Development of friction stir spot welding using rotating tool without probe and its application to low-carbon steel plates

A friction stir spot welding process, in which a rotating tool without a probe was employed, was applied to a lap joint of low carbon steel plates with 0.5 mm thickness. In this process, the rotating tool of 3.6 mm diameter, rotating at 18,000 rpm, was plunged into the upper plate at a rate of 0.2 mm/s, and then kept at a maximum plunged depth of 0.05–0.25 mm for 0–1 s (dwell time). In the weld obtained by this process, a hole due to the impression of the plunged tool probe was not formed, although a slight depression by the tool plunging remained. At tool plunge depths of 0.05 mm or less, it was impossible to weld the plates. At tool plunge depths from 0.1 to 0.14 mm, joints were fractured at the interface in tensile test, and the failure load increased with tool plunge depth. At tool plunge depths from 0.16 to 0.22 mm, joints were fractured at an almost constant load along the periphery of the depression, leaving a part of the upper plate on the bottom plate surface. The maximum tensile failure load of 1.8 kN was obtained at a plunge depth of 0.2 mm. Based on the observation of the weld microstructure and measurement of the thermal cycle at various spots in the weld, controlling factors of the joint strength are discussed.     

Static strength of hot-stamped spot welded joints: study on spot welding tailored blank technology

Hot stamping spot welding tailored blank technology is a process to produce spot welded automotive body parts by the following process: spot welding steel sheets in lap configuration → hot stamping (heating to about 900°C) → quenching and forming in water-cooled die → shot blasting to remove scale. This process has the advantage of producing high strength lap welded automotive body parts without increasing the number of forming dies. In this study, the mechanical properties of the hot stamped spot weld (spot welding → hot stamping) and conventional spot weld (hot stamping → spot welding) of the 1500 MPa class uncoated boron steel sheets were compared. The obtained results are as follows. The tensile shear strength (TSS) of the hot-stamped spot weld and conventional spot weld were comparable and the fracture modes were the same. On the other hand, the cross tension strength (CTS) of hot-stamped spot weld was significantly higher than that of the conventional spot weld. The fracture position of the hot-stamped spot weld was outside the nugget and conventional spot weld was inside the nugget. The high CTS of the hot-stamped spot welds might be caused by the improvement of the fracture toughness of the nugget, which was caused by reduction of the solidification segregation of the phosphorus. It is assumed that the heating process after spot welding leads to the reduction of the solidification segregation. For the tension test because there was no HAZ softening in the hot-stamped spot weld, no fracture was observed in HAZ and a higher elongation was obtained.     

镁-裸钢板异种金属冷金属过渡熔钎焊连接机理

以AZ61镁合金焊丝为填充材料,对AZ31B镁合金/Q235裸钢板进行冷金属过渡熔钎焊试验研究,分析不同工艺参数对焊缝成形和力学性能的影响. 并通过分析焊接接头微观组织及其元素分布状况来研究其连接机理. 研究结果表明:随着送丝速度的增加,接头最大抗拉载荷先升高后降低,当焊缝宽度较大时,断裂易发生在镁的热影响区,其最大抗拉载荷可达6 kN以上;焊缝及镁合金中的Al原子通过焊接过程扩散到界面上形成很薄的Fe-Al相反应层,从而实现了镁、裸钢板的有效连接.     

Mechanical properties of laser-pressure-welded joint between dissimilar galvannealed steel and pure aluminium

Dissimilar metal joints of Zn-coated Galvannealed steel (GA steel) and commercially available pure aluminium (A1050) sheets were produced by changing the laser power and the roller pressure by the laser pressure welding method. By this method, the YAG laser beam was irradiated into a flare groove made by these dissimilar metal sheets. In addition, the laser beam was scanned at various frequencies and patterns through the fθ lens using two-dimensional scanning mirrors. Then the sheets were pressed by the pressure rolls to be joined.

The compound layers in the weld interface were observed by an optical microscope and the layer thicknesses were measured. The thicknesses ranged from 7 to 20 μm. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were evaluated by the tensile-shear test and peel test. In the tensile-shear test, the strengths of the joints produced under the most welding conditions were so high that the fracture occurred through the base aluminium sheet. In the peel test of the specimens subjected to a laser beam of 1200–1400 W power under roller pressure of 2.94 kN, the specimen fracture took place in the base aluminium sheet. Even if the compound layer was thick, high joint strength was obtained. On the other hand, the specimen fractured in the weld interface at a laser power of 1500 W. The results of X-ray diffraction on the peel test specimen surface identified that the intermetallic compound on the GA steel side was Fe₂Al₅Zn_0.4. Moreover, the aluminium parts adhering to the GA steel side were confirmed. These results suggest that the fracture in the peel test occurred between the compound layer and A1050 and partly in the base aluminium. A micro-Vickers hardness test was performed to examine the hardness distribution in the compound layer. The hardness values near A1050 and GA steel were about 100 and 470 Hv, respectively, which suggests that the compound layer should not necessarily consist of brittle intermetallic compounds. It is therefore concluded that laser pressure welding could produce high strength joints of GA steel and A1050 dissimilar materials.     

