河南省"九五"期间医疗照射频度与受照剂量调查

采用普查、分层抽样调查和典型调查相结合的方法调查了河南省"九五"期间(1996～2000年)医用电离辐射应用的基本现状和医疗照射频度;用热释光[LiF(Mg,Cu,P)]剂量计测量了10种常见X射线诊断中受检者体表的剂量;估算了X射线诊断检查所致公众的年集体有效剂量和年人均有效剂量.结果表明,全省X射线诊断的频度为136.95人次/千人口, 放射治疗的频度为0.338人次/千人口,临床核医学诊断检查的频度为0.595人次/千人口;1998年X射线诊断所致全省居民年集体有效剂量为14 690.60人· Sv,年人均有效剂量为0.158 mSv.     

“强光一号”脉冲γ射线辐射剂量测量及其不确定度分析

"强光一号"加速器是一台具有多种辐射状态的强脉冲辐射模拟装置,能够产生多种能量的X、γ射线,对γ射线的辐射参数的测量是判断加速器工作状态的重要手段之一。主要介绍了目前"强光一号"加速器所产生的γ射线剂量测量系统中剂量元件的筛选、标定和测量方法以及对辐射剂量测量的不确定度分析,并对剂量测量结果进行了总结。     

封闭壳体X射线屏蔽效能测量方法

针对X射线辐照环境中抗辐射加固技术研究的需求,建立了一种适用于电子系统封闭外壳的X射线屏蔽效能测量方法。以X射线机的轫致辐射输出为基础,通过滤波和多个连续谱的组合,实现了接近考核能谱的辐照X射线输出;利用Li F热释光探测器的优势,研究了X射线能量响应标定和屏蔽效能测量的应用方法。重点开展了20–100 ke V硬X射线辐照下封闭腔体屏蔽效能测量的实验研究,测量结果显示,除照射方向上的穿透X射线外,散射X射线对腔体内部剂量场具有显著的贡献。通过实验方法的建立和测量结果的分析,能为X射线抗辐射加固的结构设计和有效性评估提供实验参考。     

高能X射线光机性能研究

X射线光机的管电压、管电流及固有过滤是X射线光机质量控制的重要参数。X射线光机管电压、管电流以及固有过滤的测量,对于X射线光机的性能评价和参考辐射质的建立是非常必要的。以一台管电压上限为600 k V的X射线光机为例,用能谱终点法测量对X射线光机的管电压进行测量,得出X射线光机能在±1%的范围内显示管电压值;用指型电离室PTW30013测量了高能X射线光机管电流的线性及稳定性,在相同的管电压、管电流下,实际测量到的管电流的相对标准偏差在0.097%;分别用半值层法和外推法测量高能X射线光机的固有过滤,两个结果取平均值得到高能X射线光机固有过滤为0.146 mm Al。     

利用多毛细管准直器测量X射线光源焦斑尺寸

设计了一种测量X射线光源焦斑尺寸的方法：多毛细管准直器法。整体玻璃毛细管X射线准直器是由数10⁵根内径为几微米的单玻璃毛细管组成的X射线光学器件,X射线光源发出的发散X射线光束被多毛细管准直器约束后变为准平行束。准平行束的截面直径是X射线光源焦斑直径的函数,通过测量准平行束不同位置处的截面直径,利用线性拟合可得到X射线光源的焦斑直径。分别利用多毛细管准直器法和常用的小孔成像法测量了同一微焦斑X射线光源的焦斑直径,测量结果分别为60.8和59.4μm。多毛细管准直器法对焦斑直径在亚微米量级或更小X射线源的焦斑尺寸测量中将显示出更多的优势。     

