时效温度对00Cr12Ni10MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢组织与性能的影响

使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)和拉伸和冲击实验等手段,研究了时效温度对00Cr12Ni10MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢的组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着时效温度的升高,实验钢的强度逐渐提高,析出强化效应明显增强。在500℃时效后基体中析出大量棒状Ni₃Ti,实验钢的强度达到峰值。随着时效温度的升高,实验钢的室温和低温冲击韧性衰减,在400℃时效后低温(-196℃)冲击功出现最低值51 J。时效温度升高到500℃后,实验钢的冲击韧性回升,因为马氏体基体中生成的逆转变奥氏体抑制了裂纹萌生并缓解其扩展。在500℃时效产生了Ni₃Ti析出强化效应和逆变奥氏体韧化效应,使实验钢具有良好的强韧性匹配。     

TiB2/Al-Cu-Li复合材料时效析出及组织演变对力学性能的影响

研究了TiB₂/Al-Cu-Li复合材料T6工艺的微观组织演变和时效析出对力学性能的影响。通过气氛保护熔炼法制备了TiB₂/Al-Cu-Li复合材料。结果表明：在铸态合金的微观组织中,TiB₂颗粒和共晶相主要分布在晶界周围。均匀化处理后,大部分共晶相回溶。轧制变形后,TiB₂颗粒沿着轧制方向被拉长,产生了大量位错。固溶处理削弱了轧制产生的Brass织构和S织构,回溶了轧制产生的析出相。在175℃温度下进行时效,欠时效过程中,δ’(Al₃Li)/β’(Al₃Zr)为主要析出相。随着时效时间的增加,到22 h峰时效时,T1相为主要析出强化相。通过位错强化和析出强化的共同作用,随时效时间增加,屈服强度和抗拉强度先上升后下降,延伸率持续下降。复合材料峰时效的极限抗拉强度为562.7 MPa,屈服强度为475.9 MPa,延伸率为4.5%。     

254SMo超级奥氏体不锈钢时效析出行为及析出相对其力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和透射电子显微镜,研究了不同时效处理温度对254SMo超级奥氏体不锈钢的析出行为以及析出相对其力学性能的影响.结果表明,254SMo奥氏体不锈钢中的χ相呈颗粒状分布,χ相的析出敏感温度为800℃;σ相呈条状分布,析出的敏感温度为900℃.χ相和σ相均为富Mo和低Ni化合物,σ相中的Mo含量高于χ相.时效温度为900℃时,实验钢中的析出相数量最多,实验钢的抗拉强度最高,为825 MPa;延伸率最低,为31％.结合试样断口分析结果表明,相比χ相,σ相对实验钢塑性的危害更大.     

Al3Ti/A356铝基复合材料的显微组织及拉伸力学性能

在A356铝合金熔体中加入K₂TiF₆盐,通过熔体搅拌原位反应法制备了Al₃Ti/A356铝基复合材料,研究了Al₃Ti含量对铝基复合材料显微组织及室温和高温拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明,Al₃Ti/A356复合材料的铸态组织由α-Al、共晶Si和(Al, Si)₃Ti相组成。随着K₂TiF₆盐添加量的增加,(Al, Si)₃Ti相也逐渐增多,其形状由大块状和棒状转变为小块状,同时,基体中的共晶Si细化效果也越显著。在生成不同Al₃Ti含量的复合材料中,2wt%Al₃Ti/A356复合材料的常温拉伸抗拉强度和屈服强度均为最高,分别为179.7 MPa和74.1 MPa。350℃高温拉伸时,6wt%Al₃Ti/A356复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别比基体提高22.1%和12.6%,分别达到66.3 MPa和57.9 MPa,最高抗拉强度达到或超过了一些现役汽车活塞用的铝硅合金,表明Al₃Ti/A356复合材料具有作为新型耐热铝合金应用于汽车发动机耐热部件的潜力。      

人工时效对激光选区熔化AlMg4.5Sc0.55Mn0.5Zr0.2合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化制备AlMg_4.5Sc_0.55Mn_0.5Zr_0.2合金,研究人工时效工艺参数对合金维氏硬度的影响规律,分析沉积态和优选时效态合金的室温拉伸性能和显微组织。结果表明：人工时效使该合金的维氏硬度由102HV提升至140HV以上。随着时效温度升高（305~335℃）或时效时间延长（1.5~48 h）,维氏硬度呈现先增加、再降低、最后逐渐趋于稳定的规律。在315℃时效3 h或12 h后,合金的室温拉伸性能基本相当,无明显的各向异性;抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到470 MPa和410 MPa,断后伸长率保持在15.0%。力学性能的提升得益于人工时效过程中弥散析出且与基体共格的纳米增强颗粒Al₃（Sc,Zr）。     

