Recent progress on vanadium flow battery technologies

全钒液流电池因其安全可靠,使用寿命长,环境友好,电池均匀性好,可实时直接监测其充放电状态等特点,已成为规模储能技术领域的重要设备.本文详细分析了全钒液流电池的产业化挑战,从而提出主要技术发展方向.另外,重点对中国科学院大连化学物理研究所和大连融科储能技术发展有限公司合作团队在电堆,电池系统和应用示范方面的最新进展进行了总结.     

The world's largest all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system for a wind farm

风力发电具有明显的随机性,间歇性,不可控性和反调峰特性,风力发电的大规模并网给电网调峰和稳定,安全运行带来了巨大压力,造成弃风限电现象愈加严重,严重影响了风力资源的有效利用和经济效益.全钒液流电池储能电站在能量管理系统的调度下,对风力发电输出功率进行平滑,配合风电场功率预报系统,提高风电场跟踪计划发电能力,改善了风电场并网电能质量,降低了对电网的冲击与影响,同时也提高了风电场输出功率可控性,有利于提高电网对风电的接纳能力.国电龙源卧牛石风电场配套的5 MW/10 MW∙h全钒液流电池储能系统为目前世界上最大规模的全钒液流电池储能系统.本文介绍了该全钒液流电池技术特点和储能系统的设计,成组方案及功能,并对储能技术在可再生能源发展中的作用进行了展望.     

液流电池储能技术研究现状与展望

液流电池技术利用流动的电解液作为电化学储能介质,适合于进行大容量电能与化学能的转化与储存。液流电池通常具有寿命长、效率高等技术特征,在平滑风能、太阳能等可再生能源发电出力以及微型电网、智能电网建设等方面有着广阔的应用前景。本文论述了液流电池的研究与开发现状,概述了目前逐渐具备工程实施能力的全钒液流电池体系,分析了液流电池新体系的研究开发状况,指明了它们各自需要进行技术突破的重要问题,最后展望了金属/ 空气液流电池的技术优势与未来发展前景。     

Redox flow batteries—Concepts and chemistries for cost-effective energy storage

Electrochemical energy storage is one of the few options to store the energy from intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are such an energy storage system, which has favorable features over other battery technologies, e.g. solid state batteries, due to their inherent safety and the independent scaling of energy and power content. However, because of their low energy-density, low power-density, and the cost of components such as redox species and membranes, commercialised RFB systems like the all-vanadium chemistry cannot make full use of the inherent advantages over other systems. In principle, there are three pathways to improve RFBs and to make them viable for large scale application: First, to employ electrolytes with higher energy density. This goal can be achieved by increasing the concentration of redox species, employing redox species that store more than one electron or by increasing the cell voltage. Second, to enhance the power output of the battery cells by using high kinetic redox species, increasing the cell voltage, implementing novel cell designs or membranes with lower resistance. The first two means reduce the electrode surface area needed to supply a certain power output, thereby bringing down costs for expensive components such as membranes. Third, to reduce the costs of single or multiple components such as redox species or membranes. To achieve these objectives it is necessary to develop new battery chemistries and cell configurations. In this review, a comparison of promising cell chemistries is focused on, be they all-liquid, slurries or hybrids combining liquid, gas and solid phases. The aim is to elucidate which redox-system is most favorable in terms of energy-density, power-density and capital cost. Besides, the choice of solvent and the selection of an inorganic or organic redox couples with the entailing consequences are discussed.     

Recent progress in zinc-bromine flow battery energy storage technologies

以活性物质溴化锌为电解液主要成分的锌溴液流电池,其电极及隔膜材料均由塑料构成,具有低成本,长寿命,绿色环保等特点,适合进行大规模的电能存储,在可再生能源接入,分布式发电及智能电网等领域有着巨大的发展潜力.本文介绍了锌溴液流电池的技术原理与组成,分析了其技术特点,概述了目前的研究开发状况,对未来的前景进行了展望,指出进行关键材料的自主研发及批量化生产,优化电堆及系统的结构,控制产品生产工艺质量等是未来研究工作的重点.     

