Prediction of uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity for Travertine samples using regression and artificial neural networks

Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) and modulus of elasticity (E) are the most important rock parameters required and determined for rock mechanical studies in most civil and mining projects, in this study, two mathematical methods, regression analysis and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), were used to predict the uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. The P-wave velocity, the point load index, the Schmidt hammer rebound number and porosity were used as inputs for both methods. The regression equations show that the relationship between P-wave velocity, point load index, Schmidt hammer rebound number and the porosity input sets with uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity under conditions of linear relations obtained coefficients of determination of (R2) of 0.64 and 0.56, respectively. ANNs were used to improve the regression results. The generalized regression and feed forward neural networks with two outputs (UCS and E) improved the coefficients of determination to more acceptable levels of 0.86 and 0.92 for UCS and to 0.77 and 0.82 for E. The results show that the proposed ANN methods could be applied as a new acceptable method for the prediction of uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of intact rocks.     

Comparative evaluation of different statistical tools for the prediction of uniaxial compressive strength of rocks

In this study, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), unit weight (UW), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), Schmidt hardness (SHH), Shore hardness (SSH), point load index (Is₅₀) and P-wave velocity (V_p) properties were determined. To predict the UCS, simple regression (SRA), multiple regression (MRA), artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic expression programming (GEP) have been utilized. The obtained UCS values were compared with the actual UCS values with the help of various graphs. Datasets were modeled using different methods and compared with each other. In the study where the performance indice PI_at was used to determine the best performing method, MRA method is the most successful method with a small difference. It is concluded that the mean PI_at equal to 2.46 for testing dataset suggests the superiority of the MRA, while these values are 2.44, 2.33, and 2.22 for GEP, ANFIS, and ANN techniques, respectively. The results pointed out that the MRA can be used for predicting UCS of rocks with higher capacity in comparison with others. According to the performance index assessment, the weakest model among the nine model is P7, while the most successful models are P2, P9, and P8, respectively.     

Variation of vertical and horizontal drilling rates depending on some rock properties in the marble quarries简

The main objective of this study is to determine the rates of vertically and horizontally oriented drilling processes in marble quarries and to observe the factors affecting the drilling rates in terms of physical and mechanical properties of the rocks. In situ drilling tests were performed in different marble quarries with different marble types and drilling times and penetration rates for a series of successive depth-increments were trying to be determined under vertically and horizontally oriented conditions. In order to understand the relation between the parameters that are investigated within the scope of this research, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, impact strength, Bohme abrasion strength, P-wave velocity, porosity, unit volume weight, Schmidt hardness index and brittleness index values were correlated with the drilling rates. It was noticed that the porosity and unit volume weight could be taken as the key parameters among them for obtaining meaningful correlation with drilling performance. It was also observed that the physical and mechanical rock properties are more relevant in vertical drilling than horizontal drilling.     

超轻质水泥基复合材料基本力学性能

为探究超轻质水泥基复合材料(ultra lightweight cement composite,ULCC)的基本力学性能及应力-应变曲线本构关系.以粉煤灰空心微珠为唯一轻质微集料,以水泥和硅灰为胶凝材料,以高效减水剂和减缩剂为外加剂,配制了钢纤维体积掺量为1%,表观密度介于1 250~1 550 kg/m3,轴心抗压强度介于47.9~70.0 MPa的4种不同密度等级的ULCC.对其分别进行单轴抗压和单轴抗拉试验,分别研究了ULCC的轴心抗压和轴心抗拉力学性能,测得了ULCC材料轴心抗压强度、轴心抗拉强度、弹性模量、泊松比及单轴抗压和单轴抗拉应力-应变曲线.结果表明:ULCC的抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量均随密度的增加而增加; ULCC的轴心抗压强度和弹性模量与密度呈较强线性相关性.轴心抗拉试验结果表明ULCC抗拉应力-应变曲线关系呈现明显的峰后平台段,ULCC材料具有良好的拉伸变形能力.根据试验测得的ULCC单轴抗压和单轴抗拉应力-应变全曲线,建立了ULCC单轴抗压和单轴抗拉的分段式应力-应变本构方程.研究成果可为ULCC结构的设计和非线性有限元计算提供理论依据.     