北京同步辐射软X射线装置与软X射线探测器标定

简单介绍了2套北京同步辐射软X射线装置，主要用于软X射线光学元件测量和软X射线探测元、器件的标定。给出了在软X射线测量装置上计量标准和探测器标定方面的研究结果。     

北京同步辐射软X射线装置与软X射线探测器标定

软X射线计量标准的建立和软X射线探测器标定是目前国内急需解决的课题，本简单介绍了两套北京同步辐射软X射线装置，它们主要用于软X射线光学元件测量和软X射线探测元、器件的标定。另外给出了近年来在软X射线测量装置上开展的计量标准和探测器标定方面的研究结果。     

一种测量高强度直流X光机辐射能谱的方法

介绍了一种康普顿散射法测量高强度直流X射线能谱的方法,分析了X光机辐射谱与散射谱强度的关系表达式。在测量系统中使用能量分辨能力较好的高纯锗探测器,通过测量X光机照射低原子序数材料的散射能谱,再根据不同能量X射线在该散射立体角上的散射截面回推,从而获得X光机的辐射能谱。最后,给出了X光机的工作电压分别为15、80和100 kV时,散射法测量得到的钨靶X射线辐射谱。     

高功率Z箍缩软X射线功率测量

针对“强光一号”装置喷氪气高功率Z箍缩等离子体实验产生1keV以下的软X射线，研制了脉冲恒压电源驱动的镍薄膜量热计，测量Z箍缩软X射线总能量，用快时间响应的X射线二极管(XRD)探测器建立了软X射线功率测量系统，给出了实验测量结果。     

水底原位X射线荧光光谱分析测量装置研制

为尽可能地规避、弱化不平度效应对水底原位X射线荧光光谱分析的影响,研制了一套水底原位X射线荧光光谱分析测量装置。该装置将水下视频摄像系统与倾角测量系统组合为一体,安装于便携式X射线荧光仪探头上,用于水底原位X射线荧光光谱测量。测量时就像在地面一样能有效选择测量面,有效地规避、弱化不平度效应。该装置为组合式安装,水下使用最大深度为30m,其倾角测量系统除用在本系统以外,也可用于其他需测量倾角的地方。实验结果表明:研制的测量装置较好地解决了水底原位X射线荧光光谱分析的不平度效应问题。     

放射性同位素XRF技术中一种与“特散比”法等效的新方法

在一定的条件下,待测元素特征X射线和康普顿散射强度比值,与待测元素特征X射线强度和带吸收滤片所测量的强度比值之间有着简单的双曲函数关系。利用这一函数关系,很容易在单道携带式放射性同位素X射线荧光分析仪上实现“特散比”法改善基体效应。用这种方法所得到的分析结果和用“特散比”法得到的分析结果,二者吻合很好,而且不需要增加任何设备,节省了测量时间和成本。已经测量了几种类型的锡矿样品和某些铜矿样品。     

Study of X-ray Emission from a Compact Diode Operated by a High-Inductance Capacitor Discharge

A compact diode comprising a flat plate anode and a sharp-edged cathode (a piece of razor blade) energized by 0.5 F capacitor charged to 30 kV is investigated for optimization of X-rays emission vis-à-vis separation between electrodes and width of the cathode, which is responsible for electron emission by impact of electric field. It is a high-inductance system, the parasitic inductance is found to be 353 ± 5 nH, and the recorded peak discharge current is just 35 ± 02 kA. The maximum X-ray emission is observed for a 2-mm-wide cathode with an interelectrode separation of 3 mm. The X-ray yield in 4-geometry is found to be 34 ± 3 mJ with a wall-plug efficiency of 0.015 ± 0.001%. The X-ray emission occurs about 200 ns after the application of high voltage, synchronized with the dip in current wave form. The low efficiency of the system for X-ray generation is attributed to high parasitic inductance.     

