低匹配十字接头的“等承载”设计

为提高低匹配接头的静载承载能力和疲劳抗力,根据提出的“等承载”设计思想和实现条件,在确定十字接头应力集中最小化的焊缝形状方案的基础上,通过有限元计算及其结果的回归分析,建立了十字接头几何参数与焊趾、焊根应力集中系数的关系方程,进行了0.571匹配比十字接头等承载目的的接头形状参数设计. 结果表明,设计延缓了拉伸及弯曲过程中低强焊缝和焊趾应力的增长速度,低强焊缝不先于母材屈服,应变集中先位于焊趾,随后向母材转移,接头断裂模式转变为安全的全面屈服断裂. 该设计对高强度钢低匹配接头的应用具有重要意义.     

铝合金焊接接头冲击强化的性能

为了提高铝合金焊接接头的力学性能,试验分别采用超声波和调Q脉冲YAG激光对A6061-T6铝合金焊接接头焊趾附近处进行冲击强化,研究了超声波和激光冲击强化下铝合金焊接接头的性能.两种冲击强化模式下,铝合金焊接接头焊趾处近表面均发生了冲击强化效果,并产生了较大的残余压应力,超声波和激光冲击强化后产生的最大残余压应力分别为 -158 MPa和 -145 MPa左右.超声波与激光冲击强化铝合金焊接接头的疲劳寿命差别不大,均比焊态下试样的疲劳寿命提高1倍以上.两种冲击强化方法的疲劳试验样件断裂位置均发生在基体金属上,而焊趾处没有疲劳裂纹产生.     

冷喷涂改善2219铝合金熔焊接头残余应力新方法

目的采用冷喷涂技术改善2219铝合金变极性钨极氩弧焊(VPTIG)焊接接头残余应力。方法采用冷喷涂技术在8 mm厚2219铝合金VPTIG焊接接头表面进行Cu涂层制备,分析冷喷涂前后接头微观组织、力学性能及残余应力的变化,探究冷喷涂过程中高速碰撞颗粒的"喷丸效应"与加热气体的"热效应"对接头残余应力的改善作用及内在机制。结果冷喷涂前后,接头整体的微观组织无明显变化,但在焊缝表面(Cu涂层与焊缝结合面处)观察到明显的塑性变形。冷喷涂后,焊缝区上表面显微硬度提高,作用深度约2 mm(余高处);接头抗拉强度表观上稍有降低,这是由于涂层对焊缝的拉伸应变局部化改变所致,"喷丸效应"与"热效应"单独作用下,接头抗拉强度无明显变化,所有拉伸试样均从焊趾处沿着熔合区发生断裂。焊态接头残余应力分布总体呈拉应力状态,在焊缝处最大,经过冷喷涂后,焊缝残余拉应力峰值从约200MPa降到约24MPa,大部分区域从拉应力变为压应力,且分布均匀性变好。结论冷喷涂技术可以显著改善VPTIG焊接接头残余应力分布。冷喷涂粒子的"喷丸效应"对基体残余应力的改善作用显著。高温气流的"热效应"虽未能显著降低残余应力,但使应力分布变得均匀。     

Major factor causing improvement in fatigue strength of butt welded steel joints after laser peening without coating

Abstract

Laser peening without coating (LPwC) can introduce compressive residual stress to the surface and, therefore, is effective in enhancing the fatigue strength. This study used butt welded structural steel joints to investigate changes in the residual stress and the hardness near the toe of the welded zone and to examine the major factor causing the improved fatigue strength due to LPwC. It is concluded that the generation of compressive residual stress by LPwC is the major factor improving the fatigue strength, because the reduction in compressive residual stress due to stress relief annealing decreased the fatigue strength to the same level as that of butt welded joints without LPwC.     

An estimation of factors influencing residual stress characteristics of fillet welded lap joints

The residual stress behaviours in fillet welded lap joints of sheet metal have been researched in a systematic testing procedure with varied steel types, steel thicknesses and welding wires having different transformation points. Consequently, under the simulated fabrication welding conditions (with a constant amount of deposited metal), the transverse residual stress at the weld toe, which is deemed critical in fatigue strength, has been found almost invariable to a change in steel type and thickness, but it has been clarified to become compressive to a greater extent as the wire’s transformation point is lower. Moreover, as for the residual stress inside the weld metal, the compressive residual stress area has been found to expand as the welding wire’s transformation point reduces, from the results of the thermo-elastic-plastic analysis.     

