Al2O3/SiOxNy/SiNx叠层钝化膜对PERC太阳电池性能及LID效应的研究

由于等离子体增强化学的气相沉积（PECVD）法制备的SiO_xN_y薄膜中含有大量H原子,因而具有优异的表面钝化性能。通过在PERC太阳电池的Al₂O₃/SiN_x背钝化叠层中间插入一层SiO_xN_y薄膜,形成Al₂O₃/SiO_xN_y/SiN_x结构,可避免SiN_x所带的固定正电荷对Al₂O₃负电荷场钝化效应的负面影响。试验结果表明,硅片少子寿命从原来的130 μs提高至162 μs,电池转换效率增加0.09%。同时,基于Al₂O₃/SiO_xN_y/SiN_x背钝化的PERC太阳电池的LID也得到了改善,由对照组的1.83%下降到实验组的1.09%。     

联合CO2捕集的生物质化学链气化制备合成气系统分析

本文提出以Fe₂O₃为载氧体、以CaO捕集CO₂的生物质化学链气化系统,利用Aspen Plus软件对该系统进行了模拟,以合成气组成（干基）、合成气氢碳比、含碳产物的碳摩尔分布、冷气效率及收率等为系统性能评价指标,重点分析了燃料反应器温度（T_FR）、载氧体Fe₂O₃与生物质碳摩尔比（Fe₂O₃/C）、水蒸气与生物质碳摩尔比（Steam/C）、CaO与生物质碳摩尔比（CaO/C）等系统参数对固体生物质化学链气化系统的影响。结果表明,在T_FR = 825℃、Fe₂O₃/C = 0.5、Steam/C = 0.71和CaO/C = 0.26条件下,合成气制备系统性能较优,合成气中H₂和CO₂含量分别为55.2%和15.4%,氢碳比为1.93,冷气效率为78.2%,被CaCO₃捕集的生物质碳为18.2%,收率（湿气基）为1.95 Nm³/kg_biomass,其中合成气中H₂和CO收率为1.24 Nm³/kg_biomass。     

铁酸铜尖晶石催化甲醛氧化的性能研究

通过溶胶-凝胶-自蔓延燃烧法制备了系列Cu_xFe_3-xO₄尖晶石催化剂。采用XRD和XPS表征方法对催化剂晶相结构及表面元素价态进行了分析,考察了Cu_xFe_3-xO₄催化甲醛的氧化效率。采用密度泛函理论探究了甲醛吸附在CuFe₂O₄表面的最稳定构型和吸附机理。结果表明,Cu_xFe_3-xO₄催化剂主要由Cu-Fe尖晶石相和部分CuO、Fe₂O₃相组成。Cu_0.5Fe_2.5O₄催化甲醛氧化效率最佳,在温度高于250℃时氧化效率达到90%以上。甲醛在CuFe₂O₄(100)表面的吸附属于化学吸附,吸附能为 -107.15 kJ/mol。     

碳酸盐中CO2气化生物质制合成气

以杉木屑为原料,CO₂为气化剂,熔融碳酸盐Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3(LNK)为热介质和催化剂进行气化制合成气(H2+CO)的研究,考察气化剂CO₂流量、CO₂通入方式、复合熔盐体系中添加的金属氧化物种类和Cr2O3含量等因素对气体产物组成分布及产率的影响。结果表明:CO₂流量显著影响气化反应的平衡;以鼓泡法通入CO₂时生物质的气化效果优于吹扫法的情况,CO₂流量为99.8 L/h时气化效果较好,合成气含量和产率分别达到61.4%和350.2 mL/g生物质;添加的金属氧化物中Cr₂O₃对生物质气化过程的促进作用优于MgO和Fe₂O₃,随着Cr₂O₃含量的增大,合成气含量先增大后略微减小,在Cr₂O₃含量为10.0%时最高,为67.9%。     

生物质气化工艺废水特征及预处理实验研究

对生物质气化中试现场产生的废水进行了水质及水量特征分析,针对生物质气化工艺废水固体颗粒含量高、有机物浓度高、难生化降解、废水增量少的特点,采取减压蒸馏及芬顿氧化对生物质气化废水进行预处理。实验结果表明,在85 ~ 90℃、真空度 -0.07 ~ -0.095 MPa减压蒸馏条件下,废水COD、NH₄-N脱除率分别为74.38%、94.46%;在Fe²⁺-H₂O₂体系中,考察了H₂O₂与废水质量比、H₂O₂与Fe²⁺摩尔比、反应时间、H₂O₂浓度对COD、NH₄-N、TOC、TN等的影响,当H₂O₂与废水质量比为8.40%时,可将减压蒸馏蒸出液COD从2.05 × 10⁴ mg/L降至4.11 × 10³ mg/L,NH₄⁺-N从143 mg/L降至11.1 mg/L。     

