平板太阳能集热器性能化实验研究

平板型太阳能集热器是太阳能集热器的一种,世界各国都普遍使用。平板型太阳能热水器在提供生活热水及供热采暖中具有广泛的市场应用。平板型太阳能集热器具有节能、高效、易于加工,应用广泛等特点。根据平板集热器内腔体的自然对流研究可以设计出适合不同地区平板型太阳能集热器。平板型太阳能集热器板材选定后,如何减少透明盖板与吸热板之间的对流换热,提高集热器的效率,是集热器设备所需要解决的技术问题。本文采用实验方法测试了西安市气候条件下平板型集热器集热情况,实测了平板型集热循环及透明盖板表面的温度。参考实验测试数据,研究了实测壁温,已知的集热器倾角与厚度条件下,集热器空气层热分布情况。结合CFD数值模拟集热器内空气夹层的对流换热状况,分析了集热器内部空气夹层内温度、速度场分布情况。得出在西安地区平板型集热器适当的倾角情况下,集热器空气夹层内自然对流换热状况,以及集热器温度场与速度。     

粉末冶金法制备多孔金属钛免疫隔离材料

采用粉末冶金工艺制备出微米孔径且孔隙率较高的多孔钛免疫隔离材料，分析了压制压力、烧结温度等因素对多孔金属钛孔径及孔隙率的影响。试验结果表明，随着压制压力的提高，钛粉末烧结后平均孔径尺寸和孔隙率逐渐减小，孔隙分布和孔径尺寸较均一。烧结温度对多孔金属钛影响显著，随烧结温度的升高，平均孔径尺寸逐渐增大，孔隙率先略有上升后逐渐降低。     

磁流体太阳能集热器的温度和热流量特性的实验研究

由于磁流体有很好的吸热和传热特性，将其用作磁流体太阳能集热器的介质是很有应用前景的。设计了一个磁流体太阳能集热器用于温度和热流量特性试验，对2种磁流体进行了试验，结果显示：在磁流体静止不动的时候，磁流体太阳能集热器的磁流体温度可达60℃以上，最高的可达97℃；然而，当磁流体以5m的流速流动时，出口的最高温度仍可达65℃，热流量超过600W／m^2。另外，随着磁流体流速的加大，出口温度将会下降，而热流量则会增加，这对于太阳能集热器工作条件的选择（如温度和热流量的选择）有十分重要的意义。     

原位反应结合碳化硅多孔陶瓷的制备与性能

以碳化硅(SiC)和氧化铝(Al₂O₃)为起始原料、石墨为造孔剂, 通过原位反应结合工艺制备SiC多孔陶瓷. XRD分析表明多孔陶瓷的主相是SiC, 结合相是莫来石与方石英; SEM观察到多孔陶瓷具有相互连通的开孔结构. 坯体在烧结前后具有很小的尺寸变化, 线收缩率约在±1.5%内. 多孔陶瓷的开口孔隙率随烧结温度和成型压力的增大而减小, 随石墨加入量的增加而增大; 而体密度具有相反的变化趋势. 随着石墨粒径的增大, 多孔陶瓷的孔径分布呈现双峰分布. 抗弯强度随烧结温度和成型压力的增大而增大, 随石墨加入量的增大而减小. 于1450℃保温4h烧成的样品在0～800℃的平均热膨胀系数为6.4×10^-6/K. 多孔陶瓷还表现出良好的透气性、抗高温氧化和耐酸腐蚀性, 但耐碱腐蚀性相对较差.     

新型多孔碳化硅陶瓷膜管的制备与性能表征

以SiC为骨料,选用低共熔混合物作为烧结助剂,用液相烧结技术制备出单通道多孔陶瓷支撑体,采用悬浮粒子浸涂法对支撑体涂覆氧化铝膜.考察了氧化铝膜、烧成温度对支撑体孔径分布和空气渗透通量等性能的影响.结果表明:涂膜后膜管的孔径分布变窄,空气渗透通量略有下降;随着烧结温度的提高,结合剂的高温特性使得支撑体的开孔率和空气渗透通量分别下降了1.9%和17.9 m3/(m2·h),孔径分布变宽,平均孔径增大.     