高铌X80管道不同强度匹配环焊接头性能及应变演化

为探究管道环焊缝断裂失效机理,测试了两种不同强度匹配的高铌X80环焊缝接头的组织和性能,并借助数字图像相关法(digital image correlation,DIC)观测了焊接接头在拉伸载荷下的应变行为.结果表明,低强匹配和高强匹配的高铌X80管道环焊接头均具有较好的冲击韧性,二者的夏比冲击吸收能量平均值相当,热影...     

不同组配P91钢焊接接头断裂性能的试验研究

采用JR阻力曲线试验方法，研究了强度组配对P91钢焊接接头不同区域断裂性能的影响规律，并分析了不同组配P91钢焊接接头的硬度分布。结果表明，焊接热循环对其热影响区的性能没有明显的影响；低组配焊接接头焊缝区的断裂阻力要高于高组配焊接接头焊缝区的断裂阻力，即强度低组配有利于提高P91钢焊缝的抗断性能；对于熔合线区域，试验结果体现出类似的规律，即随组配比的降低，熔合线区域的抗断性能升高；而无论何种强度组配的P91钢焊接接头。其焊缝金属的抗断性能均优于熔合线区域。     

Effect of inclination of weld faying surface on joint strength of friction welded joint and its allowable limit for austenitic stainless steel solid bar similar diameter combination

This paper describes the effect of the inclination of the weld faying surface on joint strength of friction welded joint and its allowable limit for austenitic stainless steel (SUS304) solid bar similar diameter combination. In this case, the specimen was prepared with the inclination of the weld faying surface pursuant to the JIS Z 3607, and the joint was made with that diameter of 12 mm, a friction speed of 27.5 s^?1, and a friction pressure of 30 MPa. The initial peak torque decreased with increasing inclination of the weld faying surface, and then the elapsed time for the initial peak increased with increasing that inclination. However, the steady torque was kept constant in spite of the inclination of the weld faying surface increasing. The joints without the inclination of the weld faying surface, which were made with friction times of 1.5 and 2.0 s with a forge pressure of 270 MPa, had achieved 100% joint efficiency with the base metal fracture. Those joints had 90° bend ductility with no crack at the weld interface. The joints with the inclination of the weld faying surface of 0.3 mm (gap length of 0.6 mm), which were allowable distance, was also obtained the same result with this condition. Furthermore, those joints with a friction time of 2.5 s obtained the same result. On the other hand, the joints with the inclination of the weld faying surface of 0.6 mm (gap length of 1.2 mm), which were twice inclination of the allowable distance, also obtained the same result in a friction time of 2.5 s. However, the joints without the inclination of the weld faying surface at this friction time did not obtain the base metal fracture, although those achieved 100% joint efficiency. In conclusion, to obtain 100% joint efficiency and the base metal fracture with no cracking at the weld interface, the joint must be made with the inclination of the weld faying surface, with allowable distance pursuant to the JIS Z 3607.     

异种钢闪光对焊接头蠕变断裂力学行为

分别钢闪光对焊制备的高强匹配（ＢＷ－ＷＨ－ＢＬ）、低强匹配（ＢＨ－ＷＬ－ＢＭ）和中强匹配（ＢＬ－ＷＭ－ＨＢ）的;宏观力学不均匀异种钢接头进行了蠕变及蠕变断裂,试验,并用有限元方法分析了不同匹配接头蠕变断裂的力学因素。结果表明,高强匹配和低强匹配接头均沿头邻近焊缝界面的低强度母材或焊缝侧发生断裂,并怕特征;中强匹配接头蠕变断裂位置在远离焊缝界面的低强度母材区,呈延性断裂性质。应力三轴性是控制高强匹配     