污泥和脱灰污泥的热解特性及NOx前驱物的转化研究

利用热重-质谱联用技术(TG-MS)研究污泥及脱灰污泥热解特性及NH_3等含NOx前驱物释放规律,结果表明:污泥脱灰后,样品热解起始温度、NH_3、HCN、HNCO、CH_3CN等NOx前驱物析出温度均升高。同时,在750～900℃均并未出现明显失重,热解过程总失重率远远高于原污泥。由于脱灰污泥所含矿物质已被大部分脱除,不再留存于污泥及焦炭中,N_2在610℃后的高温段并未见析出。除此之外,HCN、HNCO、CH_3CN、H_2等气体均在高温段升高。     

化学链燃烧铜基载氧体前驱体煅烧反应热力学研究

基于吉布斯最小自由能原理,对铜基载氧体前驱体燃烧合成过程进行平衡模拟计算。预测了固体产物状态和气体产物分布。通过改变原料配比,计算绝热燃烧温度,判断反应能否自我维持。结果表明,在加入物料为化学计量比的反应条件下,平衡绝热燃烧温度T_ad为2 300 ~ 2 400℃,燃烧能自我维持。在加入物料为非化学计量比,尿素小于0.2倍理论加入量时,该燃烧不能自我维持,尿素小于0.5理论加入量时,含Cu化合物以液相形式存在。该体系中NO是NO_x的主要成分,随着尿素的增加,NO含量先快速增加后减少,当尿素占比为0.71时,NO含量达到极值。过量尿素的加入会使NO还原为N₂。     

Fe3+交联的预包覆Fe3O4纳米粒子改性rGO自支撑膜的储锂性能

本工作采用Fe³⁺对含有氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)预包覆Fe₃O₄的GO自支撑膜进行改性处理制备Fe³⁺诱导交联的预包覆Fe₃O₄纳米粒子复合热还原型氧化石墨烯自支撑膜(Fe³⁺@Fe₃O₄/r GO)。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段表征材料组成、结构与形貌,并研究Fe³⁺@Fe₃O₄/r GO自支撑膜作为锂离子电池负极的储锂性能。结果表明球状Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒被GO片层紧密包裹,且经过Fe³⁺诱导交联的Fe³⁺@Fe₃O₄/r GO自支撑膜稳定性显著提高;电化学结果表明,在电流密度为100 m A/g恒...     

连续蓄热式生物质气化/燃烧供热系统

生物质能源是一种环境友好的可再生能源,但也存在能量密度低、含水率高、碱金属含量高等缺点,导致其在热利用的过程中存在易结渣、堵灰及腐蚀、热效率不高等问题。本文结合生物质气化、炉内碱金属/硫固定、两级焦油裂解、蓄热式燃烧,以及冷凝热回收等多项先进技术,设计并搭建了连续蓄热式生物质气化/燃烧供热系统。以海洋贝壳类废弃物作为生物质成型燃料的添加剂和生物质焦油裂解过程的催化剂,在实现海洋废弃资源高值化利用的同时,克服了生物质热利用过程中的多项障碍,能够显著提高生物质能热利用效率,同时大幅度降低当前工业及民用供热过程中CO₂、SO_x、NO_x及烟尘的排放,具有良好的经济性与环保性。     

温度与氧气浓度对NH3还原NO特性耦合影响研究

为揭示烟气温度和氧浓度对NH₃还原NO过程的影响，通过对3种典型氮氧化物机理模型的对比与验证，选取Glarborg1998机理模型对不同温度(800～1 600℃)及O₂浓度下NH₃还原NO反应进行化学反应动力学研究.结果发现：在一定O₂浓度条件下，NH₃还原NO过程仅在一定温度窗口内才能获得较高的脱硝效率，这主要是由于H能与O₂反应生成O、OH以促进NH₃分解生成NH₂，保证NH₂还原NO；温度过高会促进NH₂氧化，导致脱硝效率降低.高温条件下O₂浓度降低时，虽然抑制了OH基团的形成，但H与CO₂、H₂O反应生成OH的反应速率明显增大，促进了NH₂的生成及其对NO的还原；同时，O₂浓度降低也抑制了NH₂氧化生成NO的反应，使得高温还原性气...     

Thermodynamic possibilities and constraints for pure hydrogen production by iron based chemical looping process at lower temperatures

Iron offers the possibility of transformation of a syngas or gaseous hydrocarbons into hydrogen by a cycling process of iron oxide reduction (e.g. by hydrocarbons) and release of hydrogen by steam oxidation. From the thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium point of view, the reduction of magnetite by hydrogen, CO, CH₄ and a model syngas (mixtures CO + H₂ or H₂ + CO + CO₂) and oxidation of iron by steam has been studied. Attention was concentrated not only on convenient conditions for reduction of Fe₃O₄ to iron at temperatures 400–800 K but also on the possible formation of undesired soot, Fe₃C and iron carbonate as precursors for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide formation in the steam oxidation step. Reduction of magnetite at low temperatures requires a relatively high H₂/H₂O ratio, increasing with decreasing temperature. Reduction of iron oxide by CO is complicated by soot and Fe₃C formation. At lower temperatures and higher CO₂ concentrations in the reducing gas, the possibility of FeCO₃ formation must be taken into account. The purity of the hydrogen produced depends on the amount of soot, Fe₃C and FeCO₃ in the iron after the reduction step. Magnetite reduction is the more difficult stage in the looping process. Pressurized conditions during the reduction step will enhance formation of soot and carbon containing iron compounds.     

