 98%. Furthermore, a novel design was developed based on the concept of waste heat recovery (WHR) for powering the HHO unit. Engine was simulated in AVL software to design a thermo-electric generators (TEG) for running the HHO unit. Based on the results, TEG can provide the energy required for HHO unit as the energy output of the TEG was between 91 kJ and 169 kJ for the case study while the energy consumption of the proposed HHO generator was just about 22.5 kJ. The results of this study are recommending a practical solution for bringing HHO injection from laboratory research into the real practice.  相似文献   

5.
The paper describes an experiment aimed at specifying the effects of adding Brown's gas (HHO gas) in automotive engines operating at idle speed. HHO gas was obtained from the author's parallel plate generator with a single central anode and two side cathodes separated by six neutral plates. The generator was powered by an external power source (power supply unit) and produced a constant HHO gas flow rate in the experiment. The so obtained HHO gas was added to the engine intake systems of 5 passenger cars – three SI engines, i.e. Fiat Cinquecento, Renault Twingo, and Opel Corsa and two CI engines, i.e. Skoda Octavia and Opel Combo. The engines operated in idling conditions. The MAHA MGT5 analyzer measured the concentrations of CO, HC, NOx in the exhaust gases of those cars first fueled by stock fuel (SF) only and then with added HHO gas, i.e. SF + HHO. The ambient conditions remained constant.The results show that fueling with an HHO gas additive has an impact on emissions: CO and HC concentrations in the exhaust gases were reduced in the most of the cases; NOx concentration was reduced in the SI engines but increased in the Diesel ones. Adding HHO gas to the engine intake system of the Fiat Cinquecento operating at idle slightly deteriorated the combustion process there (the impact of carburetor-based supply without feedback). Although HC concentration was lower by 24%, the amount of CO increased by 34% and nitrogen oxides hardly changed. CO concentration if any decreased in the other vehicles.The concentration of HC in the exhaust gases of each of the vehicles show that adding HHO gas to the original fuel, regardless of fueling methods and techniques, reduces the concentration of unburned hydrocarbons: by more than 20% in the Fiat and by about 40% in the others. The NOx concentration in the exhaust gases of each of the vehicles show that after adding HHO to the original fuel, the amount of NOx depends on a fueling method. In the SI engines with indirect injection, adding HHO gas to the intake system reduced the NOx concentration. In the Fiat with a carburetor without feedback, the NOx concentration remained practically unchanged but it increased in the CI engines if HHO gas was added to their intake systems.  相似文献   

6.
Today, the important challenges with the utilization of hydrogen in power-producing applications (internal combustion engines and fuel cells) are its delivery and storage and these create a big hesitation regarding the application safety. Ammonia, which can be regarded as the most promising alternative fuel to hydrogen, provides the possibility of storage in liquid form at low pressures and high temperatures. This study was carried out to investigate how to compensate the drawbacks of using ammonia as the main fuel in a gas turbine by hydrogen and hydroxy-gas enrichment. During the experiments, propane that is standard working fuel of the gas turbine, neat ammonia, as well as a 10 L/min ammonia fuel enriched with 3 L/min, 5 L/min, and 7 L/min hydroxy gas, were utilized. The results show that hydroxy enrichments cause improvements in the performance data as well as emission values due to the absence of any carbon emissions. When the performance outputs are examined, it has been shown that the power values of NH3 + 3 HHO and NH3 + 5 HHO fuels are 10.98% and 3.65% lower than propane, whereas NH3 + 7 HHO fuel produces 4.12% more power, and the desired performance values are reached. It has been also fund that NOx emissions should be kept under control in addition to the increase in the performance and elimination of the carbon emissions.  相似文献   

7.
Water electrolysis produces HHO gas by using sodium hydroxide catalyst. Dry and wet cells designs are applied producing the gas flow rates at 0.5 and 0.75 LPM, respectively. Tests are done in a diesel engine at engine speed variation and full load. Performance, combustion characteristics and emissions investigations of diesel engines using HHO gas from dry and wet cells are performed. HHO gas addition enhances the brake thermal efficiency by 2 and 2.5% but the exhaust gas temperature highest decreases for dry and wet cells are 8 and 10%, respectively about diesel oil. The maximum decreases are evaluated as for CO (15, 22%), HC (31, 39%), NOx (35, 42%) and smoke emissions (25, 35%), respectively for dry and wet cells about diesel fuel. The improvements in cylinder pressures are 5 and 10%, respectively and the heat release rate enhancements are 4.5 and 6.5%, respectively about pure diesel for dry and wet configurations.  相似文献   

