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为合理调控烟叶蛋白质含量、提高烟叶质量提供理论依据,对密集烘烤不同变黄温湿度烟叶蛋白质降解和蛋白酶、内肽酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性的变化关系进行了研究。研究结果表明,烘烤过程中,不同变黄温湿度下烟叶水分、蛋白质、氨基酸及其相关酶活性的变化规律基本一致;水分和蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,氨基酸含量一直增加,蛋白酶和内肽酶活性呈先升高然后降低而后再升高的“双峰曲线”变化;谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性在烘烤开始时有小幅度增加,并出现一个小的峰值,然后呈下降趋势,从60h起急剧升高并达到最大值;且内肽酶活性与可溶性蛋白质相关性显著,和游离氨基酸相关性极显著;谷丙转氨酶只和游离氨基酸相关性显著。密集烘烤不同变黄温湿度,低温中湿变黄处理烟叶中性蛋白酶、内肽酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性高且作用时间较长,有利于烟叶内蛋白质的降解和氨基酸的合理转化,改善烟叶质量。 相似文献
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为优化翠碧1号配套烘烤工艺,提高烟叶质量,考虑到翠碧1号采收成熟度难把握、烤后烟叶外观质量较差等问题,开展了不同成熟度烟叶烘烤过程中色素及化学成分代谢研究。结果表明,烘烤过程中随着温度的提高,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素不断降解,相同部位叶绿素和类胡萝卜素随着采收成熟度提高而降低。就降解速度而言,叶绿素降解主要在38℃之前,类胡萝卜素降解主要在42℃之前,但到46℃后色素含量基本趋于稳定;适熟的鲜烟叶在烘烤过程中其淀粉降解较快,烤后烟叶水溶性糖和还原糖含量较高,总体化学成分较协调。因此,下部叶适当早采以降低烟叶采收成熟度、中部烟叶适当提高烟叶采收成熟度、上部烟叶采取适宜的成熟度,有利于烟叶外观及内在品质的提高。 相似文献
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烤烟烘烤过程中烟叶淀粉酶活性变化及色素降解规律的研究 总被引:37,自引:2,他引:37
采用河南农业大学设计制造的电热式温湿度自控烤烟箱,研究了烘烤过程中烟叶淀粉、淀粉酶和淀粉同工酶的变化,及对色素降解的影响。结果表明,在烟叶变黄阶段,淀粉急剧降解,48 h后基本趋于稳定;淀粉酶活性从烘烤开始逐渐升高,并于36 h前后达到一高峰,随后降低,在叶片水分40%~45%和环境相对湿度70%以上时,淀粉酶活性高,淀粉降解快,淀粉酶活性升高和淀粉相对降解量呈动态正相关(rNC89=0.7517*,r云烟85=0.4479),在叶片水分含量降至10%左右时,淀粉酶仍保持较高的活性,但降解量很小,含量几乎趋于稳定。淀粉同工酶电泳胶板上明显可见3条酶带A、B、C,初步确定为α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、R-淀粉酶;β-淀粉酶活性最高,且同工酶活性和生理生化酶活性测定结果相一致。烘烤过程中淀粉和色素降解规律相同,数量变化呈极显著正相关rNC89=0.9649**,r云烟85=0.9428*。 相似文献
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以烤烟NC89中部叶为试验材料,对密集烘烤过程中烤烟烟叶亮度值L、红度值a、黄度值b、饱和度C、色相角H°、色泽比H和色差值?E的变化规律及其与主要化学成分的关系进行了研究。结果表明,烘烤过程中烟叶正面与背面L、a、b、C、H°和H值的变化趋势基本一致;其均在鲜烟叶至42℃结束时变化剧烈,42℃结束之后变化幅度趋缓。烟叶正背面色差值的变化则相对平稳,从鲜烟叶至42℃开始略有上升,在54℃稳温结束时略有下降。相关分析表明,烘烤过程中烟叶各颜色参数与淀粉、还原糖、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、蛋白质、氨基酸和含水量之间相关性明显,大部分都达到了显著或极显著水平。通过对烟叶颜色参数与化学成分的回归分析,建立了烟叶颜色参数与主要化学成分动态变化的预测方程;除叶绿素外,烘烤过程中烤烟烟叶其他主要化学成分预测值与实测值符合程度较好,预测精度高。通过色差计量化烘烤过程中的烟叶颜色参数,从而建立烘烤过程中主要化学成分的预测模型,进行快速准确的预测,提高烘烤操作的准确性。 相似文献
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以K326的中部叶和上部叶为试验材料,研究了中、上部位烟叶在烘烤前、烘烤过程中关键温度点(38,42,48,54℃)及烘烤结束后苹果酸含量与苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性的变化.结果表明:烘烤过程中,K326上、中部位烟叶的MDH活性均呈先升后降的变化趋势,且分别在42℃和48℃达到最大值;PEPC活性均呈先升后降再升的变化趋势,中部叶PEPC活性变化较上部叶平缓;SDH活性变化整体呈下降趋势,整个烘烤过程中,上部叶SDH活性极显著高于中部叶.K326中、上部位烟叶的苹果酸和总有机酸含量总体上均呈先升高后下降趋势. 相似文献
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烘烤条件对烤烟淀粉降解及相关酶活性的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
以烤烟品种红花大金元和K326的中部叶为材料,研究了烘烤条件对烤烟淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶活性及淀粉降解的影响。结果表明:烘烤过程中,2种酶活性均出现2次高峰,分别处于烘烤的变黄中期和定色前期。淀粉的降解是淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶综合作用的结果。淀粉的降解集中在烘烤的变黄期,进入定色前期淀粉降解缓慢,定色后期至烘烤结束时,淀粉降解甚微。不同烘烤条件相比较,采用低温低湿变黄,慢速升温定色的烘烤条件,烟叶中淀粉降解量、降解速率,淀粉酶和淀粉磷酸化酶活性较高,烤后烟叶淀粉含量较低,水溶性总糖和还原糖含量较高,总体化学成分较为协调。 相似文献