大掺量粉煤灰超高性能钢纤维混凝土的静动态力学行为

研究了4种不同钢纤维掺量(体积掺量分别为0%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%)的大掺量粉煤灰超高性能混凝土的单轴压缩强度、弹性模量、单轴抗拉强度、弯曲韧性、断裂韧性、断裂能等静态力学行为,以及高速冲击、压缩作用下的应力波传播规律、应力–应变曲线和破坏特征等动态力学行为.结果表明:掺加钢纤维的大掺量粉煤灰超高性能混凝土的轴心抗压强度、弹性模量和抗拉强度略有增大,韧性指数、残余强度、断裂韧度和断裂能成倍提高;未能增加冲击、压缩作用下的应变率效应程度,但却增大动态应力–应变曲线下的面积,提高试件破坏的应变率阈值,使混凝土存在裂而不散的破坏现象.     

空心玻璃微珠填充环氧树脂复合材料力学性能试验研究

在制备了不同配比改性空心玻璃微珠填充环氧树脂复合材料的基础上,对不同填充质量比的改性空心玻璃微珠（HGB）填充环氧树脂复合材料进行了准静态拉、压,简支冲击,应力松弛,动态力学行为等试验,得出了不同配比下材料的弹性模量、拉压强度、冲击韧度、应力松弛率、玻璃化转变温度等参数。试验发现,空心玻璃微珠的加入对材料的各项力学性能均产生了明显的改变。随玻璃微珠配比增加,材料的弹性模量、拉压强度大体上均呈现明显降低趋势;而冲击韧度、应力松弛率则有明显增强趋势;填充比为10%左右材料的耐热性最佳。以上研究发现对此类复合材料的研究和应用具有参考意义。     

早龄期混凝土力学性能试验及其单轴本构模型

为了研究早龄期混凝土的立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、静力受压弹性模量以及单轴受压应力应变曲线的规律,进行了系统的加载试验和试验数据分析.总结了早龄期阶段力学指标随龄期的变化规律以及与立方体抗压强度之间的换算关系,通过拟合相关参数,提出了分段式的受压应力应变全曲线拟合公式,拟合结果与试验数据吻合较好.试验结果表明,早龄期C40混凝土的强度和弹性模量随着龄期非线性增长,7 d是增长变化的分界时点;随着龄期的增长,峰值应变减少,脆性变大;早龄期C40混凝土的单轴受压应力应变曲线与充分养护龄期混凝土形状相似.     

粉煤灰、矿粉对高性能混凝土体积稳定性的影响

采用对比的方法，试验研究了粉煤灰、矿粉对C60高性能混凝土的工作性、抗压强度、弹性模量、干缩和受压徐变的影响。结果表明，在粉煤灰、矿粉等量取代部分水泥后，混凝土的工作性改善、28d和60d抗压强度和抗压弹模与基准样相近，而28d以后的干缩明显减小；掺有粉煤灰、矿粉的混凝土随养护龄期的延长、强度的增加，其受压徐变逐渐减小；当粉煤灰掺量(质量分数)从14％增加到25％时，混凝土的徐变增大；对于相同掺量(14％)的粉煤灰、矿粉混凝土，经60d养护后加荷其徐变基本相同。     

再生混凝土单轴力学性能指标统一计算方法

对大量再生混凝土单轴力学性能试验资料进行整理分析,基于统计分析方法,在借鉴普通混凝土力学模型的基础上,对不同取代率下再生混凝土的各种力学性能指标进行统一分析,提出了适用于不同取代率下再生混凝土的立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、轴心抗拉强度、劈裂抗拉强度、弹性模量、轴心受压峰值应变和轴心受拉峰值应变的统一计算公式,建立了再生混凝土单轴受压、受拉的应力‐应变全曲线表达式,并将公式计算结果与试验结果进行对比。结果表明：计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;提出的再生混凝土单轴力学性能指标统一计算公式精度较高。     