Selective removal of CO from hydrogen-rich stream over CuO/CexSn1−xO2–Al2O3 catalysts

The solid solutions of Ce_xSn_1−xO₂ incorporated with alumina to form Ce_xSn_1−xO₂–Al₂O₃ mixed oxides, by the suspension/co-precipitation method, were used to prepare CuO/Ce_xSn_1−xO₂–Al₂O₃ catalysts for the selective oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen. Incorporating Al₂O₃ increased the dispersion of Ce_xSn_1−xO₂, but did not change their main structures and did not weaken their redox properties. Doping Sn⁴⁺ into CeO₂ increased the mobility of lattice oxygen and enhanced the activity of the 7%CuO/Ce_xSn_1−xO₂–Al₂O₃ catalyst in the selective oxidation of CO. The selective oxidation of CO was weakened as the doped fraction of Sn⁴⁺ exceeded 0.5. Incorporating appropriate amounts of Sn⁴⁺ and Al₂O₃ could obtain good candidates 7%CuO/Ce_xSn_1−xO₂–Al₂O₃(20%), 1–x=0.1–0.5, for a preferential oxidation (PROX) unit in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system for removing CO. Its activity was comparable with, and its selectivity was much larger than, that of the noble catalyst 5%Pt/Al₂O₃.     

MILD条件下氢-天然气混合燃烧特性及排放物分析

针对目前天然气掺氢后燃烧效率及氮氧化物排放研究较少的问题,应用组分输运模型、涡耗散概念燃烧模型和Do辐射模型,结合GRI-22化学反应机理,建立柔和燃烧模拟模型,通过与实验结果对比验证了模型的可靠性,进一步应用该模型分析不同掺氢比例对燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,随着掺氢比例增加,燃料与氧化剂的混合程度逐渐提高,混合气体的径向分量不断减小;由于反应速率和放热速率提高,燃烧器内部的温度升高,热力型氮氧化物含量增高,主要集中于燃烧器后端;燃料进口速度增大会导致燃烧器内燃烧不完全、出口处温度降低,氧气浓度升高,氮氧化物含量降低。研究发现,天然气中掺入氢气更有利于达到柔和燃烧条件。     

Homogeneous formation of NO and N2O from the oxidation of HCN and NH3 at 600–1000°C

The oxidation of HCN and NH₃ with CO, CH₄, or H₂ addition has been studied in the temperature range between 600 to 1000°C. In most of the tests 10% oxygen was used. The experiments were carried out under well-defined conditions in a flow tube reactor made of quartz glass. The effects of NO addition and oxygen level have been tested. To study the importance of O/H radicals in the reaction mechanism and to confirm previous studies, iodine was added in some tests. A detailed chemical kinetic model was used to analyze the experimental data. In general, the model and experimental results are in good agreement. The results show that under the conditions tested CO significantly promotes NO and N₂O formation during HCN oxidation. During NH₃ oxidation carbon-containing gaseous species such as CO and CH₄ are important to promote homogeneous NO formation. In the system with CH₄ addition, the conversion of HCN to N₂O is lower compared to the other systems. In the HCN/NO/CO/O₂ system NO reduction starts at 700°C and the maximum reduction of approx. 40% is obtained at 800°C. For the NH₃/NO/CO/O₂ system the reduction starts at 750°C and the maximum reduction is 50% at 800°C. Iodine addition shifts the oxidation of HCN, NO, and N₂O formation as well as NO reduction to higher temperatures. Under the conditions tested, it was found that iodine mainly enhances the recombination of the O-radicals. No effect on NO formation was found in the HCN/CH₄/O₂ system when oxygen was increased from 6% to 10%, but when oxygen was increased from 2% to 6% NO formation decreased. The role of hydrocarbon radicals in the destruction of NO is likely to become important at low oxygen concentrations (2%) and at high temperatures (1000°C).     

Microstructure and energy storage properties of Li1.2[Mn0.52-0.5xNi0.20-0.5xCo0.08+x]O2 cathode materials

以碳酸钠为沉淀剂,乳酸钠为络合剂合成碳酸盐前驱体,950℃烧结制备了Li_1.2[Mn_0.52-0.5xNi_0.20-0.5xCo_0.08+x]O₂（x=0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06）系列材料,探讨元素含量变化对材料的结构、形貌、充放电性能的影响。研究结果表明：随着x的增大,材料的晶格常数c/a比值增加,层状结构更加完整。当x=0.02时,该材料的充放电性能最优,其首次放电容量为261.0 mA·h/g,0.5C下循环100次后的放电容量仍有189.9 mA·h/g,容量保持率高达98.85%,2C倍率下放电容量最高达到157.6 mA·h/g。进一步增大x值时,由于Co含量的上升,使得更多的Co^3+/4+ 2g轨道与O^2- 2p轨道发生带隙重叠,从而使得材料的比容量和循环性能下降。