Dynamic model for electrode melting rate in gas metal arc welding process

Abstract

A model has been developed that correlates the anode temperature profile with the dynamic melting rate in gas metal arc welding. The components of this model are the electrode melting rate, the temperature dependent resistivity of the electrode, and the arc voltage. The differential equations describing the dynamic behaviour of the electrode extension were derived from the mass continuity and energy relations. The temperature of the electrode extension was determined by analysing conductive heat transfer and Joule heating effects. One­dimensional solutions for the temperature and heat content were used to obtain the dynamic melting rate equation. The purpose of the present paper is to provide quantitative analyses, concentrating on the thermal behaviour and the electrical characteristics of the arc welding system, to aid in achieving a fundamental understanding of the process, and to develop a dynamic model that can be used in adaptive control. The model is tested by comparison with experimental results.     

Shunting of the arc current in plasma-arc consumable electrode welding (plasma-MIG welding)

ABSTRACT

Special features of the process of shunting plasma arc current with a consumable electrode are investigated. The effect of the diameter of the consumable electrode, its visible extension and plasma arc current on the shunting current is determined. The effect of shunting current on the electrode metal transfer and the rate of electrode melting is determined.     

纳米大理石对D600R堆焊焊条性能的影响

用粒径70～90nm大理石取代堆焊焊条D600R药皮中的微米大理石,制成纳米大理石焊条.利用汉诺威电弧质量分析仪对焊接过程中的电流电压和短路时间进行测试,获得微米大理石焊条和纳米大理石焊条的燃弧特征;通过焊接工艺试验、测氢试验、熔化温度测试、硬度试验、耐磨试验和微观分析,分别对两种焊条的工艺性能和力学性能进行分析.结果表明,用纳米大理石替代微米大理石可降低焊条药皮的熔化温度和堆焊层金属中的扩散氢含量;提高焊条的熔敷效率;降低焊条短路电压、短路电流概率密度和,在短路时间t12.05ms时间段内缩短累计短路时间;改善焊条操作性能;提高堆焊层金属硬度和耐磨性.     

Integrated model for assessment of electromagnetic force field due to arc welding

Abstract

Computation of the electromagnetic force over a wide range of consumable arc welding parameters is difficult with available models because of the need for experimentally evaluated electrode extension for every individual set of parameters. This becomes more complicated in case of submerged are welding, because the welding arc remains buried beneath flux. This study presents a new approach of integrating mechanistic model of electrode extension with the computational model of electromagnetic force, wherein the apparent electrode extension is obtained by solving the electrode melting rate equation. The proposed approach is demonstrated through a case on submerged arc welding. The effect of current, voltage, electrode diameter, contact tip to workpiece distance and polarity, on the electromagnetic force, is determined and analysed. This investigation shows that detrimental effects of welding electromagnetic force can be restricted without compromising productivity because after initial rapid increase, no considerable change in melting rate is caused by the force under consideration.     

Metal transfer and arc behaviour of novel consumable and non-consumable electrode indirect arc droplet welding

Abstract

The consumable and non-consumable electrode indirect arc droplet welding is a novel method that applies an indirect arc generated between a consumable electrode and a non-consumable electrode to welding. It was successfully used to overlap join the thin zinc coated steel plate. In the point to point (consumable electrode and non-consumable electrode) configuration, the stable metal transfer was obtained. The globular, projected spray and streaming spray transfer modes were promoted. With the increase in welding power, the metal transfer became faster and more stable. At the same time, the indirect arc became brighter, smaller and more stable. The arc self-regulation guaranteed the stable burning of the indirect arc. The desire stability was observed from the fluctuation of the welding current and the arc voltage waveforms. The side concentrated melting on the root of the droplet produced high pinch effect, which facilitated the detachment of the droplet.     

焊接电流对双丝间接电弧焊电弧特性的影响

主要研究了焊丝伸出长度对焊接电流、电弧电压以及焊接电流对双丝问接电弧气体保护焊电弧特性的影响。结果表明,随着焊丝伸出长度的增加,焊接电流减小;双丝间接电弧气体保护焊负极焊丝的熔化速度随着焊接电流的增加而明显增大,正极焊丝的熔化速度随焊接电流的增加而缓慢增大,两者均随着电弧电压的增加而减小;随着焊接电流的增大熔滴变细;双丝问接电弧气体保护焊有多种电弧形态。     

Effect of welding speed and electrode extension on the approximate entropy of welding current in short-circuiting GMAW

Based on the phase space reconstruction of welding current in short-circuiting transfer arc welding under carbon dioxide, the approximate entropy of welding current and its standard deviation have been calculated and analyzed at different welding speeds and different electrode extensions respectively. The experimental and calculated results show that at a certain arc voltage, wire feeding rate and gas flow rate, welding speed and electrode extension have significant effects not only on the approximate entropy of welding current, but also on the stability of welding process. Further analysis proves that when the welding speed and electrode extension are in an appropriate range respectively, the welding current approximate entropy attains maximum and its standard deviation minimum. Just under such circumstances, the welding process is in the most stable state.     

