TC4合金TIG焊接头组织转变与力学性能分析

针对TC4合金TIG焊接头微观组织特征以及焊接过程中的组织转变规律进行了研究,并对接头力学性能进行了分析.经历TIG焊接热循环之后,焊缝及热影响区粗晶区晶粒严重粗化,热影响区晶粒尺寸具有突变特征,过渡区组织呈带状分布,不存在明显的细晶区.升温过程中(α+β)→β转变过程包括两个阶段:原始β→高温β转变和原始α→高温β转变,而且在原始α→高温β转变开始之前,原始β→高温β转变已经完成.冷却过程中在β→α'转变区间冷速较慢时,α'相首先在高温β晶界上形核,并向晶内生长,生成针状α';在快速冷却时,α'相在晶内大量形核,形成"筐篮"组织.硬度测量结果表明,粗晶区部位存在一个软化区;接头抗拉强度与母材接近,接头性能优异.

Abstract：

The microstructure and phase transformation of TC4 alloy weld joints during TIG welding were investigated. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were also tested. When the TC4 alloy was heated by TIG arc, grains in the weld bead and heat affected zone (HAZ) were badly coarsening. The grain size in HAZ has mutant character. The microstructure in the transition region presented zonal distribution. There was no obvious fine grained region. In temperature-rise period, the transformation of (α + β)→β was divided into two processes which included the original β→ high-temperature β and the original α→ high-temperature β. And the previous phase transformation was finished before the next starting. In the cooling process, slowly cooling rate introduced α' phases nucleating at the high-temperature β grain boundary in the β→α transform temperature range. The α' martensite grew up into the center of the β grains and generated acicular martensite. With quicker cooling rate, large numbers of α' phase nucleated in the high-temperature β grains and generated orthogonally oriented martensites. Hardness measurements show there is a softened zone in HAZ. Tensile strength of welded joint was approximate with the base metal. And the properties of the welded joints were good.     

400MPa级超细晶粒钢电弧焊焊接接头组织与性能

采用普通电弧焊方法（手工电弧焊、二氧化碳气体保护焊、埋弧焊）对400MPa级超细晶粒钢进行焊接,并对不同工艺条件下的焊接接头的组织与性能进行了分析。结果表明,400MPa级超细晶粒钢电弧焊焊接接头热影响区存在着明显的晶粒长大现象;手工电弧焊和埋弧焊焊接接头性能明显下降,而二筘化碳气体保护焊焊接接头性能下降不明显。根据试验结果,实际生产中可以利用二氧化碳气体保护焊方法焊接400MPa级超细晶粒钢。     

Study on the strength and failure modes of laser welded galvanized DP980 steel lap joints

The mechanical properties of different sections of the laser welded galvanized high strength dual phase (DP) 980 steel lap joint such as the hardened zone (fusion zone and the grain coarsened heat affected zone (HAZ)), the softened zone (subcritical HAZ), and the base material were determined through mini-tensile tests. The numerically-predicted load–displacement curve and the sample rotation angle were verified by experimental measurements. The FE model considering the non-homogeneous mechanical properties was built based on the weld cross section geometries that were obtained under various laser welding conditions. The numerically-predicted von Mises equivalent strain concentrations and failure modes of the galvanized DP980 lap joints with respect to different laser welding conditions exhibit reasonable agreement with the experimental results.     

大厚度TC21钛合金电子束焊接试验

对56mm厚TC21钛合金进行了电子束对接试验,对接头显微组织和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,接头焊缝区组织形态以柱状β晶粒为基体,针状的马氏体弥散其中;热影响区从焊缝到母材分为三个区域,依次为等轴再结晶β晶粒区、片状和针状а相形成的魏氏组织区以及片状α相聚集长大的区域;熔合区内柱状晶与等轴晶联生.接头强度达到母材水平,断裂发生在母材内,接头厚度方向性能一致.接头塑性损失较大,只达到母材的50%左右.接头焊缝区硬度最高,其次是热影响区的等轴晶区和魏氏组织区,而热影响区内片状α相聚集长大的区域硬度值最低.