8.
Petroleum (Hydrocarbon – HC) based fuels are used for powering automotive and local power generation systems. Hydrocarbons on combustion produce gases such as CO2, CO, HC and NOx which affect human health as well as environment. Introduction of Hydrogen in Internal Combustion (IC) engine reduces emission and increases the performance. HHO gas which is produced through electrolysis of water can be used instead of hydrocarbon based fuels as the gas contains both Hydrogen as well as oxygen. Due to the challenges in storing Hydrogen, HHO gas is produced onsite through electrolysis process. This article presents the investigation on producing HHO gas through electrolysis onsite. A numerical calculation was done using empirical formula to predict the production of HHO gas. The electrolyser's performance analysis showed that maximum of 0.75 LPM of HHO gas was produced at 80 °C and by supplying 40 A-h. The numerical calculation showed that at the similar working condition the HHO gas produced was 1.3 LPM. The trend of both experiments and model was same for varying the current and rate of generation of HHO gas. This article also presents the effect of parameters such as concentration of electrolyte solution on potential, effect of time and the effect of temperature on production rate. The energy required and the number of modules or units of HHO gas production for real time engine application has been analysed and reported.  相似文献   

9.
Most of the studies on conventional fuel types that can be used in internal combustion engines have been made in order to improve performance values. Nowadays environmental problems have shown that emission values are more important and interest in low carbon alternative fuels has highly increased in recent years. In this study, performance and emission values of soybean biodiesel (B25) fuel mixture used in diesel engine were investigated in detail by making different ratios of hydroxy (HHO) enrichment (3, 5 and 7 L/min). HHO enrichments increased brake torque and power outputs with direct correlation to flow rate amount; at the same time brake specific fuel consumption has decreased. Also, one of the main objectives of this study is to predict the optimum hydrogen requirement against performance reductions and NOx formations among test fuels (3, 5, and 7 L/min HHO enriched B25), too by using artificial intelligence. For developing the ANN structure, Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) learning algorithm was used to adjust the weights in the cascade forward network. The results show that the ANN model has 95,82%, 96,07%, and 92,35% estimation accuracies for motor torque, motor power, and NOx emission, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
In this study, with the aim of reducing the energy consumption in the production of HHO gas for use in the combustion process of diesel fuel, different modes of gas production were investigated using electrolyzers. According to previous studies, the energy consumption rate of the electrolyzer to produce a high volumetric flow of HHO gas is very high. This high rate will restrict the use of equipment such as high-capacity batteries. The effects of HHO gas injection at the idle speed of the engine at a low temperature were evaluated. Because in this situation, the engine makes high air pollution. The results showed that the percentage of CO, CO2, HC, and NOX gases decreased by 66%, 33%, 38%, and 11%, respectively. On the other hand, the amount of O2 gas in the exhaust increased by 18%. These results were reported for HHO gas injection from 10 to 45 ml/s. The performance of Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) neural network was desirable in modeling diesel engine pollutants. Because the Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) criterion for all evaluated gases is less than 0.32. The GMDH neural network was used for modeling the operation of the diesel engine with HHO supplemental fuel. The GMDH results showed that this artificial network can measure all engine exhaust gases. It can be used as a sensor and virtual simulator for this diesel engine with HHO supplemental fuel.  相似文献   

11.
There are two main reasons of alternative fuel search of scientists: environmental problems resulted from combustion of fossil fuels and limited reserves of crude oil. Biodiesel and Hydrogen (H2) are two of the most promising alternative fuels with their environmental friendly combustion profiles. The aim of this study was to evaluate vibration level of a hydroxyl (HHO) gas generator installed and diesel engine using different kinds of biodiesel fuels. In this study, at different flow rates, the effect of HHO gas addition on engine vibration performance was investigated with a Mitsubishi Canter 4D34-2A diesel engine. HHO gas introduced to the test engine via its intake manifold with 2, 4 and 6 L per minute (LPM) flow rates when the engine was fuelled with sunflower, canola, and corn biodiesels. The vibration data was collected between 1200 and 2400 rpm engine speeds by 300 rpm intervals. Finally, artificial neural network (ANN) approach was conducted in order to predict the effect of fuel properties and HHO amount on engine vibration level.  相似文献   

12.
The proposed experimental study aims to investigate the effect of adding HHO gas with a constant flowrate (50% of the engine capacity) on the thermal efficiency for six different Biodiesel/diesel blends, which are 0B, 10B, 15%B, 20B, 25B and 30B. For all the studied fuelling scenarios, it was decided to mix HHO gas with the inlet air perpendicularly on the air streamline by a constant flowrate aiming to enhance the thermal efficiency of the engine. The study assumed maintain the rotational speed of the engine is constant (four different speeds) while varying the engine torque. The experimental results were recorded for four different rotational speeds of the engine, which are 1500, 1750, 2000 and 2250 RPM. Obtained results investigated that, increasing biodiesel content resulted in reducing the engine's brake thermal efficiency and increasing its brake specific fuel consumption due to the relatively lower heat content of the biodiesel comparing with conventional diesel. Adding HHO gas to the engine resulted in enhancing the thermal efficiency due to its high heat content and it was observed that; 20B with HHO gas supply provided the highest brake thermal efficiency of the engine as well as reducing its brake specific fuel consumption.  相似文献   