轻质多孔陶瓷的制备及吸声性能研究

通过模压法成功制备轻质多孔陶瓷吸声材料, 采用JTZB吸声系数测试系统研究造孔剂粒径、含量以及样品厚度对多孔陶瓷材料吸声性能的影响。结果表明: 造孔剂含量为50vol%时, 大孔径多孔陶瓷吸声性能优于小孔径多孔陶瓷; 随着造孔剂含量的增加, 第一吸收峰从低频向高频移动, 峰值从0.41增加到0.82, 孔隙率过高和过低都不利于提高材料吸声性能; 样品厚度从10 mm增加到30 mm, 第一吸收峰逐渐向着低频方向移动; 造孔剂含量为60vol%, 样品厚度为20 mm时, 样品整体具有优异吸声性能, 并逐层在其背后加入空腔发现, 随着空腔层数的增加, 样品的第一吸收峰从高频向低频移动, 平均吸声系数逐渐增大。     

太阳能空调系统性能分析

本对太阳能高效平板集热器与热水型一级溴化锂吸收式制冷机及热水型两级溴化锂吸收式制冷机组成的空调系统进行了计算分析。结果表明,在热水温度为８２－９５℃的范围内,太阳能一级溴化锂吸收式制冷系统具有较高的效率,但系统效率随热源温度的下降而急剧降低;在热源温度为６５－８２℃的范围内,太阳能两级溴化锂吸收式制冷系统具有较突出的优越性,系统效率几乎不随热源温的变化而变化。因此,两级溴化锂吸收式制冷机与太阳能平反集热器有比较好的匹配性能。     

新型槽式真空热管集热器的热效率及火用效率分析

本文在建立单轴跟踪槽式太阳能集热器模型的基础上,着重分析了集热装置的热效率和火用效率,并以此为基础确定各个因素,主要是槽式集热器的聚光比、光照强度、集热流体的温升对集热效率和火用效率的影响.结果表明:随着集热器聚光比和太阳光光照强度的增加,集热效率和火用效率先是急剧增加,然后逐渐趋于平缓;随着的集热流体温升的增加,集热效率逐渐减小,聚光比和光照强度越大,减小的程度越缓慢.     

基于硅藻土多孔微珠的多孔陶瓷制备及过滤性能研究

采用硅藻土多孔微珠和玻璃粉多孔微珠为原料,通过干压成型的方法制备多孔陶瓷坯体,经干燥、烧结后得到多孔陶瓷。研究了烧结温度对其开气孔率,比表面积,中位孔径,抗压强度和晶相的影响,并研究了其对细菌总数及浊度色度的过滤效果。研究表明,经800℃煅烧的多孔陶瓷抗压强度为(1.91±0.09) MPa,中位孔径为7.4μm,比表面积为2.9 m~2/g,开气孔率可达75%,有利于水通量的提高。对菌落总数的截留效率达到99%以上,过滤后水的浊度,色度达到生活饮用水卫生规范,其有望应用于自来水厂的深度处理工艺及终端水处理设备中的粗滤内芯,具有良好的应用前景。     

烧结温度对SiC多孔陶瓷性能的影响

采用反应烧结工艺,通过改变烧结温度,制备出了一系列不同烧结温度下（1 600,1 630,1 660和1 690℃）的SiC多孔陶瓷粉体。通过XRD、SEM、气孔测试、压缩强度测试和油水分离测试等,对SiC多孔陶瓷的物相结构、微观形貌、孔隙率、力学性能等进行了表征。结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,SiO₂的特征衍射峰强度逐渐升高,在1 690℃时SiO₂的特征衍射峰强度最高;SiC多孔陶瓷的气孔随温度升高呈现出先降低后增加的趋势,在1 660℃时气孔率最低为32.1%;SEM分析发现,1 600和1 630℃下烧结的SiC多孔陶瓷中的小颗粒较多,且SiC多孔陶瓷的颗粒较为分散,随着烧结温度的升高,小颗粒相逐渐减少,SiC多孔陶瓷整体逐渐收缩紧密,晶粒逐渐长大。力学性能分析表明,随着烧结温度的升高,SiC多孔陶瓷的压缩强度先升高后轻微下降,在1 660℃时压缩强度达到了最大值25.6 MPa。油水分离测试发现,随着烧结温度的升高,SiC陶瓷的膜通量出现了先降低后有略微升高的趋势,截留率出现了先升高后轻微降低的趋势,在烧结温度为1 660℃时,膜通...     