Abstract：

Electron beam welding of TC21 56 mm titanium alloy was carried out. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of welded joints were analyzed and tested. The results showed that the weld zone consisted of the columnar β gains, and in which the transgranular acicular α' martensite were dispersedly distributed. HAZ can be divided into three parts from base metal to weld zone, which are the equiaxed recrystallized β grain zone, Widmanstaten structure zone formed by lamellar and aeicular α phases and lamellar a phase coarsening zone. Fusion zone consists of the adnate columnar and equiaxed grains. Tensile strength of joints reaches to that of base metal and the failure appears in the base metal. The mechanical properties are uniform along the vertical direction. Plasticity in the welded joint is greatly decreased and only up to 50% of that of the base metal. The microhardness in weld zone is the highest, and that of the equiaxed grain zone and Widmanstaten structure zone in HAZ is higher, and the microhardness in columnar a phase coarsening zone is the lowest.     

Study on improving properties of welded joints of 400 MPa ultra fine grained steel by mechanical surface hardening

The welded joints of 400 MPa ultra fine grained steel in manual arc welding were treated by mechanical surface hardening. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the treated joints were compared with those of the untreated joints, based on which, primary study on the process and principle of mechanical surface hardening was carried out. The results shows that： Grain size of HAZ increases greatly and mechanical properties of welded joint decrease obviously compared with those of base martial, but grain size in the surface layer of HAZ can be refined （the grain size is about 100 nm or so） and mechanical properties of welded joints can be improved greatly by mechanical surface hardening.     

Effect of different pre- and post-weld heat treatments on microstructures and mechanical properties of variable polarity TIG welded AA2219 joints

The microstructures and mechanical properties of 2219 aluminium alloy joints welded by variable polarity TIG welding in four kinds of different heat treatment conditions, namely, with/without pre-/post-weld heat treatment, were analysed and compared. The post-weld artificial aging treatment rendered fine dispersed precipitates (metastable θ′ phase) separate out of weld metal, which made the hardness of weld metal increase by ～20%. Meanwhile, the fracture location of joints during tensile test changed from weld zone to heat affected zone (HAZ). The pre-weld solution treatment reduced the overaging degree of HAZ and a large number of θ′ phase reprecipitated in HAZ after post-weld artificial aging treatment. Intermediate state welding, with pre-weld solution treatment and post-weld artificial aging treatment together, could increase 20% of the hardness of weld zone, increase 11.5% of the hardness of HAZ and increase 20.3% of the tensile strength of joint.     

30mm厚钛合金TC4磁控电弧窄间隙TIG焊接接头组织及力学性能研究

对30 mm厚钛合金TC4板材进行磁控电弧窄间隙TIG焊接试验,并对其接头组织与力学性能进行检测分析,包括金相组织、拉伸强度、冲击韧性及显微硬度。通过优化焊接工艺试验,得到了外观成形美观、保护效果良好,未见宏观缺陷的窄间隙焊接接头。焊缝显微组织主要由片状α相、β相及细针状马氏体α′相组成。磁控电弧窄间隙TIG焊接中电弧在窄间隙坡口中进行周期性摆动,能够降低焊接热输入的同时保证侧壁充分熔合,得到的热影响区与常规TIG焊接方法相比要窄,宽度大约为1～2 mm。对接头进行拉伸试验,断裂位置均在焊缝处,断裂方式为韧性断裂,接头抗拉强度可达到母材的96%以上。接头热影响区硬度值最高,焊缝中心区显微硬度最低,整个接头的硬度峰值出现在热影响区的粗晶区,但未见明显的硬化及软化区域。     