超高强β钛合金等温相转变特性及力学性能

近β钛合金的等温相转变具有多样性和复杂性的特点,对温度敏感性强,直接影响其时效后的力学性能.本工作所用合金为自主研发的Ti-Al-V-Mo-Cr-Zr-Fe-Nb超高强β钛合金,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度计等分析表征手段对等温处理后合金的微观组织演变及力学性能进行系统研究.结果表明,合金300℃时效时只析出等温ω相,等温ω相随时效时间的延长发生长大.合金400℃时效时先析出等温ω相,随着时效时间的延长,α相依附于ω/β界面处形核.合金500℃时效时无ω相析出,针状α相直接从β基体中析出,呈"V"字形均匀分布在β基体中.400℃时效12 h时抗拉强度为1716.1 MPa,伸长率为2％.500℃时效12 h时抗拉强度为1439.8 MPa,伸长率为9.84％,具有良好的强塑性匹配.     

深冷-时效复合处理对7075铝合金的显微组织和力学性能的影响

对7075铝合金进行深冷-时效复合处理(DCT-T6)，使用TEM、SEM和拉伸测试等手段对其表征，研究了深冷-时效复合处理对其显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，与T6处理相比，DCT-T6处理可提高晶内析出相密度、减小析出相的尺寸、提高位错密度和生成亚晶。在深冷时间为3～6 h时，随着深冷时间的延长η’相的密度先提高后降低，晶界析出相(GBP)的尺寸、两相间距、线缺陷数量、η相密度、位错密度以及亚晶数量增大，合金的伸长率降低，抗拉强度先提高后降低。深冷4 h为拐点。深冷时间为4 h时合金的抗拉强度达到最大值645 MPa，比T6样品提高13.1%；深冷时间为3 h时合金的伸长率达到最大值13%，比T6样品提高了44.4%。     

析出相对深冲DP钢组织性能及织构的影响

为了研究析出相对深冲DP钢织构的影响机制,采用Thermo-calc热力学软件计算DP钢的平衡析出相,并利用SEM、TEM与XRD等手段分析了两种不同成分的DP钢组织性能与织构演变.研究表明:试验钢的主要析出相为MC_SHP、M₇C₃、MnS和AlN;与低Mo钢相比,高Mo钢的奥氏体区被缩小,且MoC的析出温度更高,铁素体晶内与沿晶界形成了大量的纳米级MoC析出;860 ℃退火后,高Mo钢中形成了约3%的均匀弥散分布的马氏体,抗拉强度达到445 MPa,r值为1.5,而低Mo钢发生了贝氏体相变,各项力学性能明显降低;两种试验钢的热轧板织构较弱,冷轧后{223}<110>取向密度稳定增加,退火后均形成了强烈的γ纤维织构,而低Mo钢中{001}<110>织构是导致其r值偏低的主要原因.     

长期时效对DD6单晶高温合金组织和力学性能的影响

采用螺旋选晶法制备DD6合金单晶试棒,标准热处理后在980℃长期时效2000 h,研究980℃长期时效对DD6单晶高温合金的组织演化及力学性能的影响.结果表明:随着长期时效时间的延长,合金中γ'相的尺寸增大,2000 h后γ'相尺寸约为1μm,没有TCP相析出,合金具有较好的组织稳定性.2000 h长期时效试样在980℃/243 MPa下持久寿命为180.16 h,为热处理态的56.3％;在1070℃/130 MPa下持久寿命为144.42 h,为热处理态的35.31％,断裂模式均为微孔聚集型断裂;相比热处理态的合金,2000 h长期时效态试样760℃的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别降低5.55％和5.88％;980℃的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别下降11％和10.59％.     