A theoretical study on a novel solar based integrated system for simultaneous production of cooling and heating

An integrated system for simultaneous production of triple-effect cooling and single stage heating is proposed in this paper to harness low grade solar energy. The proposed system combines the heliostat field with a central receiver and the ejector-absorption cycle with the shaft power driven transcritical CO₂ cycle. A parametric study based on first and second laws of thermodynamics is carried out to ascertain the effect of varying the exit temperature of duratherm oil, turbine inlet pressure, and evaporators temperature on the energy and exergy output as well as on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the system. The results obtained indicate that major source of exergy destruction is the central receiver where 52.5% of the inlet solar heat exergy is lost followed by the heliostat where 25% of the inlet exergy is destroyed. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated system vary from 32% to 39% and 2.5%–4.0%, respectively, with a rise in the hot oil outlet temperature from 160 °C–180 °C. It is further shown that increase in evaporator temperature of transcritical CO₂ cycle from −20 °C to 0 °C increases the energy efficiency from 27.45% to 43.27% and exergy efficiency from 2.51% to 2.97%, respectively. The results clearly show how the variation in the values of hot oil outlet temperature, turbine inlet pressure, and the evaporator temperature of transcritical CO2 cycle strongly influences the attainable performance of the integrated system.     

高温铝熔液在旋转多孔介质内的渗透与瞬态固化和再熔过程

针对离心渗铸板材工艺中金属铝熔液在旋转的Al₂O₃预型体内的充型过程,考虑离心惯性力对金属铝熔液的瞬态固化与再熔过程的影响,研究了伴随有瞬态固化和再熔现象的流场温度分布以及熔融区长度和固化率瞬态变化规律,推导了渗透界面和再熔界面移动速度计算公式,建立了界面速度与温度的耦合关系。结果表明:当Al₂O₃颗粒预热温度低于铝熔化温度时,渗透过程出现了瞬态固化和再熔现象,液固共熔区随渗透过程不断向前推进,共熔区长度和固化率随渗透过程而增长。随着孔隙率和转速的减小,共熔区内固化率提高,渗透前沿和再熔前沿界面移动速度减小。但孔隙率的减小使两种界面移动速度差值增大,液固共熔区长度增长;而转速的减小使两种界面移动速度差值缩小,液固共熔区长度缩短。     

An E-type Temperature Sensor for Upper Air Meteorology

An E-type high-precision temperature sensor, which is adopted for upper air meteorology, was proposed in this paper. A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method was implemented to analyze temperature rise induced by solar radiation at different altitudes and solar radiation intensities. A temperature rise correction equation was obtained by fitting the CFD results using a Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno(BFGS) method. To verify the performance of the temperature sensor, an experimental platform was constructed. Through simulations and experiments, the relationship among the altitude, solar radiation intensity and radiation temperature rise was obtaned. The root-mean-square error(RMSE) between the temperature rise derived from the correction equation and that derived from the experiments is 0.013 K. The sample determination coefficient r2 of the solar radiation error correction equation is 0.9975.     

Top of the REAC tube corrosion induced by under deposit corrosion of ammonium chloride and erosion corrosion

The crystal and deposition behavior of ammonium chloride salt (NH₄Cl) and multiphase flow simulation were investigated by using Aspen software and CFD technology. And the corrosion failure causes of inlet tube explosion of a refinery hydrocracking reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) were studied. The top of 10# carbon steel base tube corrosion is severe, and reveals an inhomogeneous thinning. The field with localized corrosion is mainly distributed in a range of approximately 1.5 m away from the liner tube. The NH₄Cl crystal temperature increases with the increase of feedstock chloride content, and the decrease of injected water volume. The NH₄Cl salt granules mainly distribute in the forepart of an inlet tube of the REAC system. The liquid phase mainly exists in the bottom of an inlet tube, and the gas phase in the top of the tube. Without the enough liquid water, the NH₄Cl in the gas phase crystallizes and deposits on the top of a pipeline, resulting in under deposit corrosion, which interacts with the flow erosive action accelerates the localized corrosion thinning at the top of forepart of an inlet tube. Outside of the range of corrosion failure, the possibility of ammonium salt crystal decreases with decreasing temperature, and the condensed water increases gradually, then the deposited ammonium salts completely dissolve, and reduces the corrosion of downstream system.     