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不同烘烤方式烘烤过程中烟叶表面腺毛分泌物变化的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为研究不同烘烤方式对烘烤过程中烟叶表面腺毛分泌物含量变化与损失的影响,选择了传统普通烤房、挂竿密集烤房、散叶密集烤房和框装密集烤房等4种烤房类型,采用GC-MS定性,GC-FID定量的方法,分析烟叶表面腺毛分泌物含量。结果表明,挂竿密集烤房和散叶密集烤房烤后烟叶腺毛分泌物总量分别约为传统普通烤房的50%和60%,并且损失主要发生在干筋期。框装密集烤房烤后烟叶腺毛分泌物总量与传统普通烤房相当。因此,框装密集烤房是解决目前挂竿密集烤房烟叶香气量损失较大的有效措施之一。 相似文献
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淀粉类酶降解鲜烟叶中淀粉的研究 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12
为降低烤后烟叶中淀粉含量,研究了烘烤过程中外加淀粉类酶对淀粉降解的影响.结果表明,烘烤过程中,通过外加淀粉类酶来降解烤烟中的淀粉是有效的.烘烤变黄初期,不同外加淀粉类酶烟叶淀粉降解动态基本一致;变黄后期至定色前期,淀粉降解随外加酶量增加而加剧.烤后烟叶淀粉含量随外加酶量增加而减少,水溶性糖和还原糖含量随外加酶量增加而增加.方差分析表明,不同处理烤后烟叶之间淀粉含量存在极显著差异.多重比较结果表明,K326品种适宜的外加酶量为(6 60)U/g;HD品种适宜的外加酶量为(8 80)U/g. 相似文献
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Changes in physiochemical quality and browning related enzyme activity of longkong fruit during four different weeks of on-tree maturation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Karthikeyan VenkatachalamMutita Meenune 《Food chemistry》2012,131(4):1437-1442
The optimum harvesting period of longkong from 13 to 16 weeks of maturation were used to analyse the changes in physiochemical and browning related enzymes. The colour, such as lightness (L∗) and yellowness (b∗) decreased and conversely redness (a∗) increased. The fruit weight was significantly increased from 21.21 to 24.93 g and the diameter was also increased (p > 0.05). Chemical qualities, such as total soluble solids, pH, total sugar and reducing sugar increased while titratable acidity decreased at the end of maturation period (p < 0.05). The antioxidant activity, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (from 4.73 to 8.97 mg/100 g), ferric reducing antioxidant power (from 5.06 to 6.83 mg/100 g) and total phenolic content increased (from 42.65 to 58.71 mg/100 g) (p < 0.05). The polyphenol oxidase activity significantly increased throughout the maturation; peroxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase enzymes increased at the beginning but after that they decreased at the end of the maturation period. Peel epidermal trichomes losses on the surface and parenchyma cell changes in the cross section were found during these stages. 相似文献
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为降低烤后烟叶的淀粉含量,本研究对分离自烟叶,具有高效降解烟叶淀粉功能的两株细菌菌株进行了种类鉴定、发酵条件优化及烟叶烘烤应用效果研究。结果表明,菌株YTK1为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),菌株B5221为枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis)。两株芽孢杆菌都可以耐受60℃高温生长且长势良好,均主要产α-淀粉酶,具有较强的淀粉水解能力。菌株YTK1和B5221经发酵条件优化后,产胞外淀粉酶能力比优化前分别提高了338.52%和316.28%。将菌株YTK1和B5221制备的菌悬液均匀喷施于待烤烟叶进行密集式烘烤,烤后烟叶化学成分发生较大的变化,与对照相比,菌株YTK1处理后的中、上部烟叶淀粉分别下降了34.35%和32.66%,总糖分别增加了23.20%和16.51%,还原糖分别增加了16.69%和15.38%;菌株B5221处理后的中、上部烟叶淀粉分别下降了31.68%和30.46%,总糖分别增加了19.31%和14.25%,还原糖分别增加了12.36%和11.71%;总氮和蛋白质含量与相应的对照(CK)比略有降低,氯和钾含量变化不明显。本研究筛选获得的功能菌株将为降低烟叶淀粉含量、改善烟草品质开辟新的途径。 相似文献