13.
In this study, hydroxy gas (HHO) was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH(aq), NaOH(aq), NaCl(aq)) with various electrode designs in a leak proof plexiglass reactor (hydrogen generator). Hydroxy gas was used as a supplementary fuel in a four cylinder, four stroke, compression ignition (CI) engine without any modification and without need for storage tanks. Its effects on exhaust emissions and engine performance characteristics were investigated. Experiments showed that constant HHO flow rate at low engine speeds (under the critical speed of 1750 rpm for this experimental study), turned advantages of HHO system into disadvantages for engine torque, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and specific fuel consumption (SFC). Investigations demonstrated that HHO flow rate had to be diminished in relation to engine speed below 1750 rpm due to the long opening time of intake manifolds at low speeds. This caused excessive volume occupation of hydroxy in cylinders which prevented correct air to be taken into the combustion chambers and consequently, decreased volumetric efficiency was inevitable. Decreased volumetric efficiency influenced combustion efficiency which had negative effects on engine torque and exhaust emissions. Therefore, a hydroxy electronic control unit (HECU) was designed and manufactured to decrease HHO flow rate by decreasing voltage and current automatically by programming the data logger to compensate disadvantages of HHO gas on SFC, engine torque and exhaust emissions under engine speed of 1750 rpm. The flow rate of HHO gas was measured by using various amounts of KOH, NaOH, NaCl (catalysts). These catalysts were added into the water to diminish hydrogen and oxygen bonds and NaOH was specified as the most appropriate catalyst. It was observed that if the molality of NaOH in solution exceeded 1% by mass, electrical current supplied from the battery increased dramatically due to the too much reduction of electrical resistance. HHO system addition to the engine without any modification resulted in increasing engine torque output by an average of 19.1%, reducing CO emissions by an average of 13.5%, HC emissions by an average of 5% and SFC by an average of 14%.  相似文献   

14.
With a specific end goal to take care of the worldwide demand for energy, a broad research is done to create alternative and cost effective fuel. The fundamental goal of this examination is to investigate the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using biodiesel blends enriched with HHO gas. The biodiesel blends are gotten by blending KOME obtained from transesterification of karanja oil in various proportions with neat diesel. The HHO gas is produced by the electrolysis of water in the presence of sodium bicarbonate electrolyte. The constant flow of HHO gas accompanied with biodiesel guarantees lessened brake specific fuel consumption by 2.41% at no load and 17.53% at full load with increased the brake thermal efficiency by 2.61% at no load and 21.67% at full load contrasted with neat diesel operation. Noteworthy decline in unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon-dioxide emissions and particulate matter with the exception of NOx discharge is encountered. The addition of EGR controls this hike in NOx with a slight decline in the performance characteristics. It is clear that the addition of HHO gas with biodiesel blends along with EGR in the test engine improved the overall characterization of engine.  相似文献   

15.
Brown’s gas (HHO) has recently been introduced to the auto industry as a new source of energy. The present work proposes the design of a new device attached to the engine to integrate an HHO production system with the gasoline engine. The proposed HHO generating device is compact and can be installed in the engine compartment. This auxiliary device was designed, constructed, integrated and tested on a gasoline engine.  相似文献   

16.
Biodiesel and oxyhydrogen (HHO) gas have shown promising results in improving engine performance and emissions. In this work, the effects of HHO gas and 5% biodiesel blends (B5) and their combined use in a 315 cc diesel engine have been analyzed. Biodiesel is produced by base catalyzed transesterification and cleaned by emulsification. Its calculated cetane index (CCI) was 61.4. HHO gas is produced from electrolysis of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution. The use of 5% biodiesel blend resulted in a significant rise of 9.4% in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a maximum reduction of 8.19% in the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). HHO enrichment of diesel and biodiesel at 2.81 L/min through the intake manifold improved the torque and power by an average of over 3%. HHO addition also improved the BTE of diesel by a maximum of 3.67%. The combination of high CCI biodiesel fuel and HHO creates a mixture that has shortened the ignition delay (ID) to the point that adverse effects were observed due to the premature combustion as shown by the average decrease in the BTE of 2.97% compared to B5. Thus, B5, on its own, is found to be the optimum fuel under these conditions.  相似文献   