基于RFPA的砾石对砂砾岩破裂影响规律研究

为研究砾石尺寸及强度特征对砂砾岩裂纹扩展模式和力学参数的影响。采用岩石破裂过程模拟系统RFPA,建立了非均质的砂砾岩岩心模型,研究了砾石尺寸及力学性质变化对砂砾岩岩心抗压强度、杨氏模量、泊松比等弹性力学参数的变化规律。结果表明,随砾石尺寸的增加,岩心模型的泊松比与杨氏模量逐渐增加,强度先减小后增大,且不同砾石尺寸的岩心裂纹形态基本一致;随砾石强度的增大,岩石单轴抗压强度逐渐增大,而后基本保持不变,主要由基质强度决定。研究结果真实再现了砂砾岩裂纹萌生、扩展过程,得到了砾石尺寸及强度对岩心破裂的影响规律。     

Design of Eco-friendly Ultra-high Performance Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Coarse Aggregate

Aiming to investigate the mix design of eco-friendly UHPC with supplementary cementitious materials and coarser aggregates, we comprehensively studied the workability, microstructure, porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength, and Young's modulus of UHPC. Relationship between compressive strength and Young's modulus was obtained eventually. It is found that the compressive strength, flexural strength, and Young's modulus of UHPC increase by 19.01%, 10.81%, and 5.99%, respectively, when 40 wt% cement is replaced with supplementary cementitious materials. The relationship between compressive strength and Young's modulus of UHPC is an exponential form.     

冻融循环作用下混凝土结构寿命分析

分析混凝土冻融试验资料,推导出混凝土的粘聚力c及内摩擦角φ值与混凝土冻融循环次数N、未冻融前单轴抗拉强度ft0及单轴抗压强度fc0的关系公式;推导出弹性模量E及泊松比μ与混凝土冻融循环次数N的关系公式;通过联系实验室冻融和现场冻融的等效室内冻融循环次数公式,得出等效室内冻融循环次数的经历时间.然后采用有限单元法对混凝土结构在冻融循环条件下的应力、应变及屈服状态进行分析,并对其寿命进行预测.最后,采用此方法,预测了一个混凝土简支梁结构的寿命.     

均匀设计在物理模型试验相似材料配比试验中的应用

在物理模型试验中,相似材料的配制及试验对模型试验的成功与否具有重要的作用.基于均匀设计方法,以松香含量、砂∶重晶石粉、铁粉含量、石膏含量作为正交设计的4个因素,每个因素设置6个水平,设计了6组材料配比方案,进行了室内单轴压缩、劈裂和直剪试验,获得了不同配比相似材料的容重、抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量、泊松比、内摩擦角和黏聚力等物理力学指标.结果表明,配制的相似材料的物理力学参数覆盖的范围较大,能够满足不同岩体性质物理模型试验对相似材料的要求;结合工程实例,基于相似材料试验结果,进行了物理模型试验的设计和相似材料配比方案的选择.     

超高韧性水泥基材料的制备技术

分别采用活性粉末混凝土（RPC）和渗浇钢纤维混凝土（SIFCON）两种制备工艺,根据水泥基材料结构的多尺度特征,研究了由碳酸钙晶须和微钢纤维复合增强的超高韧性水泥基材料（Ultra-High-Toughness Cementitious Composite,简称UHTCC）的制备技术,测试UHTCC不同配比的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗弯强度以及单轴拉伸性能,采用折压比、韧性指数等多个指标对UHTCC的韧性进行了评价。试验表明：UHTCC的抗压强度、抗折强度、抗弯强度以及延性和韧性都远高于普通钢纤维混凝土,其抗弯强度最高达65.1 MPa、韧性指数I₂₀最高达49.21,单轴拉伸试验时呈现明显的假应变硬化行为,极限拉应变可达4%~8%。相对而言,利用SIFCON工艺制得的水泥基材料韧性更高。     