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巨大口蘑和草菇贮藏期间褐变及相关酶活性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
把巨大口蘑和草菇贮藏在15℃、湿度为90%左右的条件下,分别对它们褐变相关的多酚氧化酶、酪氨酸酶和漆酶活性进行测定.结果显示:巨大口蘑多酚氧化酶活性整体呈下降趋势,新鲜和贮藏4d后的酶活性分别为138.89、97.78U·mL-1·min-1·Fw.草菇多酚氧化酶活性变化呈上升趋势,新鲜和贮藏4d后的多酚氧化酶活性分别为18556、608.89U·mL-1·min-1·FW;巨大口蘑酪氨酸酶活性略高于草菇,两者均呈下降趋势;巨大口蘑漆酶活性变化呈先升高后下降趋势,贮藏3d后达到峰值135U·mL-1·min-1·FW.而草菇漆酶活性均低于0.1U·mL-1·min-1.FW,且呈下降趋势.巨大口蘑褐变速度比草菇慢,贮藏7d后,巨大口蘑和草菇褐变度分别为5.38%、29.86%. 相似文献
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Koji are solid-state fermentation products made by inoculating steamed grains with the spores of fungi, particularly Aspergillus spp. This research was undertaken to identify the fermentation and storage conditions optimal for the production and maintenance of selected hydrolytic enzymes, such as α-amlyase and protease, in koji. Steamed rice and barley were inoculated with 2 × 10 (11) Aspergillus oryzae spores per kilogram of grains and fermented for 118 h in a growth chamber at 28 to 32 °C with controlled relative humidities. Samples were drawn periodically during fermentation and storage at -20, 4, or 32 °C, and α-amylase and protease activity, mold counts, a(w), moisture contents, and pH of collected samples were determined. It was observed that the a(w), moisture contents, and pH of the koji were influenced by the duration of fermentation and temperature of storage. The α-amylase activity of both koji increased as the populations of A. oryzae increased during the exponential growth phase. The enzyme activity of barley koji was significantly higher than that of rice koji, reaching a peak activity of 211.87 or 116.57 U at 46 and 58 h, respectively, into the fermentation process. The enzyme activity in both products started to decrease once the mold culture entered the stationary growth phase. The protease activities of both koji were low and remained relatively stable during fermentation and storage. These results suggest that rice and barley koji can be used as sources of α-amylase and desired enzyme activity can be achieved by controlling the fermentation and storage conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Amylases and proteases are 2 important hydrolytic enzymes. In the food industry, these enzymes are used to break down starches and proteins while reducing the viscosity of foods. Although amylases and proteases are found in plants and animals, commercial enzymes are often produced using bacteria or molds through solid state fermentation, which is designed to use natural microbial process to produce enzymes in a controlled environment. A properly produced and maintained koji with a high hydrolytic enzyme activity can serve as an important source of the enzymes for the food industry. 相似文献