承载超声冲击下焊接接头疲劳性能的改善

采用承载超声冲击处理的方法对20号钢T形管接头进行处理,并与原始焊态、非承载冲击处理态试件进行了对比.结果表明,在高应力比R=0.75的加载条件下,与原始焊态接头相比,非承载超声冲击和承载超声冲击的疲劳强度分别提高了23%和70%,疲劳寿命分别延长了1.4倍和5.6～8.5倍.从超声冲击处理区域表层组织、接头焊趾区表层硬度、焊接接头残余应力等方面比较了承载和非承载超声冲击提高焊接接头疲劳性能的异同,并采用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟了两种超声冲击处理下焊接接头的应力分布,与非承载冲击处理试件相比,承载冲击处理试件表面压缩应力值大,压缩应力层深.     

随焊冲击碾压整形新方法及等承载接头拉伸与疲劳性能

提出了随焊冲击碾压整形方法（weld shaping with trailing impact rolling,,WSTIR）,并研制了一套随焊冲击碾压整形装置．对随焊整形后低匹配等承载接头（equal load-carrying capacity,ELCC）进行了拉伸试验和疲劳试验．结果表明,随焊整形后接头拉伸均断裂在近焊趾的母材处,断裂应力均达到母材的抗拉强度;随焊整形后接头的疲劳寿命明显大于原始焊态接头,由于随焊整形接头焊趾处圆弧过渡降低了应力集中,进而提高了随焊整形接头的疲劳承载能力．拉伸与疲劳试验说明随焊冲击碾压整形后的平余高低匹配接头达到了等承载的要求．这种随焊整形方法将有力地推动低匹配等承载接头设计方法在工程实际的应用．     

转向架用SMA490BW钢焊接接头超高周疲劳性能

采用超声疲劳试验方法对SMA490BW钢焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能进行研究,通过X射线应力仪对焊接试样残余应力进行测试,采用扫描电镜对疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展及疲劳断裂机理进行观察和分析. 结果表明,SMA490BW钢母材的疲劳性能远高于焊接接头,在1 × 108循环周次条件下,接头的疲劳强度为141 MPa,仅为母材的44.2%. 接头裂纹主要萌生于焊趾表面缺陷处,疲劳断裂机理表现为准解理断裂, 并伴有塑性变形痕迹. 焊趾处几何不连续造成的应力集中和焊缝及其附近区域一定的残余拉应力,以及接头各微区组织和性能的不均匀性,是导致焊接接头疲劳性能偏低的主要原因.     

一种针对低匹配焊接接头的"等承载"设计方法

为提高高强钢低匹配接头承载能力,提出了低匹配接头与母材具有相等的静载承载能力和疲劳抗力的"等承载能力"(ELCC)概念.从安全性角度出发,焊接结构必须同时具有足够的强度和应力松弛能力,而强度失配接头的断裂模式类型能够同时反映接头的强度、塑性变形能力以及焊缝与母材之间塑性变形的非均匀程度.母材先于焊缝发生塑性变形的全面屈...     

Suggestion of welding procedure for compressive residual stress induction by using low transformation temperature welding materials

ABSTRACT

To understand the cause of compressive residual stress in welded joints, we analysed by numerical analysis the effect of welding pass sequence using low transformation temperature (LTT) welding materials on residual stress around the weld toe of boxing fillet welded joints. It was determined by numerical analysis that the produced compressive residual stress and the influence of the stiffeners are reduced in the equivalent position of the weld toe in a fillet welded joint because of the influence on the behaviour of the stiffener in the weld being due to residual stress distribution around the weld toe. The residual stress reduction method of extending the length of the welded bead and releasing the weld toe from the stiffener, similar to the concept of discarding a bead to reduce tensile residual stress, was effective in fillet welded joints. Numerical analysis of the relationship between residual stress around the weld toe and width of the weld bead in the bead-on-plate welding model clarified that compressive residual stress can be introduced around the weld toe by having a wide width weld bead. In addition, a fully penetrated welded joint was very effective for causing compressive residual stress around the weld toe.     

表面喷丸强化处理对TC11钛合金疲劳性能的影响

目的改善TC11钛合金的抗疲劳性能。方法采用喷丸表面强化工艺对TC11钛合金进行了表面强化处理,研究了喷丸强化处理、喷丸+二次喷丸强化处理对TC11钛合金试样表面粗糙度、残余应力、显微组织及疲劳性能的影响。结果喷丸处理能够在试样表层引入厚度约230?m的残余压应力场,但同时导致试样表面粗糙度值增加。喷丸后进行表面二次喷丸,试样表面残余压应力值和残余压应力峰值提高,但残余压应力峰值的位置和残余压应力层的厚度变化不大。二次喷丸对试样表面起到一定程度的修复作用,使试样表面粗糙度值降低。喷丸后试样表层组织发生明显的塑性变形,晶粒变细,而喷丸+二次喷丸处理可使试样表层组织得到进一步细化。喷丸处理后,试样的疲劳强度由480 MPa提高至540 MPa,提高了12.5%,二次喷丸使试样的疲劳强度提高至570 MPa,在喷丸的基础上继续提高了5.5%。结论喷丸后对试样表面进行二次喷丸对表层残余应力场的影响不大,二次喷丸主要通过降低试样表面粗糙度值和细化试样表层组织,使试样的疲劳强度得到进一步提高。     