热处理温度对新型马氏体时效不锈钢微观组织和性能的影响

针对一种以Al作为主要强化元素的新型马氏体时效不锈钢,通过力学性能测试、光学显微镜观察和透射电子显微分析方法,研究不同的热处理温度对实验钢力学性能和微观组织的影响。结果表明:该实验钢的抗拉强度最高可达1876MPa,屈服强度可达1762MPa,具有良好的强韧性配合。固溶处理后形成了具有高密度位错的细小板条马氏体组织,在时效过程中,马氏体基体上弥散析出的NiAl相使其强度得到大幅度的提升。随着时效温度的提高,NiAl析出相颗粒逐渐长大粗化,从而使强度在到达峰值后迅速下降,出现了过时效现象。实验钢经过820℃固溶+(-70℃)冷处理+540℃时效处理后可获得良好的综合力学性能。     

A new 1.9 GPa maraging stainless steel strengthened by multiple precipitating species

A new ultra-high strength maraging stainless steel with composition of 13Cr–13Co–4.5Ni–3.5Mo–0.5Ti (at.%) has been developed. It was demonstrated that the ultimate tensile strength of the steel could reach 1.9 GPa with reasonable ductility. This breakthrough was achieved by a combined strengthening of three different species of precipitates. The evolution of precipitates with respect of size, morphology and chemical composition during aging at 500 °C was characterized using atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The precipitates were identified to be η-phase Ni₃(Ti, Al) phase, Mo-rich R′ phase and Cr-rich α′ phase, developing out of the precursor clusters, Ni–Ti–Al-rich cluster, Mo-rich cluster and Cr-rich cluster, separately. The segregation of Mo and Cr atoms at the precipitate/matrix interfaces was detected and is considered to impede the coarsening of η-phase. Based on the characterizations, the precipitation process of these phases and their effect on mechanical properties were analyzed.     

Effect of prior cold work on age hardening of Cu–3Ti–1Cr alloy

The influence of 50%, 75% and 90% cold work on the age hardening behavior of Cu–3Ti–1Cr alloy has been investigated by hardness and tensile tests, and light optical and transmission electron microscopy. Hardness increased from 118 Hv in the solution-treated condition to 373 Hv after 90% cold work and peak aging. Cold deformation reduced the peak aging time and temperature of the alloy. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength reached a maximum of 1090 and 1110 MPa, respectively, following 90% deformation and peak aging. The microstructure of the deformed alloy exhibited elongated grains and deformation twins. The maximum strength on peak aging was obtained due to precipitation of the ordered, metastable and coherent β′-Cu₄Ti phase, in addition to high dislocation density and deformation twins. Over-aging resulted in decreases in hardness and strength due to the formation of incoherent and equilibrium β-Cu₃Ti phase in the form of a cellular structure. However, the morphology of the discontinuous precipitation changed to a globular form on high deformation. The mechanical properties of Cu–3Ti–1Cr alloy are superior to those of Cu–2.7Ti, Cu–3Ti–1Cd and the commercial Cu–0.5Be–2.5Co alloys in the cold-worked and peak-aged condition.     

Characterization of prior cold worked and age hardened Cu–3Ti–1Cd alloy

The influence of cold deformation by 50%, 75% and 90% on the age-hardening behavior of a Cu–3Ti–1Cd alloy has been investigated by hardness, tensile tests and light optical as well as transmission electron microscopy. The hardness of Cu–3Ti–1Cd alloy increased from 111 Hv in the solution-treated condition to 355 Hv in 90% cold worked and peak aged condition. The yield and ultimate tensile strengths of Cu–3Ti–1Cd alloy reached maxima of 922 MPa and 1035 MPa, respectively, on 90% deformation and peak aging. The microstructure of the deformed alloy exhibited elongated grains and deformation bands. The maximum strength on peak aging was brought about by the precipitation of ordered, metastable, coherent β′ Cu₄Ti phase, in addition to high dislocation density and deformation twins. Both the hardness and the strength of the alloy decreased on overaging due to the development of the incoherent equilibrium phase β Cu₃Ti in a cellular structure form. However, the morphology of the discontinuous precipitation was changed to globular form at high deformation levels.     

焊后时效对7046铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

对厚度为3.5 mm的7046铝合金挤压板材进行搅拌摩擦焊接并对焊接接头进行人工时效,研究了焊后时效对接头力学性能的影响。结果表明,焊接接头时效前的硬度分布大致呈“W”形,抗拉强度为406.5 MPa,焊接系数为0.8,拉伸时在后退侧热影响区与热机影响区的过渡位置出现断裂,此处的硬度值最低,断裂面上有大量的韧窝;进行120℃×24 h时效后,接头的热影响区、热机影响区和焊核区的硬度都显著提高,母材区的硬度变化不大,硬度分布大致呈“一”形,抗拉强度大幅度提高到490 MPa,焊接系数达到0.96,拉伸时在焊核区中心断裂,断裂面有大量的沿晶裂纹。时效后接头区域的晶内GPI区转变成具有更好强化效果的η′亚稳相,使接头的硬度和强度提高;与其它区域相比,焊核区中晶界η相的分布更连续,晶界处无沉淀析出带的体积分数更大,因此容易成为拉伸时的断裂位置。     