Commercial and research battery technologies for electrical energy storage applications

Developing green energy solutions has become crucial to society. However, to develop a clean and renewable energy system, significant developments must be made, not only in energy conversion technologies (such as solar panels and wind turbines) but also regarding the feasibility and capabilities of stationary electrical energy storage (EES) systems. Many types of EES systems have been considered such as pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheels, and electrochemical storage. Among them, electrochemical storage such as battery has the advantage of being more efficient compared to other candidates, because it is more suitable in terms of the scalability, efficiency, lifetime, discharge time, and weight and/or mobility of the system. Currently, rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the most successful portable electricity storage devices, but their use is limited to small electronic equipment. Using LIBs to store large amounts of electrical energy in stationary applications is limited, not only by performance but also by cost. Thus, a viable battery technology that can store large amounts of electrical energy in stationary applications is needed. In this review, well-developed and recent progress on the chemistry and design of batteries, as well as their effects on the electrochemical performance, is summarized and compared. In addition, the challenges that are yet to be solved and the possibilities for further improvements are explored.     

Research progress of vanadium redox flow battery for energy storage in China

Principle and characteristics of vanadium redox flow battery (VRB), a novel energy storage system, was introduced. A research and development united laboratory of VRB was founded in Central South University in 2002 with the financial support of Panzhihua Steel Corporation. The laboratory focused their research mainly on the selection and preparation of electrode materials, membrane material and modification, stable concentrated electrolyte producing approach, test cell configuration design and optimization. Some relevant foundation problems, such as state of vanadium in sulfurous acid with various additives, the difference of electrochemical reaction rate in anode and in cathode, the crossover of vanadium ions and so on, have been emphasized. The details of these studies have been given and discussed. A 5 kW VRB stack was fabricated in the laboratory and its performances, especially electrochemical performance such as voltage efficiencies, energy efficiencies, and durability, were fully tested. The results will be shown in the talk.The key technologies of developing VRB, such as to improve the activity of its electrode materials, the stability of electrolyte and selectivity of separator, were also discussed. In addition, the research progresses in other laboratories in China were briefly introduced.     

储能技术发展概况研究

我国能源建设面临的主要问题有人均能源储备量少,能源开发利用设备和技术落后,环境污染严重等。因此,研究价值高、应用前景广阔的储能技术,已受到科技界和企业界的密切关注,成为国际能源界研究的热点之一。储能方式主要有物理储能、化学储能、电磁储能和相变储能四大类型,其中物理储能包括抽水蓄能、压缩空气储能、飞轮储能及高温熔岩等;化学储能包括铅酸、锂离子、钠硫和液流等电池储能;电磁储能包括超级电容储能、超导储能和超级电池;相变储能包括蓄热和蓄冷储能等。对储能技术进行分类介绍,对其工作原理、技术现状、发展前景及优缺点进行了讨论,为进一步研究储能技术提供参考。     

储能与液流电池技术

大规模高效储能技术是解决可再生能源发电不连续、不稳定、不可控特性的重要途径,也是构建坚强智能电网的核心技术。本文对各种储能技术进行了综合分析,并对适用于大规模储能的抽水储能、压缩空气储能、钠硫电池、锂离子电池、铅酸电池和液流电池的技术特点、优劣势、发展前景进行了深入阐述;最后,对储能技术的发展思路进行了探讨,认为坚持技术开发与应用示范并重,进一步降低储能设备成本,提高其可靠性和稳定性并辅以一定的鼓励政策,是推进储能技术的产业化和实用化的重要途径。     

微网系统中电池储能系统应用技术研究

随着可再生能源发电技术的发展,能够整合分布式发电系统的微网成为满足日益增长的电力需求、节省投资和提高能源利用率的一种有效途径。储能系统作为微网必要的能量缓冲环节,其作用越来越重要。文章概述了电池储能系统的基本特性,分析了电池储能系统的运行及控制原理,并详细阐述了其在微网中的作用。基于蓄电池的储能系统,不仅能起到能量缓冲的作用,还能提供短时供电、缓冲微网中负荷波动、改善微网电能质量,对提高微网的经济效益具有重要作用。     

An analysis for the need of a battery energy storage system in tracking wind power schedule output

电池储能系统(battery energy storage system,BESS)在风储联合应用中具有多种功能,利用电池储能系统提高风电并网调度运行能力是当前研究的热点之一.文章基于我国北方某风电场历史运行数据与预测数据,依据预测误差评价指标和风电场预报考核指标的综合评价方法对风电场预测数据进行分析研究,归纳了预测误差的概率分布特征;提出利用电池储能系统提高风电跟踪计划出力能力,统计并量化出电池储能系统用于跟踪计划出力场合的作用范围;通过仿真验证电池储能系统在风储联合系统中提高风电跟踪计划出力控制策略的有效性和可行性.     

