信道老化时高速移动大规模MIMO上行系统的性能分析

针对高速移动场景下大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)上行通信系统,推导了时变莱斯衰落信道中信道老化时大规模MIMO上行通信系统的可达和速率表达式,并且分析了信道老化对系统功率缩放准则的影响.理论分析与仿真结果表明,在时变莱斯信道中,每个用户的发送功率按照1/M进行缩放,信道老化仅会引起系统可达和速率的降低,而莱斯因子对系统可达和速率及功率缩放准则均有影响,且信道老化对系统可达和速率的影响较莱斯因子的影响可以忽略不计.     

时间相关信道下分布式大规模MIMO系统频谱效率分析

为了分析时变信道特性对多用户分布式大规模MIMO系统的频谱效率性能影响,通过引入一阶高斯马尔科夫过程来建模时变信道,以时间相关性系数表征时变快慢程度。当系统采用最大比合并（MRC）接收和最大比发送（MRT）预编码方案时,借助于确定性等价原理以及Gamma分布随机变量的性质,推导出了含有信道时变信息的上行和下行频谱效率闭合表达式。同时,给出了当基站总发送天线数与用户个数之比趋于无穷大时,频谱效率的极限表达式。分析表明,频谱效率随时间相关系数减小而降低,但并不影响系统所获得的发射功率增益。数值仿真验证了所推导的频谱效率闭合表达式和极限值的有效性和精确性,并比较得出时变信道下分布式大规模MIMO比集中式大规模MIMO具有更好的性能。      

空间相关信道下大规模MIMO两跳系统性能分析

针对多对用户大规模MIMO两跳中继系统,考虑空间相关信道,在迫零(Zero-Forcing,ZF)准则下进行中继转发传输,利用确定性等价原理,推导得出遍历可达速率解析表达式,定量给出遍历速率与信道空间相关阵及系统参数间数学关系。基于此,分析了信道空间相关性对遍历速率的影响,并在发射功率缩放率模型下,分析了信源和中继发射功率随天线数增长时可获得的缩放增益。分析发现,中继节点天线阵列引起的信道空间相关性对遍历速率的渐进极限性能无任何影响,且不会影响发射功率缩放率,大大放宽了在中继节点部署大规模天线阵列时的天线间隔要求,有益于大规模天线阵列在中继节点部署实现。利用Matlab仿真验证了遍历速率解析表达式的有效性以及理论分析结果的正确性。     

大规模MIMO系统中的动态导频分配方案

针对多小区大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)系统中存在的导频污染问题,通过分析MMSE信道估计产生的误差,提出了一种动态导频分配方案.该方案将目标小区与相邻小区相邻的边缘区域内的用户进行动态导频分配,剩余区域内的用户进行随机导频分配来提升系统下行链路的平均可达和速率.仿真结果表明,该方法不仅能显著地提升信道估计的性能,而且还能有效地提高整个系统下行链路的可达和速率.     

大规模MIMO多小区TDD系统中的预编码策略和导频调度

上行导频污染是大规模MIMO多小区多用户TDD系统的主要性能瓶颈。本文推导了下行链路中MF,ZF单小区预编码,基于MMSE的多小区预编码以及基于最大化SLNR准则的预编码策略在有导频污染的大规模MIMO下的系统可达和速率渐近性能,发现当基站天线数趋向无穷时,各个策略的等效信干比均收敛到仅与大尺度衰落因子相关的一个比值,由此可以得到一个系统可达和速率的渐近结果。基于此渐近结果,以最大化系统可达和速率为目标,获得了一个导频调度方案,即使得小区间相互干扰较小的用户采用相同的导频而相互干扰较大的用户采用正交的导频,从而在存在导频污染的情况下,可以提升系统的整体性能。理论分析和数值仿真结果都验证了以上结论。      

大规模MIMO系统中动态导频分配

针对大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)系统中存在的导频污染问题,该文提出一种动态导频分配方案。所提方案利用目标小区与干扰小区用户之间的信号干扰强度差将干扰小区分为Uin和Uout两类,并对Uin中的用户进行最优导频分配,Uout中的用户进行随机导频分配来提升系统的平均下行可达和速率。同时,在存在额外正交导频组的情况下对所提方案做了进一步优化。仿真结果表明,所提的动态导频分配方案能够有效地提升大规模MIMO系统的性能。     

大规模MIMO系统中基于溢出概率的鲁棒协作波束设计

大规模多输入多输出(Massive MIMO)技术通过在基站端配置大规模天线能有效提升5G蜂窝系统容量。考虑信道估计误差对系统性能的影响,该文在多小区大规模MIMO系统中形成了用户信干噪比的非溢出概率约束下最小化系统功率的优化问题。针对非凸概率约束中下行波束难于求解的问题,该文根据矩阵迹的性质将优化问题中的非凸约束缩放,进而提出上下行对偶算法求解波束矢量。为进一步减少多小区系统中信令开销,基于大系统分析,提出了仅采用大尺度信息的分布式算法。仿真结果表明,所提的分布式算法与对偶算法相比,在保证用户信干噪比的概率约束时,降低了大规模MIMO系统中传输瞬时信道状态信息的开销,同时具有良好的鲁棒性。     