DH36钢水下摩擦塞焊工艺及力学性能

文中通过工艺试验研究了DH36钢水下摩擦塞焊工艺窗口及焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,在焊接转速较低时,焊接接头根部容易形成“未结合”焊接缺陷,提高焊接转速可有效避免缺陷的形成;焊接转速为7500r/min、轴向压力在30~45kN范围是较适宜的焊接工艺参数;焊接接头焊缝组织主要为板条马氏体和贝氏体,焊接热影响区的组织主要为贝氏体;焊接接头的拉伸性能和冲击性能均随焊接转速的提高有不同程度升高,但随轴向压力的变化不具有明显规律性;在较优的焊接工艺参数下（焊接转速7500r/min、轴向压力40kN）焊接接头屈服强度为370MPa,抗拉强度为530MPa,断后伸长率为22.5%,结合线处0℃冲击吸收功为42.5J。     

电子束扫描焊接与焊缝凝固组织及性能的关系

电子束扫描焊接作为一种细化晶粒的焊接方法，对于不同的材料、有不同的细化效果。采用T—250马氏体时效钢为试验材料，初步研究了电子束扫描焊接对焊缝凝固组织、元素偏析及其对焊接接头强度和缺口冲击韧度的影响。并分析了电子束扫描焊接对断口形貌的影响。结果表明，采用电子束扫描焊接后、焊缝凝固组织细化、元素偏析降低；焊接接头强度和缺口冲击韧度提高。     

送丝位置对铝/镀锌板CMT搭接接头组织与性能的影响

采用CMT搭接方法研究不同送丝位置对6082铝合金/镀锌板搭接接头质量的影响. 使用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)分析焊接接头的形貌,微观组织及元素分布;通过拉伸试验检测接头的力学性能. 结果表明,1和2位置时,焊缝成形不饱满,锌层蒸发严重,界面处形成FeAl₂,FeAl及FeAl₃的金属间化合物,承载力达到6 kN;当3,4和5位置时送丝位置指向铝板,焊缝成形饱满,界面处形成Fe_6.6Al₃Zn_0.2和Fe₂Al₃Si_0.3,厚度约为2 μm,承载力达到7.5 kN,综上所述,CMT焊接铝合金/镀锌板时送丝位置应偏向铝板,可得到综合性能更好的焊接接头.     

LNG储罐用9Ni钢焊条电弧焊接头的组织与性能

采用国产的CHNiCrFe-9型镍基焊条进行9Ni钢焊条电弧焊试验,通过拉伸试验、弯曲试验、金相显微组织分析和扫描电镜(SEM)分析等方法,分析焊接接头的组织和性能。结果表明,焊缝金属由奥氏体基体和富Nb复杂碳化物组成,枝晶偏析严重,晶粒较为粗大;断口主要由大而深的韧窝组成,属于韧性断裂;试样的抗拉强度平均值为736 MPa;焊接接头的横向面弯测试不合格。根据试验结果分析焊缝金属弯曲性能不合格的原因,为9Ni钢的实际焊接提供了理论依据,对正确制定焊接工艺具有一定的指导意义。     

Analysis of acoustic and optical signals used as a basis for controlling laser‐welding processes

Stud joints of 2017 aluminium alloy were friction welded and its joint strength was examined. A stair zone was formed at the weld interface. Although the hardness of the stair zone was almost the same as base metals, the heat-affected zone of the bar and the plate was softened. The tensile strength of joints tended to increase with a pressure and a friction time, and the highest tensile strength was 275 MPa (63.1% joint efficiency for the bar base metal). In the bending testing, joints were cracked in the weld zone at a bending angle of less than 5°. In the fatigue testing, joints fractured near the weld interface and the fatigue strength of joints increased as the tensile strength of joints was high.     

连铸坯中微观偏析的模型研究

对导致连铸坯中内裂纹形成的微观偏析进行了模型研究，模型中考虑了铁素体（δ）凝固向奥氏体（γ）凝固的转化以及ＭｎＳ的析出，讨论了钢中Ｃ，Ｍｎ，Ｓ和Ｐ对凝固过程中晶间偏析、零强度温度（ＺＳＴ）、零塑性温度（ＺＤＴ）的影响，结果表明，钢中碳含量对凝固前支晶间的微的有显著影响，碳含量在０．１％～０．２％之间，Ｐ的偏析显著增加，Ｓ的偏析由于受到Ｍｎ的掏而随碳含量变化不大；钢中Ｐ的偏析极其严重，初始Ｐ含量的增     

Effect of pin rotating speed on lap shear strength of stationary shoulder friction stir lap welded 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy

Stationary shoulder friction stir lap welding (SSFSLW) was successfully used to weld 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy in this paper.Effect of pin rotating speed on cross section morphologies and lap shear strength of the SSFSLW joints were mainly discussed.Results show that joints without flash and shoulder marks can be obtained by the stationary shoulder.Cross section of the SSFSLW joint presents a basin-like morphology and little material loss.By increasing the rotating speed from 1 000 rpm to 1 600 rpm,both effective sheet thickness and lap width increase,while lap shear failure load firstly decreases and then increases.The maximum failure load of 14.05 kN is attained when 1 000 rpm is used.All SSFSLW joints present shear fracture mode.     