Improving the fatigue property of welded joints for AZ31 magnesium alloy by ultrasonic peening treatment

The fatigue property of AZ31 magnesium alloy and its TIG welded joints were investigated. The ultrasonic peening treatment (UPT) was used to improve the fatigue property of the TIG welded joints, which was treated at the weld toe by the UPT process. The test results show that the fatigue strength of the base metal of AZ31 magnesium alloys is 57.8 MPa, and those of the fillet joint and the transverse cross joint are respectively 20.0 MPa and 17.2 MPa at 2×106 cycles. The fatigue strengths of two kinds of welded joints treated by the UPT are respectively 30.3 MPa and 24.7 MPa, which have been improved by 51.5% and 43.6%, respectively. The fatigue life of the fillet joint specimens is prolonged by about 2.74 times and the fatigue life of the transverse cross joint specimens is prolonged by about 1.05 times when the stress range is at 40.0 MPa.     

超声冲击改善MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能机理探究

通过超声疲劳试验探究超声冲击对MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的影响。同时,从应力集中、残余应力、晶粒细化等三个因素来探究超声冲击改善MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的机理。结果表明：在1.0×108寿命下,焊态试样疲劳强度为31.62MPa,冲击态试样疲劳强度为39.81MPa,冲击态试样疲劳强度相较于焊态提高了26%。这说明超声冲击可以明显提高MB8镁合金焊接接头超高周疲劳性能。焊态试样焊趾处应力集中系数Kt1=1.95,冲击态试样焊趾处应力集中系数Kt2=1.67,应力集中系数降低了14.4%,所以超声冲击可以降低焊趾处的应力集中程度。超声冲击后试样焊趾处的应力由残余拉应力转变成残余压应力。超声冲击细化焊趾表面晶粒改善MB8镁合金焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能。     

超声冲击对SMA490BW钢焊接接头超高周疲劳性能的影响

采用超声冲击工艺对转向架用SMA490BW钢对接接头焊趾表面进行冲击处理,研究了超声冲击对接头超高周疲劳性能的影响。借助金相显微镜、SEM和TEM研究了冲击层金相组织、冲击前后焊趾处的形貌及表层金属晶粒细化程度。运用有限元软件计算焊接接头的应力分布,采用X射线应力仪对冲击前后焊趾表层的应力进行了测量和分析。结果表明,在5×10~6循环周次下,冲击态接头和焊态接头的疲劳强度分别为206 MPa和153 MPa,经冲击处理后疲劳强度提高了34.6%。在1×10~8循环周次下,冲击态接头的疲劳强度为195 MPa,与焊态接头的141 MPa相比提高了38.3%。在240 MPa的应力水平下,焊接接头经超声冲击处理后的疲劳寿命提高了7倍。经冲击处理的焊趾部位的应力集中系数下降了19.1%,其表面的残余拉应力得到消除,并转变为有益的残余压缩应力,焊趾表层组织得到明显细化,这3个方面均对提高焊接接头疲劳性能起到了积极贡献。     

超声冲击对含根部缺陷铝合金FSW接头疲劳性能的影响

针对含有根部"弱连接"缺陷的铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头,采用4点弯曲疲劳试验方法,对比了超声冲击、超声喷丸及超声冲击+超声喷丸处理对疲劳性能的影响.对比分析了试样处理前后根部"弱连接"形貌、显微硬度数值和残余应力分布,探究了其提升焊接接头疲劳性能的机制.结果表明,相较于超声冲击仅对2×106周次以下疲劳强度的提高,超声喷丸、...     