17.
HHO gas, which is obtained by the electrolysis of water, is a promising alternative fuel. This paper presents a review of important features and techniques used for producing HHO gas. Various aspects of the thermodynamics and chemical kinetics of electrolysis reactions are discussed. Design and operating parameters for improving the gas production rate are identified. Widely different hypotheses regarding the structure and composition of HHO gas are compared in depth. The state of the art on the use of HHO gas in Internal Combustion (IC) engines is presented in the latter part of the paper. It is seen that the introduction of HHO gas increases engine torque, power and thermal efficiency, while simultaneously reducing the formation of NOx, CO, HC and CO2. The major challenges in using HHO gas in engines are identified as system complexity, safety, cost and efficiency of electrolysis.  相似文献   

18.
Energy security is an important consideration for development of future transport fuels. Among the all gaseous fuels hydrogen or hydroxy (HHO) gas is considered to be one of the clean alternative fuels. Hydrogen is very flammable gas and storing and transporting of hydrogen gas safely is very difficult. Today, vehicles using pure hydrogen as fuel require stations with compressed or liquefied hydrogen stocks at high pressures from hydrogen production centres established with large investments.Different electrode design and different electrolytes have been tested to find the best electrode design and electrolyte for higher amount of HHO production using same electric energy. HHO is used as an additional fuel without storage tanks in the four strokes, 4-cylinder compression ignition engine and two-stroke, one-cylinder spark ignition engine without any structural changes. Later, previously developed commercially available dry cell HHO reactor used as a fuel additive to neat diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel mixtures. HHO gas is used to hydrogenate the compressed natural gas (CNG) and different amounts of HHO-CNG fuel mixtures are used in a pilot injection CI engine. Pure diesel fuel and diesel fuel + biodiesel mixtures with different volumetric flow rates are also used as pilot injection fuel in the test engine. The effects of HHO enrichment on engine performance and emissions in compression-ignition and spark-ignition engines have been examined in detail. It is found from the experiments that plate type reactor with NaOH produced more HHO gas with the same amount of catalyst and electric energy. All experimental results from Gasoline and Diesel Engines show that performance and exhaust emission values have improved with hydroxy gas addition to the fossil fuels except NOx exhaust emissions. The maximum average improvements in terms of performance and emissions of the gasoline and the diesel engine are both graphically and numerically expressed in results and discussions. The maximum average improvements obtained for brake power, brake torque and BSFC values of the gasoline engine were 27%, 32.4% and 16.3%, respectively. Furthermore, maximum improvements in performance data obtained with the use of HHO enriched biodiesel fuel mixture in diesel engine were 8.31% for brake power, 7.1% for brake torque and 10% for BSFC.  相似文献   

19.
This study aims at producing hydroxy (HHO) gas using a dry cell electrolysis setup and utilising it along with orange oil in a diesel engine. First an electrolyser was designed considering the optimised values of the material (SS316L), electrolyte (NaOH), and electrode gap (2 mm). Then the biodiesel obtained from the waste orange peels, after transesterification, were blended with diesel at 25 and 50% by vol. The HHO gas was produced by the water electrolysis method by a plate-type electrolyser having a maximum production rate of 2.5 LPM with NaOH as the electrolyte. HHO gas was inducted through the inlet manifold along with the fresh air at a constant rate of 2 LPM with both the biodiesel blends. The performance, emission, and combustion outcomes of the single cylinder diesel engine for different load conditions (0–100%) were tested for all the blends with and without HHO addition. The results showed a considerable increase in brake thermal efficiency of 1.54% at full load condition, with a noticeable decrease in fuel consumption by 11.1% compared to conventional diesel fuel, was achieved for the O25 blend with HHO induction. Moreover, emissions like hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke were reduced by 17.6, 29.5, and 12.1%, respectively. However, the improvement in combustion outcomes led to the increase in nitrogen oxides emission by 9.67%. This study helped to understand the production process of HHO gas by dry cell electrolyser and its effect on the blend of orange oil methyl ester and diesel in dual-fuel mode.  相似文献   

20.
Gaseous fuels can be used in diesel engines to improve combustion and obtain more favorable emission. Vibration and noise formation in diesel engines is a rather complex phenomenon which is created during combustion of fuels and leads to a reduction in vehicle comfort. Although there are studies in the literature that examine the noise and vibration of the diesel engine using different biofuels, there is no study that thoroughly examines the effect of combined utilization of Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel (FVB) and hydroxy gas (HHO) on vibration, noise and combustion characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of FVB, a promising biodiesel feedstock, and HHO dual fuel operation on vibration, noise and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. The vibration, noise and emission data obtained by the use of diesel fuel were taken as a reference and the effects of FVB and HHO mixture utilization on vibration, noise and emission formation were examined. The results show that the total vibration and noise generated by the engine was decreased by the use of FVB. In addition, the utilization of HHO together with biodiesel further reduced the engine vibration and noise according to experimental data. According to exhaust emission formation measurements, the minimum carbon monoxide values were obtained when the engine was fueled with HHO and FVB mixtures. However, CO2 and NOX emissions increased with the combination of HHO and FVB usage.  相似文献   

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