A Li-ion battery management system for large-capacity energy storage

应用锂离子电池进行储能已成为大容量储能技术研究的重点,但为保证电池组的可靠性、安全性、一致性及使用寿命,必须设计电池管理系统来对锂离子电池进行有效管理。本文提出了一种适用于大容量储能技术的锂离子电池管理系统,该管理系统采用分层采集和管理的方法,分别对单体电池、电池组和储能子系统进行管理。文章详述了分层管理系统的结构、功能和管理策略,其中着重介绍了单体电池数据采集功能、电池状态估计功能和均衡管理功能,并进行了实验验证,给出了实验结果分析。实验结果证明了该管理系统可以满足实际的大容量储能应用需求,可以实现锂离子电池的高精度状态估计功能和高效均衡控制策略,具有很好的应用前景,为后续产业化发展提供了一种技术和思路。     

Development of the all‐vanadium redox flow battery for energy storage: a review of technological,financial and policy aspects

The commercial development and current economic incentives associated with energy storage using redox flow batteries (RFBs) are summarised. The analysis is focused on the all‐vanadium system, which is the most studied and widely commercialised RFB. The recent expiry of key patents relating to the electrochemistry of this battery has contributed to significant levels of commercialisation in, for example, Austria, China and Thailand, as well as pilot‐scale developments in many countries. The potential benefits of increasing battery‐based energy storage for electricity grid load levelling and MW‐scale wind/solar photovoltaic‐based power generation are now being realised at an increasing level. Commercial systems are being applied to distributed systems utilising kW‐scale renewable energy flows. Factors limiting the uptake of all‐vanadium (and other) redox flow batteries include a comparatively high overall internal costs of $217 kW^?1 h^?1 and the high cost of stored electricity of ≈ The commercial development and current economic incentives associated with energy storage using redox flow batteries (RFBs) are summarised. The analysis is focused on the all‐vanadium system, which is the most studied and widely commercialised RFB. The recent expiry of key patents relating to the electrochemistry of this battery has contributed to significant levels of commercialisation in, for example, Austria, China and Thailand, as well as pilot‐scale developments in many countries. The potential benefits of increasing battery‐based energy storage for electricity grid load levelling and MW‐scale wind/solar photovoltaic‐based power generation are now being realised at an increasing level. Commercial systems are being applied to distributed systems utilising kW‐scale renewable energy flows. Factors limiting the uptake of all‐vanadium (and other) redox flow batteries include a comparatively high overall internal costs of $217 kW^?1 h^?1 and the high cost of stored electricity of ≈ $0.10 kW^?1 h^?1. There is also a low‐level utility scale acceptance of energy storage solutions and a general lack of battery‐specific policy‐led incentives, even though the environmental impact of RFBs coupled to renewable energy sources is favourable, especially in comparison to natural gas‐ and diesel‐fuelled spinning reserves. Together with the technological and policy aspects associated with flow batteries, recent attempts to model redox flow batteries are considered. The issues that have been addressed using modelling together with the current and future requirements of modelling are outlined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrolyte flow optimization and performance metrics analysis of vanadium redox flow battery for large-scale stationary energy storage

Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is the best choice for large-scale stationary energy storage, but its low energy density affects its overall performance and restricts its development. In order to improve the performance of VRFB, a new type of spiral flow field is proposed, and a multi-physics coupling model and performance metrics evaluation system are established to explore the electrolyte distribution characteristics. The results show that the new spiral flow field can effectively improve the uniformity of electrolyte flow and alleviate the phenomenon of local concentration polarization as compared with the traditional serpentine flow field and parallel flow field. Due to the long flow channel and large pressure drop, the system efficiency is low. However, coulombic efficiency, voltage efficiency and energy efficiency are significantly better than the traditional flow fields. Therefore, the novel flow field has obvious advantages in the application of small stacks.     