链状网大规模MIMO系统中导频污染减轻方案

为了减轻大规模MIMO多小区TDD系统中的导频污染,本文针对链状网大规模MIMO多小区TDD系统特点,提出了一种新的导频污染减轻方案。方案中将每个小区分成左区和右区,并将正交的导频序列分成三组。三组导频序列组依次、循环地分配给链状网中的各个左、右区域用户,从而实现目标用户与其相邻近区域用户安排正交导频序列,而目标用户与较远区域用户复用导频序列,从而减轻了导频污染。仿真结果表明,本文方案由于节省了上行信道估计时间,其吞吐量优于导频功率控制法。而且本文方案相对于导频列举法,计算量小,具有一定的实用价值。      

大规模MIMO系统导频污染问题研究

Massive MIMO也称为大规模多输入多输出系统,是通过在基站端布置上百根的天线,利用天线数的增多来提升通信效率,进而获得极大的增益。在Massive MIMO系统中,影响系统性能的一个主要问题是导频复用造成的导频污染,文章对Massive MIMO信道模型和导频污染进行分析,深入研究了导频分配技术,并通过仿真验证了其抑制导频污染的可行性。     

基于预编码与导频分配的大规模MIMO导频污染抑制

导频污染问题是限制大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)系统性能的主要影响因素.针对这个问题,提出了一种基于改进预编码和最优导频分配策略的大规模MIMO系统导频污染抑制算法.首先,在系统下通过基于改进遗传优化算法的最大化信干噪比(SINR)预编码算法,获得最优预编码矩阵;然后,通过基于用户信道条件优劣的最优导频分配策略对每个小区用户进行导频分配,从而实现大规模MIMO系统导频污染抑制.通过Matlab仿真结果可知,相对于传统的SINR预编码算法,所提算法的复杂度降低了65%左右,而导频污染抑制性能提升了30%左右.该算法能够有效抑制导频污染,提升大规模MIMO系统的性能.     

密集小蜂窝网络上行性能分析与导频调度

考虑导频资源受限的密集小蜂窝网络,该文采用基于导频复用的最小均方误差估计进行信道估计,推导出各种导频复用因子下采用最大比合并接收的上行可达速率表达式。由于严重的导频污染,会制约密集小蜂窝网络的上行净可达和速率。为了最大化上行可达和速率,提出利用大尺度衰落信道信息的贪婪导频调度算法减少导频污染,在此基础上,提出低复杂度半动态导频调度算法确定最佳导频复用因子。仿真结果验证了理论推导,所提出的半动态导频调度算法能够减少导频开销,有效地减轻导频污染并提升上行净可达和速率。     

FDD大规模MIMO系统速率最大化导频信号设计方法

该文针对FDD大规模MIMO下行系统,联合考虑信道空间相关性、信道估计精度和波束成型方案对导频信号设计的影响,以最大化下行遍历可达速率为目标,以系统总功耗为约束,建立关于导频信号矩阵的优化模型。由于原始优化问题的目标函数没有闭合形式表达式,利用大维矩阵理论中确定性等价原理可获得其近解析表达式,从而得到了遍历速率关于导频矩阵的显示表达式。基于此,利用主导理论,推导出了最优导频信号所具有的矩阵结构特征。进而,将原优化问题转换为等价的导频序列功率分配问题,再利用拉格朗日对偶法求解得到了最优导频信号的闭合形式解。通过分析,给出了最优导频序列长度的实际值与最大范围。数值仿真结果验证了所推导的遍历速率解析表达式的精确性和有效性,并对比了所提出的导频方案与传统基于最小均方误差准则导频方案在遍历速率方面的性能增益,以及所使用的导频序列长度差异,同时给出了两种方案在导频信号功率分配时的差异性。      

Pilot-assisted estimation of MIMO fading channel response and achievable data rates

We analyze the effects of pilot-assisted channel estimation on achievable data rates (lower bound on information capacity) over a frequency flat time-varying channel. Under a block-fading channel model, the effects of the estimation error are evaluated in the case of the estimates being available at the receiver only (open loop) and in the case when the estimates are fed back to the transmitter allowing water pouring transmitter optimization (closed loop). Using a characterization of the effective noise due to estimation error, we analyze the achievable rates as a function of the power allocated to the pilot, the channel coherence time, the background noise level, as well as the number of transmit and receive antennas. The analysis presented here can be used to optimally allocate pilot power for various system and channel operating conditions, and to also determine the effectiveness of closed loop feedback.     