A composite material model for investigation of micro-fracture mechanism of brittle rock subjected to uniaxial compression

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Uniaxial compressive properties of ultra high toughness cementitious composite

Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to characterize the main compressive performance of ultra high toughness cementitious composite (UHTCC) in terms of strength and toughness and to obtain its stress-strain relationships. The compressive strength investigated ranges from 30 MPa to 60 MPa. Complete stress-strain curves were directly obtained, and the strength indexes, including uniaxial compressive strength, compressive strain at peak stress, elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio, were calculated. The comparisons between UHTCC and matrix were also carried out to understand the fiber effect on the compressive strength indexes. Three dimensionless toughness indexes were calculated, which either represent its relative improvement in energy absorption capacity because of fiber addition or provide an indication of its behavior relative to a rigid-plastic material. Moreover, two new toughness indexes, which were named as post-crack deformation energy and equivalent compressive strength, were proposed and calculated with the aim at linking up the compressive toughness of UHTCC with the existing design concept of concrete. The failure mode was also given. The study production provides material characteristics for the practical engineering application of UHTCC.     

煤层上覆岩层力学性质随赋存深度变化试验

为获得煤层上覆岩层力学性质随赋存深度变化的规律,钻孔选取从地表到煤层的所有完整岩石,通过室内力学试验获取相应力学参数.试验结果表明:试样的天然密度、抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量等随着赋存深度增加而增大,吸水率、泊松比随着赋存深度增加而减小;试样力学性质除了与赋存深度有关外,还与岩性有直接关系;试验数据的离散性随着赋存深度增加而增大.造成试验数据离散性的原因除构造应力、煤层采动及温度影响外,主要是砂岩等沉积岩试样内部颗粒随着应力解除而重新耦合.     

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.     

层状盐穴储库中盐岩和泥岩蠕变特性试验研究

针对层状盐穴储气库中不同岩性之间变形不协调问题,本文利用四川大学大型程控流变仪对盐岩和含盐泥岩两种岩石进行了常规单轴加载和单轴多级加载的蠕变的对比试验研究,重点探讨了两者蠕变力学特性之间的异同。研究结果表明：盐岩的塑性变形能力、流变特性明显强于含盐泥岩,因加载应力产生的瞬时应变量均呈先减小后增大的趋势,与常规单轴下张拉破坏不同,长期蠕变试验条件下,两者均以张剪型破坏为主;同等应力百分比情况下,盐岩的稳态蠕变率明显高于含盐泥岩,稳态蠕变率随着加载应力的增加而增大,并呈指数型函数变化,盐岩对应力的敏感性明显强于含盐泥岩;利用等时应力-应变曲线拐点法对两种岩石的长期强度值进行分析,得到盐岩的长期强度值为12MPa,为短期抗压强度的48%,含盐泥岩的长期强度值为34~36MPa,较短期抗压强度下降约30%,盐岩的长期强度值与短期抗压强度的比值远低于大多数岩石的比值。     

Numerical investigation on the tensile fracturing behavior of rock-shotcrete interface based on discrete element method

Four groups of numerical models of Brazilian tests on rock-shotcrete interfaces were successfully conducted by PFC2D. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of shotcrete were considered. Six different undulations of rock-shotcrete interface were set up. The influences of multiple parameters on the bearing characteristics of the rock-shotcrete interface were studied. The results showed that a better support performance can be obtained by increasing the Young's modulus of shotcrete rather than the tensile strength of shotcrete. For different tensile strength and Young's modulus, the increase of sawtooth height has different effects on the support performance. The failure mechanism of the rock-shotcrete interfaces was analysed in detail. The stress shielding effect and stress concentration effect caused by the shape characteristics of rock-shotcrete interface were observed. The influence of these parameters on the overall support performance should be fully considered in a reasonable support design.