低匹配十字接头的“等承载”设计

为提高低匹配接头的静载承载能力和疲劳抗力,根据提出的“等承载”设计思想和实现条件,在确定十字接头应力集中最小化的焊缝形状方案的基础上,通过有限元计算及其结果的回归分析,建立了十字接头几何参数与焊趾、焊根应力集中系数的关系方程,进行了0.571匹配比十字接头等承载目的的接头形状参数设计. 结果表明,设计延缓了拉伸及弯曲过程中低强焊缝和焊趾应力的增长速度,低强焊缝不先于母材屈服,应变集中先位于焊趾,随后向母材转移,接头断裂模式转变为安全的全面屈服断裂. 该设计对高强度钢低匹配接头的应用具有重要意义.     

Study on static and fatigue strength of structural adhesive-bonded joints of steel sheets for automotive application

The static and fatigue strength of crush durable structural adhesive-bonded lap joints of steel sheets for automobiles was evaluated by tensile shear tests. The steel sheets used in this study were uncoated and galvannealed (GA) with tensile strength ranging from 270 MPa-grade to 980 MPa-grade and the thickness ranging from 0.7 to 1.8 mm. Also, the effects of the adhesive types were evaluated. The results are as follows: In the static tensile shear tests, when the steel sheets deformed during the tensile test, the tensile shear strength increased with the increase in the base metal properties, such as the yield strength and thickness; however, when the base metal properties were sufficiently high not to undergo plastic deformation, the tensile shear strength exhibited a constant value. On the other hand, the effect of base metal properties on the fatigue joint strength was relatively small. The static joint strength of the GA steel joints was slightly lower than that of the uncoated steel sheets; however, the fatigue strength of the GA steel joints was higher than that of the uncoated steel sheets. The coating failure of the GA was affected by the type of adhesive, base metal properties and type of test. Choosing the proper adhesive can reduce the failure of the GA coating, and the high strength steel showed fewer coating failures than the mild steel.     

轴肩下压量对搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头力学性能的影响

采用表面为右螺纹圆柱型搅拌针的搅拌头对3mm厚LY12铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊搭接试验,研究了轴肩下压量对接头界面迁移和搭接接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,随轴肩下压量增大,焊缝两侧的搭接界面均向下迁移,其迁移量随下压量的增加而增加,焊缝返回侧的界面迁移量大于前进侧.控制轴肩下压量,当轴肩下压量合适时,焊缝两侧的界面仅发生较小的迁移.当焊缝两侧的界面仅发生较小的迁移量时,搭接接头有较高的抗剪强度,且断裂都发生在上板,呈正断.焊缝两侧的搭接界面向下迁移时,断裂都发生在下板,接头抗剪强度随界面迁移高度的增加而减小,且受拉侧在下板前进侧时,接头的抗剪强度较受拉侧在下板返回侧时的高.     

基于等承载能力原则的低匹配对接接头设计

根据对接接头的应力分布特点,提出了低匹配接头焊缝与母材具有相等静载承载能力的条件,即焊根处应力集中因子与接头匹配比（焊缝金属与母材的屈服强度的比值）相等。通过有限元计算及其结果的回归分析,建立了对接接头几何参数与焊根处应力集中因子经验方程。针对高强钢焊接结构的应用,以焊缝与母材静载等强承载为原则,进行了低匹配对接接头的几何形状设计。结果表明,该几何形状设计不仅可在较大范围内选择匹配比而不必降低应用载荷,而且接头断裂模式由局部屈服断裂向整个接头的全面屈服断裂转变,该接头设计对于高强钢低匹配接头的应用具有重要意义。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of nanostructured bainite weld with regeneration

Because of the brittle martensite crystalline structure, nanostructured bainitic steel is very difficult to be welded and easily form cracks in the welded joint, which limits the scope of their application. Regeneration treatment can lead to nanostructured bainite formation in the welded joints, preventing further degradation of the welded joint. Detailed changes of microstructures and mechanical properties of the weld are characterized here. Coarse inter-dendrite structures appear in the weld due to welding segregation, and are confirmed to be retained austenite by TEM. Moreover, an extraordinary combination of strength and ductility of the weld is achieved. The ultimate tensile strengths are 1913MPa and 2115MPa when regeneration temperatures are 250 °C and 230 °C. The corresponding elongations are 5.14% and 2.3%. In addition, the tension fracture behaviour and crack propagation mode of the weld are investigated.