Time-Varying and Frequency-Selective Channel Estimation with Unequally Spaced Pilot Symbols

In this paper, an accurate and computationally efficient algorithm is proposed for estimating time-varying and frequency-selective fading channel with unequally spaced pilot symbols. By employing the time-varying coefficient polynomial interpolation method, it is proved that the time-varying channel impulse response can be estimated by the product of a constant matrix and the fading information at pilot symbol positions. Furthermore, a least square off-line training algorithm is presented to optimally calculate the constant matrix, taking into consideration of the statistics of channel fading and noise. The new algorithm can also be applied for estimating flat fading channel with equally spaced pilot symbols as a special case. Simulation results indicate that our new channel estimation algorithm leads to small mean square error for fading estimation and provides bit error rate performance close to that of the perfect channel estimation.     

Error Rate Analysis of Uplink MC-CDMA Systems under Imperfect Channel Estimation

Theoretical error rate performance of wireless communication systems are usually determined assuming that the perfect channel state information (CSI) is available at the receiver. However, in actual practice, the channel gains at the receiver are obtained via using some channel estimation (CE) techniques. Due to inherent presence of noise, the CE is not perfect resulting in the performance degradation. In this paper, we evaluate the error rate performance of an uplink multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) system, considering different modulation techniques, where CE is performed using pilot symbol assisted (PSA) minimum mean-square error (MMSE) CE technique. The symbol error rate (SER) analysis of an uplink MC-CDMA system using multiuser detection techniques, such as MMSE and zero forcing (ZF), is presented under imperfect CE. Simulated results for SER are also shown to confirm the accuracy of the analytically derived results.     

MIMO异构网络中一种基于人工噪声的抗主动窃听者的鲁棒安全传输方案

为保证MIMO异构网络面临多天线主动窃听时的安全性,该文提出一种基于人工噪声的抗主动窃听者的鲁棒安全传输方案。首先,考虑窃听者发送上行导频干扰的情形,研究了其发送的上行导频干扰对合法用户信道估计的影响。随后,基于信道估计结果对宏基站、微基站的下行数据与噪声信号的预编码矩阵进行设计,并推导了此种情形下系统安全速率的表达式。然后,以系统安全速率最大化为目标对基站的下行数据与噪声信号的发送功率进行优化设计,并提出一种基于1维线性搜索的求解方法。进一步地,考虑窃听者在发送上行导频干扰后,继而发送噪声干扰用户下行通信的情形,提出一种基于离散零和博弈方法来获取最优的发送功率设计。仿真结果验证了所提方案的安全性和鲁棒性。     

A Non-Pilot Aided Iterative Carrier Frequency Offset Estimator Using Optimal Filtering for an Interleaved OFDMA Uplink System

In an uplink transmission of a coded orthogonal frequency division multiple access (C-OFDMA) system, channel estimation, time and frequency synchronization has to be addressed. For this purpose a control data, i.e. a known training sequence called “preamble” and pilot sub-carriers are used. As an alternative to the classic scheme and in order to maximize the data rate, we propose a non-pilot aided estimator based on an iterative architecture that does not require pilot sub-carriers. Our approach combines 1/ the so-called minimum mean square error successive detector to estimate the signal sent by each user 2/ a recursive method estimating the CFOs. Various algorithms such as the extended Kalman filter, the sigma-point Kalman filters and the extended H _∞ filter are tested and their performances are compared in terms of convergence speed and estimation accuracy. When considering an interleaved OFDMA uplink system over a Rayleigh fading channel, simulation results clearly show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in terms of CFO estimation and bit error rate performances.     

Interference alignment scheme for massive MIMO system

The performance of massive multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） system is limited by pilot contamination. To reduce the pilot contamination, uplink and downlink precoding algorithms are put forward based on interference alignment criterion. In the uplink receiving processing, the target function aligns the pilot contamination and the interference signals to the same null space and acquires the maximal space degree of the desired signals. The uplink receiving precoding matrix is solved on maximal signal to interference plus noise ratio （SINR） criterion considering the impact of the pilot contamination on channel estimations. The uplink receiving precoding matrix is used as the downlink transmitting precoding matrix. Exploiting the channel reciprocity, it is proved that, if the uplink receiving precoding matrix achieves maximal S1NR, the identical precoding matrix can be used in the downlink transmission and acquires maximal signal to leakage plus noise ratio （SLNR）. Simulations show that the spectrum efficiency of the proposed algorithm can reach about 1.5 times higher than that of popular matched filtering （MF） precoding algorithm, and about 1.1 times higher than multi-cell minimum mean square error （MMSE） precoding algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithm can be improved approximately linearly with the increasing of the number of antennas.