"In Situ" Radiation Tolerance Tests of MOS RAMs

To design the 4Mbit Scientific Data Store for the Faint Object Camera of the NASA/ESA space telescope, MOS RAM radiation hardness has been tested extensively. The radiation tolerance of 36 MOS RAM types has been evaluated by "in situ" testing. For comparison, one I2L type was added. The principal aim was the evaluation of failure doses. Beyond that, the impact of technology, storage mechanism, integration density and manufacturer on failure dose and failure mechanism has been studied. The tests have been performed with different test patterns, to ensure the recognition of specific failure types. Various irradiation sources have been used : X-ray tube, Co60-?-source and 1.5 MeV electron accelerator. The irradiation procedure and the functional test equipment are described in this paper. The results are presented and discussed. The influence of technological parameters is less pronounced than expected. Highly integrated memories are therefore preferable for those applications, where weight and shielding problems are involved.     

个人剂量"双轨"监测的质量保证

介绍了个人剂量双轨监测中的质量保证措施和具体规则,同时还介绍了开展个人剂量监测双轨制以来质量保证实际情况和取得的一些经验,其中重点介绍了在核电站开展双轨监测中的一些技术措施和质量保证工作。     

基于新存取原理的无计数损失“ADC-缓存”系统

本系统以新的数据存取方式——“DMA+N”取代古典的多道分析器(MCA)存取方式——“DMA+1”。N是计数换失修正权重因子。计数换失修正方法是基于虚拟脉冲发生器原理,修正工作用硬件实现,不需占用机器时间,从而优越于软件修正,可工作于高计数率。     

ADS"启明星"次临界实验平台物理方案初步设计

使用MCNP程序对几种堆芯均匀化布置进行了临界计算，keff在0．92～1．00之间。计算结果为加速器驱动的次临界系统(ADS)的次临界实验平台物理方案设计提供了初步设计方案。     

用于北京同步辐射的X射线衍射仪的研制

本文介绍一个为北京同步光源研制的高精度X射线衍射仪系统,它包括有精度为0.001°的转角仪、高计数率本领探测器、快电子学、计算机自动控制和在线数据获取,并给出了在转靶X光机上的实验结果。     

"切尔诺贝利阴影"与地方核应急心理环境的构建

针对原苏联切尔诺贝利核事故在核应急区人群中产生的心理影响,提出了一个心理学范畴的概念——“切尔诺贝利阴影”,分析了其成因及“阴影”下应急区内社会心理环境的特点,讨论了核应急区内居民和谐心理环境建设的工作重点,为我国地方核电发展创建一个科学、和谐的心理环境提供参考。     

Plasma Focus as a High Intensity Flash X-Ray Source for Biological Radiography

A study on X-ray emission from a low energy (3.3 kJ) plasma focus (PF) device operated with hydrogen is reported. X-ray are detected by using an X-ray detector consisting of three Quantrad Si PIN-diodes with differential filtering and with a pinhole camera. The X-ray yield in different energy windows is measured as a function of hydrogen filling pressure. The maximum yield in 4-geometry is found to be 46.6 J and corresponding wall plug efficiency for X-ray generation is 1.40%. In particular, to demonstrate feasibility of the present PF as a high intensity flash X-ray source for good contrast biological radiography, an X-ray radiogram of a fish, is presented. The fine structure of the specimen can be seen in different parts. The PF, because of its high X-ray yield and good reproducibility is particularly suited for this application.     

Surface contamination of the charge－coupled device

An experimental method to study the influence of surface contamination of a thinned.backside illuminated charge-coupled device(CCD) upon its quantum efficiency in soft X-ray region is suggested.A transmission grating spectrometer(TGS),in which the transmission grating is coupled to a thinned.backside illuminated charge coupled device,is used to measure the continuum X-ray emission from the end of cylindrical target irradiated by laser.In the meausred spectra,only the carbon K absorption edge at wavelength of 4.4nm due to condensation of the vacuum oil on the CCD surface is clearly seen.The surface contamination is considered as an effective “carbon filter” and the filter absorption to correct the quantum efficiency of the CCD camera is taken into account.The effective thickness of the carbon filter is determined by comparing the jump height of the measured spectra at 4.4nm with those of the carbon absorption coefficient curves obtained from various carbon thickness.The accuracy of this method is tested by comparing the X-ray spectrum measured by the TGS with that obtained by a soft X-ray spectrometer.