Effect of Aging on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of 1900 MPa Grade Maraging Stainless Steel

The 18%Ni alloy steels provide high strength and toughness, while age-hardenable or PH stainless steels also have good corrosion resistance. This paper focuses on an investigation of the heat treatment, mechanical properties and microstructural development of a new maraging stainless steel. It is reported that the heat treatment process should consist of solution treatment and cryogenic cooling to attain a fully martensitic structure, followed by aging at 813 K. This heat treatment resulted in an ultimate tensile strength of over 1900 MPa combined with good impact toughness. Transmission electron microscopy is used to show that, for the peak-aged condition （813 K/4 h）, nano-sized precipitates, e.g. Ni3Mo and/or R-phase, and a high density of dislocations were uniformly dispersed in the lath martensite matrix. The calculated yield strength, based on a revised Orowan mechanism, is in good agreement with the test data. The steel studied has an ultimate tensile strength over 1900 MPa, excellent fracture toughness, and good resistance against over-aging and relatively good corrosion resistance as well.     

航空紧固件用Ti-5553合金的组织和性能

采用扫描电镜和透射电子显微镜研究不同热处理制度对Ti-5553高强钛合金显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:在(α+β)两相区进行固溶处理时,随着固溶温度的升高,Ti-5553合金组织中的初生α相含量逐渐减少,β相的尺寸和体积分数均增加,合金强度逐渐降低。时效后β基体发生转变,晶界和晶内析出大量次生α相。次生α相的尺寸对力学性能产生重要影响,随着时效温度的升高,次生α相逐渐粗化,导致抗拉强度逐渐下降。1240MPa级航空紧固件用Ti-5553的固溶温度应选择Tβ以下,使组织中留有足够的β相,从而时效时在β相中有大量次生α相析出,获得需要的高强度。同时,保留一定含量的初生α相,以便获得良好的塑韧性。经810~820℃,1.5h,水淬+510℃,10h,空冷热处理后,合金可以获得较好的综合性能,抗拉强度达1500MPa,伸长率达14.8%,断面收缩率为38.6%。固溶和时效态的拉伸断口均存在大量韧窝,材料具有良好的塑韧性。     

Interfacial microstructure and strength of partial transient liquid-phase bonding of silicon nitride with Ti/Ni multi-interlayer

Partial transient liquid-phase bonding (PTLP bonding) of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) ceramic has been performed using Ti/Ni multi-interlayer in vacuum at 1273–1423 K. Interfacial microstructures were examined by scanning electron microscope, electron probe micro-analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The joint strength has been measured by four-point bending tests from room temperature up to 1000 °C. Interfacial structure of Si₃N₄/TiN/Ti₅Si₃ + Ti₅Si₄ + Ni₃Si/(NiTi)/Ni₃Ti/Ni is formed after bonding process. The NiTi layer is gradually consumed with simultaneous growth of the reaction layer and the Ni₃Ti layer. The room temperature joint strength is significantly affected by the reaction layer thickness, whereas the elevated temperature joint strength significantly depends on whether the low melting point NiTi layer exists in the joint. The joint strength of more than 100 MPa is retained up to 800 °C as the NiTi layer is completely consumed. A model is proposed to optimize the PTLP bonding parameters for optimizing joint strength at both room temperature and elevated temperature.     

Effect of Ti/C additions on the formation of Al3Ti of in situ TiC/Al composites

A novel technique for fabricating TiC particulate-reinforced commercial purity Al composites was introduced. The mechanism of formation of brittle Al₃Ti up to 30 μm in size produced in the composites was studied and a method of eliminating them was put forward. The results show that: (1) the brittle Al₃Ti phase is always present in the composites when the Ti:C molar ratio is 1:1. In this case, the tensile elongation of the composite was only 4%, much lower than the value of unreinforced aluminum (20%); and (2) the formation of the brittle Al₃Ti phase can be eliminated entirely from the final product by using a proper Ti:C molar ratio of 1:1.3 in the Ti–C–Al preforms. In this case, the tensile elongation of this composite was 10%, higher than the value of the composite with a lot of Al₃Ti (4%). Moreover, improvement in the tensile elongation of the composite was accompanied by an increase of the ultimate tensile strength.