露点蒸发冷却装置性能评价指标的研究

本文通过搭建逆流式露点蒸发冷却装置,实验研究了空气入口温度、湿度和风速对露点效率、湿球效率、?效比等各性能评价指标的影响,提出了能够反映湿通道潜热交换的强弱和装置性能的适用于露点蒸发冷却的评价指标——换热放大系数.研究结果表明:进口温度为33、相对湿度为22％时,当风速从1 m/s增至3 m/s,制冷量从29.5 kW...     

基于Al2O3纳米流体的槽式太阳能热发电集热器传热建模及性能分析

基于计算流体动力学中的有限体积法,研究了Al₂O₃/Syltherm800导热油纳米流体作为传热介质时槽式太阳能热发电集热器的性能,建立了真空管集热器的三维模型,进行了光学模拟和传热数值模拟,并通过实验进行了验证。在非均匀热流密度分布的情况下,研究了进口温度、进口流速等运行参数对采用纳米流体的槽式集热器传热性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着Al₂O₃体积分数的增加,槽式集热器的换热性能及热效率均有所提高;进口温度、进口流速等运行参数对集热器的传热性能影响很大,随着进口温度的上升和进口流速的减小,纳米流体对传热性能的影响程度逐渐增大。     

Aspects of high-temperature pyrometry for measurements in ultrahigh vacuum

Containerless materials processing of liquid metals with the use of electromagnetic levitation requires contactless temperature measurement by pyrometry. For high temperatures and under high-vacuum conditions, the vapor pressure of the levitated metal drop increases, leading to evaporation losses of the sample material. This flux condenses on the cold parts of the experimental apparatus including the window in front of the pyrometer. As a result, the intensity of radiation reaching the pyrometer decreases, which is erroneously interpreted as a decrease in temperature. Several methods to protect the pyrometer against contamination have been proposed. In this paper, we report experimental tests of the concepts of shielding windows and mirror optics placed into the optical path between the sample and the pyrometer. Temperature measurements with a periscopic mirror system are also presented.Paper presented at the Second Workshop on Subsecond Thermophysics, September 20–21, 1990, Torino, Italy.     

空气源热泵热水器系统性能分析

为了预测空气源热泵热水器的运行性能,提高系统稳定性和降低能耗,建立空气源热泵热水器系统仿真模型,在焓差实验室对一台水箱容积为150L的一体式空气源热泵热水器样机进行变工况实验以验证模型的准确性,利用所建立的模型研究蒸发器入口空气流速及制冷剂质量流量对机组性能的影响。结果表明:系统制热量和COP都随环境温度的升高而不断增大;系统制热量随蒸发器入口空气流速的增大而呈增大趋势,在达到某值后,系统制热量变化趋于稳定;系统COP随制冷剂质量流量的不断增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,即制冷剂质量流量存在最佳值使得热泵性能系数最高。     

Shell side direct expansion evaporation of ammonia on a plain tube bundle with inlet quality effect in the presence of exit superheat

In the present study, tests were performed to investigate the direct expansion evaporation characteristics of ammonia on shell side of triangular pitch plain tube bundle at saturation temperature of −1.7 °C and −20 °C, with heat flux ranging from 5 to 45 kW m⁻², and inlet quality from 0 to 30% with exit degree of superheat ranging from 2 to 10 °C. The results suggest that heat transfer coefficient increases with both saturation temperature and heat flux and decreases with degree of exit superheat. The inlet quality effects were more significant at higher saturation temperature than at lower saturation temperature. A correlation was developed for outside boiling of ammonia on plain tube bundle in direct expansion mode with inlet vapor quality and compared with previous pool boiling and bundle correlations with ammonia as a refrigerant.     

单屏式多点气流温度传感器现场校准工况参数影响分析

采用数值仿真的手段对燃烧室试验环境下单屏式多点气流温度传感器进行仿真计算,改变温场、流场环境,分析研究了来流总温、来流总压以及马赫数等工况参数对单屏式多点气流温度传感器的测量结果的影响规律,并用试验进行验证.数值模拟结果表明:在燃烧室试验环境下,单屏式多点气流温度传感器的测温偏差随着来流总温的增大而增大,每增加1000...