超声冲击对MB8镁合金对接接头疲劳性能的影响

采用HJ-Ⅲ型超声冲击设备对MB8镁合金对接接头焊趾区域进行冲击处理.利用EHF-EM200K2-070-1A电液伺服疲劳试验机对超声冲击前后的MB8镁合金对接接头进行疲劳对比试验.采用光学显微镜和高分辨率的透射电镜对超声冲击后的MB8镁合金对接接头的表层组织进行了分析.结果表明,在试验循环基数为2×106周次的条件下,超声冲击态接头的疲劳强度为52.8 MPa,比焊态试样的疲劳强度提高了37.5%,在同等应力水平下,接头的疲劳寿命提高了58～65倍.超声冲击后,焊趾处的应力集中程度降低,焊址及附近区域发生明显塑性变形,变形层厚度大约为70 μm,并在焊趾表面获得了纳米晶组织,同时把焊接残余拉应力转变为压缩应力.超声冲击可以大幅度地提高MB8镁合金焊接接头的疲劳寿命.     

A coupled creep plasticity model for residual stress relaxation of a shot-peened nickel-based superalloy

Shot peening is a commonly used surface treatment process that imparts compressive residual stresses into the surface of metal components. Compressive residual stresses retard initiation and growth of fatigue cracks. During component loading history, shot-peened residual stresses may change due to thermal exposure, creep, and cyclic loading. In these instances, taking full credit for compressive residual stresses would result in a nonconservative life prediction. This article describes a methodical approach for characterizing and modeling residual stress relaxation under elevated temperature loading, near and above the monotonic yield strength of INI 00. The model incorporates the dominant creep deformation mechanism, coupling between the creep and plasticity models, and effects of prior plastic strain to simulate surface treatment deformation.     

焊趾处理工艺对10Ni5CrMoV钢低周疲劳性能的影响

对原始焊态、焊趾氩弧熔修、焊趾打磨和焊趾针击处理的10Ni5CrMoV钢堆焊试板分别进行了四点弯曲低周疲劳试验、焊接残余应力测量和焊趾应力集中系数计算.结果表明,焊趾氩弧熔修对低周疲劳性能改善作用明显,疲劳寿命提高幅度平均达98%;焊趾打磨对低周疲劳性能无明显改善作用;焊趾针击处理对低周疲劳性能有一定改善,但改善幅度不如焊趾氩弧熔修,其对疲劳寿命的提高幅度平均为45%.对低周疲劳寿命、残余应力和应力集中系数的综合分析结果表明,应力集中是影响焊接接头低周疲劳性能的关键因素,改善应力集中是提高焊接接头低周疲劳性能的有效途径.     

Ti2AlNb金属间化合物喷丸强化残余应力模拟分析与疲劳寿命预测

目的 研究经喷丸强化处理后Ti2AlNb材料表层残余应力的分布特征,并预测残余应力对材料疲劳性能的影响规律。方法 通过贴应变片逐层钻孔法,对使用喷丸强化处理后的Ti2AlNb试样进行残余应力测试分析,得到引入残余应力场各方面的测试数据,结合ABAQUS数值模拟方式,对比分析试验与模拟残余应力场结果,获取材料的最终残余应力梯度。利用FE-SAFE软件,通过叠加残余应力场的方式,预测喷丸强化前后试样的疲劳寿命。结果 在文中加工参数下,实验测试和软件模拟结果的重合度良好。喷丸强化可在Ti2AlNb金属间化合物靶材内引入300 MPa左右的最大残余压应力,深度达到了0.12 mm左右。材料表面塑性应变分布不均匀,且造成的塑性应变距表面深度可达0.1 mm。通过喷丸强化引入残余压应力,预测的Ti2AlNb材料疲劳极限可提高12%,高低周疲劳寿命均有明显的延寿效果。结论 验证了有限元数值模拟此材料喷丸强化的准确性和可靠性,得到了Ti2AlNb材料喷丸强化的残余应力场。由于塑性变形诱发机制的限制,喷丸造成塑性应变分布不均匀,塑性应变层深小于残余压应力层深。此外,强化后材料的疲劳性能显著提高,疲劳极限有可观的提升,且高低周疲劳均有较好的延寿效果。     

关于焊接残余应力形成机制的探讨

分析了关于焊接残余应力形成过程描述的传统观点的局限性和不足,指出材料力学的“截面法”不能用于分析横向残余应力分量。认为在不考虑材科相变的前提下,焊缝金属冷却时收缩受制也是导致焊接残余应力产生的重要原因。虽然残余压缩应变和残余收缩应变在导致焊接残余应力产生的作用方面是等价的,但其机理却有本质的不同,区别二者有利于研究和开发新的焊接残余应力调控技术。对固有应变理论进行了分析和补充,认为应统一到拉伸塑性应变上。用钢板上堆敷锡钎焊焊道的方法,在母材温升值低于塑性应变所需温差的条件下,由盲孔法测得了板上大范围分布的高值残余应力,且因焊道和母材的线膨胀系数差异较大,其应变测试值与环境温度有关。