稀土元素对新型Al-Mg合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响

研究了Sc,Zr元素对新型Al-Mg合金焊接接头组织和性能的影响。建立了MIG电弧二维数值分析模型,模拟出电弧温度场的分布情况,电弧最高温度超过20 000 K,且温度分布存在较大的温度梯度,说明高温电弧对合金有益元素有一定的烧损作用。采用合金元素不同的焊丝ER5356,ER5B06和ER5B71作为填充材料,对2 mm厚新型Al-Mg合金进行MIG焊接试验,研究高Mg焊丝添加不同稀土元素对焊接性能及组织的影响。结果表明,使用3种焊丝均可获得性能优良的焊接接头,使用ER5B06焊丝的接头力学性能得到一定提升,但焊缝晶粒细化效果不明显;使用复合添加Sc,Zr微量元素的ER5B71焊丝,接头晶粒能够有效细化,力学性能进一步得到提升。3种焊丝中,采用ER5B71焊丝的焊接接头强度最高,焊接系数为83%,焊接接头中起到细化晶粒作用的析出相以Al3(Sc,Zr)为主。同时,无论采用哪种焊丝,焊接热影响区未发生明细的晶粒粗化,说明在母材中加入一定的Sc,Zr微量元素,可提升合金材料抗软化能力,有效抑制热影响区再结晶行为。 创新点： 采用电弧物理数值模拟和进行试验结合的方法,进行研究论证,使研究内容充实,有理论深度,更具说服力;选择具有稀土元素的铝合金和焊丝作为研究对象,对新材料及焊材的研发具有一定指导意义。     

钛合金TIG焊接头晶粒尺寸非线性梯度特征

以显微组织与晶粒尺寸统计分析为基础,研究了TC4钛合金不同TIG焊工艺的焊接接头显微组织及其晶粒尺寸变化,引入了晶粒梯度特征值概念,以表征钛合金焊接接头显微组织的非均匀性.结果表明,TC4钛合金TIG焊接头显微组织的晶粒尺寸从焊缝中心经热影响区至母材呈现非线性变化,晶粒尺寸变化率(晶粒梯度)在柱状晶区(CZ)和粗晶区(CGZ)交界处出现最大值,称之为晶粒梯度特征值;随着TIG焊热输入增大,晶粒梯度特征值逐渐减小,但相对位置不发生改变.晶粒尺寸梯度特征值能够反映钛合金焊接接头组织的不均匀性,这对于探索钛合金焊接接头的服役性能具有重要的意义.     

焊缝强度匹配对铝合金焊接接头三向应力度分布的影响

用有限元软件ABAQUS对不同焊缝强度匹配的6063铝合金焊接接头进行拉伸模拟,研究了焊缝强度匹配对焊接接头中三向应力度分布的影响.同时,在每种强度匹配条件下,研究了HAZ宽度对焊接接头中三向应力度分布的影响.结果表明,与母材相比,不同焊缝强度匹配的焊接接头中应力状态较为复杂,三向应力度在母材与HAZ交界处和焊缝与HAZ交界处存在突变;高强匹配接头中三向应力度最大值最高,低强匹配接头中三向应力度最大值最小;等强匹配条件下,随着HAZ宽度的增大,三向应力度最大值的位置从母材与HAZ交界处转变为焊缝与HAZ的交界处;高强匹配条件下,三向应力度的最大值都出现在焊缝与HAZ的交界处,随着HAZ宽度增大,三向应力度的最大值逐渐减小;低强匹配条件下,三向应力度的最大值都出现在母材与HAZ的交界处,随着HAZ宽度增大,三向应力度的最大值逐渐减小.     

激光电弧热源复合模式对301L不锈钢焊接接头性能的弱化机制

激光电弧复合焊在传统的激光填丝焊基础上加入了电弧形成复合热源,导致电弧区产生热量积累,造成焊缝晶粒粗大,并弱化了焊接接头的强度和断后伸长率,促使焊接结构的服役安全性能大幅降低. 通过建立三维熔池温度模型及力学性能分析阐明了激光与电弧协同热作用对焊接接头强度和断后伸长率的影响规律. 结合焊缝的晶粒尺寸、晶界取向差分布、织构强度从微观晶体学角度揭示了焊接接头强度和断后伸长率的弱化机制. 结果表明,电弧介入促使复合热源产生热积累,降低熔池温度梯度,强化了晶粒的择优取向生长及织构强度,导致接头各向异性,从而使焊接接头的断后伸长率降低2%. 较低的温度梯度会延长熔池冷却时间,促使晶粒长大和大角度晶界减少,不利于阻碍位错滑移,导致焊接接头平均屈服强度降低35 MPa,极限抗拉强度降低66 MPa. 并且随着焊接电流的升高,熔池高温停留时间延长,接头晶粒及织构强度增大,接头强度和断后伸长率继续降低.     