Research progress on fre protection technology of LFP lithium-ion battery used in energy storage power station

随着电化学储能市场的蓬勃发展,电化学储能电池本身的安全性越来越受到关注,如何最大程度地降低储能电池组火灾风险是电化学储能大规模应用时亟需解决的问题。本文综述目前国内外针对锂离子电池热失控已有的研究成果,包括磷酸铁锂电池的燃烧特性、火灾危险等级以及在储能电站预警系统中应用的锂离子电池热失控及热扩散参数;梳理不同灭火剂对电池火灾的灭火效率;同时总结电化学储能电站的灭火系统选择,为电网储能工程应用提供参考,有效支持锂离子储能电池的大规模工程需求。     

胶体电池在光伏系统中的适用性分析

根据储能用胶体电解液式铅酸蓄电池的性能特点,结合光伏发电系统的实际应用情况,从环境适应能力、荷电保持能力、抗欠充电能力、容量一致性、安全环保等方面分析了胶体电解液式铅酸蓄电池在光伏发电系统中的应用性能,并通过实际应用案例,分析并得出胶体铅蓄电池是光伏系统储能用电池理想选择的结论,同时为胶体铅酸蓄电池在光伏系统中的应用指出了进一步研究的方向。     

新型飞轮储能电池在独立运行式风力发电系统中的应用研究

本文提出了一种采用飞轮储能电池来充当能量储存器和电能质量调节器的独立运行式风力发电 系统,它由新型飞轮储能电池、风力发电机系统两大部分组成。文中分析了飞轮储能电池的储能和调节 电能质量的作用,详细分析了直流侧电压的调节方法,利用能量平衡原理推导出了前馈参数(iL-iG)与 定子电流iq的关系,并给出了控制方法。仿真结果证明了该系统具有优越的储能和改善电能质量的效 果。     

A market‐oriented wind power dispatch strategy using adaptive price thresholds and battery energy storage

In this paper, an adaptive dispatch strategy is presented to maximize the revenue for grid‐tied wind power plant coupled with a battery energy storage system (BESS). The proposed idea is mainly based on time‐varying market‐price thresholds, which are varied according to the proposed algorithm in an adaptive manner. The variable nature of wind power and market price signals leads to the idea of storing energy at low price periods and consequently selling it at high prices. In fact, the wind farm operators can take advantage of the price variability to earn additional income and to maximize the operational profit based on the choice of best price thresholds at each instant of time. This research study proposes an efficient strategy for intermittent power dispatch along with the optimal operation of a BESS in the presence of physical limits and constraints. The strategy is tested and validated with different BESSs, and the percentage improvement of income is calculated. The simulation results, based on actual wind farm and market‐price data, depict the proficiency of the proposed methodology over standard linear programming methods.     

新能源系统储能用铅酸电池使用寿命的影响因素分析

分析了储能铅酸电池的失效模式和影响其使用寿命的内在因素、外在因素以及综合因素。电池内在因素包括电池极板、隔板等部件的质量和电池制造工艺;电池运行的外部因素包括环境温度、欠充电、过放电以及浮充电压的选择等;电池内在因素与外部因素发生综合作用的情况主要包括板栅腐蚀,内部热量失控以及酸分层等。根据储能铅酸电池特殊的工作条件导致的失效问题,结合寿命影响因素的分析,提出了延长寿命的各种对策。     

光伏电力混合储能系统的能量管理策略研究

文章提出了一种光伏电力混合储能系统的能量管理控制策略,主要应用于含有光伏电源(Photovoltaic,PV)、电池能量存储(Battery Energy Storage, BES)和交流负载的发电网络系统中。该策略能够充分利用电力系统中组合架构之间的连接关系,有效缓解了目前电网中BES系统存在的过充电、欠充电等问题,并将充放电电流控制在一个相对稳定的范围内,延长了电池的使用寿命。分别在含有传统铅酸和锂离子电池的混合能量系统中使用6 kVA电源转换器进行实验,结果证明了所提出的能量管理策略的正确性和有效性。