Mechanical properties of welded joints of alloy VT23 after repeated heating by an electron beam

Welded joints of high-strength titanium alloys are characterized by low properties of the weld and the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Heat treatment can improve these properties, especially in heat-affected zones. Heat treatment by standard regimes improves the properties of welded joints, but the weld and the HAZ usually have lower mechanical characteristics than the base metal and are still the most dangerous zones of welded joints. Therefore methods and regimes of heat treatment have to be developed in order to improve the properties and the weld and the HAZ and hence the entire welded structure.The results presented in this paper were obtained in an investigation financed by Goskomvuz of Russia in a grant to the Tsiolkovskii Aircraft Engineering Institute.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 9, pp. 5–7, September, 1995.     

核电321不锈钢旋转电弧窄间隙GTAW工艺

为明确TP347H不锈钢焊接接头敏化特性,对焊接接头进行不同条件的敏化处理. 结果表明,焊接接头热影响区敏化倾向严重,敏化过程中由于Nb原子在晶界上的结合能高于Cr原子,会先形成了粗大的初级铌碳化合物,后形成细小的二次铌碳化合物. 在700 ℃下保温时,焊接接头热影响区的敏化度呈现先提高后降低的趋势,当温度达到800 ℃及以上时,热处理不再提高接头热影响区的敏化度. 与实际生产线上服役21 000 h的F347H接头热影响区敏化特性对比,证实TP347H焊接接头650 ℃保温100 h即可达到敏化极限,其原因是Nb元素含量为C元素的数倍,大部分C元素与Nb元素结合形成NbC,而晶粒中扩散的C元素已与Cr元素充分结合,造成的敏化程度达到平衡状态.

     

H62黄铜搅拌摩擦焊接头微观结构及性能

对6 mm厚度的H62黄铜搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊缝的微观组织、力学性能进行了研究,测试并比较了焊缝和母材金属的动电位和电阻率在热-力作用下的变化.结果表明,焊缝金属经热和机械力的作用后,焊核区、热力影响区和热影响区的平均晶粒尺寸较母材的35.6μm均有细化,依次为3.8,22.2,30.6μm,反应在力学性能上焊核区硬度最高,拉伸断裂发生在硬度较低的前进侧,在微观断口中存在大量尺寸不均的网状韧窝;焊缝的腐蚀电位较母材有所提高,腐蚀电流密度降低,电阻率高于母材.     

等离子弧焊Q345B和430不锈钢异种接头的微观组织与性能

摘要： 采用等离子弧焊对3 mm厚的Q345低合金钢与430不锈钢进行异种钢焊接,并对接头微观组织、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,当转弧电流为100 A时,等离子弧焊Q345B/430异种钢接头的焊缝组织为均匀分布的马氏体及针状铁素体,焊接接头综合性能优良。随着电流的增大,焊缝组织转变为粗大板条马氏体及铁素体。两侧热影响区组织均发生一定程度的粗化,且Q345B侧热影响区出现魏氏组织。焊接接头于焊缝处显微硬度最大,不同转弧电流条件下异种钢显微硬度分布趋势大致相同。不同转弧电流下,焊接接头抗拉强度均与430不锈钢相近,且均断裂在靠近焊缝的430母材侧,转弧电流为100 A时接头抗拉强度最大值427 MPa。焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能与焊接电流呈负相关趋势。 创新点： 试验结果为铁素体低合金钢与铁素体不锈钢异种钢接头的应用提供了工艺数据与支撑。     

热输入对Q890D低合金高强钢焊接性能的影响

通过分析不同焊接热输入下Q890D钢板的焊接接头金相组织及热影响区硬度,考察了不同焊接热输入对其焊接接头强度、-20 ℃低温冲击吸收能量的影响。结果表明,Q890D钢在热影响区存在明显淬硬现象。当焊接热输入由低向高变化时,热影响区的硬度有上升趋势,而表面焊道的热影响区硬度远远高于打底焊道,说明多层多道焊时,后道焊缝对前道焊缝的热处理效果比较明显,减少了热影响区的淬硬组织。打底焊道的热影响区硬度低于焊缝及母材,存在焊后软化现象,焊接时需尽量避免过大的焊接热输入。焊缝金属中粗大贝氏体组织的增加,导致焊缝金属低温冲击吸收能量普遍低于热影响区。随着热输入的减小,焊接接头的抗拉强度和冲击吸收能量(包括焊缝、熔合线及HAZ)都有很大的提升。说明焊接热输入在一定范围内的变化对整个焊接接头强度及塑韧性有较大的影响。     

焊缝金属对SUPER 304H奥氏体耐热钢焊接性的影响

综述了焊缝金属对SUPER 304H钢焊接性的影响.结果表明,SUPER 304H钢不同成分GTAW奥氏体焊缝的热裂纹倾向较大;焊缝中凝固裂纹倾向主要是受A凝固模式控制,而HAZ液化裂纹倾向的主要原因则与晶界析出相,以及铜的富集等因素有关.不同成分奥氏体焊缝接头的力学性能各异;合适的焊缝化学成分和优化的焊接工艺是获得满...     

机械振动焊接对焊缝及热影响区金相组织的影响

主要研究了机械振动（振动频率在330－166Hz）焊接后的焊接及热影响区的金相组织形态。试验采用容器常用钢16MnR,采用埋弧自动焊,同时对其施加机械振动。选取三组试样分别在不同振动频率和振幅的条件下,进行振动焊接。结果表明,机械振动焊接可大大改善焊缝及热区的金相组织,使焊缝的组织明显细化,熔合线和过热区变窄,魏氏组织减少。同时,从焊缝溶池结晶过程方面,对在该条件下焊缝及热影响区的金相组织的形成过程做了详细的讨论。另外还得出,振动频率在窄范围内对振动焊接试件的焊缝及热影响的金相组织无明显影响。振动振幅对振动焊接试件的焊缝及热影响区的金相组织影响较大。     

00Cr12Ni双相组织不锈钢焊接接头区域特征与性能

采用熔化极活性气体保护焊(metal active gas arc welding, MAG焊)、等离子弧焊(plasma arc welding, PAW)和高频感应焊接方法获得铁素体+马氏体双相组织不锈钢00Cr12Ni的焊接接头,对其组织区域特征和力学性能进行了研究.典型的焊接接头热影响区(heat affected zone, HAZ)可分为晶粒粗大,铁素体为优势相的高温热影响区(high temperature heat affected zone, HTHAZ)和晶粒细小,马氏体为优势相的低温热影响区(low temperature heat affected zone, LTHAZ).通过测量实际焊接热循环曲线的方法确定了HTHAZ及LTHAZ的温度范围,并采用热模拟研究HAZ不同区域的力学性能.结果表明,HTHAZ的热循环峰值范围为1 200℃至熔点,晶粒粗大呈现为脆性;LTHAZ热循环峰值范围为800～1 200℃,室温组织为非平衡低碳板条马氏体,韧性较好,但低于0℃时呈脆性. MAG焊接头由于奥氏体焊缝为钟罩形,HAZ冲击试验时断面包括奥氏体焊缝,因此冲击性能较好;...     

超纯铁素体Cr30Mo2钢焊接接头的组织和力学性能

利用自制的焊接工作台,在ＴＩＧ焊基础上,对Ｃｅ３０Ｍｏ２超纯铁素体不锈施焊。焊接中对焊缝和热影响区附加拖罩和背;衬的Ａｒ气延续保护。对焊接接头质量进行宏观坶检验;借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）、透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）分析焊缝组织特征一冲击断口形貌;按国家标准测试焊接接头的力学性能。华发头上未发现任何焊接缺陷,焊接缝质量良好;其强度、延性和韧性均达到母材水平,特别是在焊缝和热影响区未出现脆化现象,冲