压力对水下焊条局部干法焊接电弧稳定性的影响

在压力舱中进行不同压力下的水下焊条局部干法焊接试验,采用统计分析和快速傅立叶变换研究了压力对水下电弧稳定性的影响.结果表明,铁粉低氢钾型焊条焊接主要进行粗熔滴短路过渡,随着压力的增加,短路时间由常压焊接的5~7 ms增加到8~10 ms,表明熔滴的平均尺寸增大.压力环境下,焊条熔化速度增大,弧压反馈调节系统的工作点上移,电弧电压增大.傅里叶变换结果表明,常压电弧电压信号的主要特征频率低于10 Hz,压力下电压信号的频谱图中出现大量高于10 Hz的谱线,说明信号突变性更强,电弧稳定性降低.     

CO2 welding with straight polarity

Powering the arc from a single-phase rectifier with a capacitor voltage multiplier and a choke coil inductance of 1.2 mH results in the formation of welded joints in welding with wires with a diameter of 0.8 and 1.2 mm with a current of 12 A or higher at straight polarity in CO₂. At a current lower than 50 A, the melting factor increases and the difference in the melting rates at straight polarity decreases in comparison with the melting rate at reversed polarity. According to films and oscillograms, the transfer of large droplets is accompanied by neither displacement of the droplets from the electrode axis nor by more intensive splashing.     

耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊工艺

将耦合电弧钨极和GPCA焊方法结合,形成了耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊方法,该方法可实现深熔深高速度焊接.对比分析了在较高焊接速度时常规TIG焊、耦合电弧钨极TIG焊和耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊的焊缝表面成形和截面形貌,发现耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊可避免咬边和驼峰焊道的产生,并且焊缝熔深有所增加.耦合电弧钨极GPCA-TIG焊工艺试验表明,焊缝熔深和熔宽随焊接速度的减小和外喷嘴位置的升高而增大,随着弧长和外层氧气流量的增加先增加后略有减小;随着焊接速度的减小,弧长和外层氧气流量的增大,焊缝咬边减轻,外喷嘴相对高度变化时焊缝均未出现咬边.     

双电极焊条单弧焊的熔化特性Ⅱ.电弧对两焊芯熔化的自调节作用

两焊芯熔化速度能否保持一致是双电极焊条单弧焊过程能否稳定进行的关键.研究表明,双电极焊条两焊芯熔化的一致性受焊条类型、焊接电流等因素的影响.双电极焊条两焊芯熔化一致的充分条件为U阳效等于U阴效,两者差值越大则焊芯熔化不一致程度越大.双电极焊条单弧焊电弧对两焊芯的熔化存在自调节作用,即电弧燃烧过程中两焊芯端部在电弧中的长度不等,两焊芯仍能保持等速熔化,使电弧燃烧过程能够稳定进行.电弧自调节作用原理是由于两焊芯端部在弧柱区的长度不同,伸入弧柱区中较长的焊芯从弧柱区获得更多的热量,而加快其熔化,从而起到电弧的自调节作用.一般随焊芯间距的减小及焊接电流的增大,电弧自调节作用增强.     

Metal transfer characteristics of GMAW with strip electrode

Abstract

The metal transfer process of gas metal arc welding with strip electrode is observed by a high speed digital camera system. Because the rectangular strip electrode has a large width/thickness ratio, the pendant droplet is elliptical in shape, and multicurrent channels are generated. The Lorentz force induced between the multicurrent channels drives the droplet and welding arc to move along the strip electrode end, but the droplet always lags behind the welding arc. The movement results in uncertain droplet’s detaching location and transition trajectory. The projected transfer mode is promoted, and the streaming and rotating transfer modes are restrained. With the increase in welding power, the droplet motion is faster but more stable. The stability can be reflected from the fluctuation of the welding current and arc voltage waveforms.     

Boride coatings on steel using shielded metal arc welding electrode: Microstructure and hardness

In the present study, shielded metal arc welding electrodes were produced for making boride coatings and low-carbon steel plates were surfaced with single-pass bead on-plate welds. The effects of the boron content in the electrode shield on the microstructure and hardness of the coatings were investigated. After deposition, microstructural analyses including metallographic examination, wavelength-dispersive X-ray (WDX), X-ray and microhardness measurements of the coatings were evaluated. From the results, it was seen that different boron contents formed primary and eutectic Fe₂B, and consequently had an effect on the hardness of the coating. As the amount of boron which was transferred from the electrode shield to the coating increased, the microstructure of the coating changed from the eutectic structure (α-Fe + F₂B) to primary Fe₂B with the eutectic of Fe₂B plus martensite, and the hardness increased. The present study has therefore shown that the shielded metal arc welding electrodes produced here for the first time can be used effectively and economically to produce boride coatings on SAE 1020 steel.     

带状电极MAG焊电弧行为

用高速摄像系统和电流电压采集模块对带状电极MAG焊工艺电弧行为进行了研究.结果表明,带状电极MAG焊电弧呈非柱对称分布,电弧截面从钢带端部到母材逐渐由椭圆形过渡到圆形.随焊接工艺参数的增大,电弧能量提高,钢带端部由多个电弧共存转变为一个电弧燃烧,电弧沿钢带无规律的紊乱运动转变为较稳定的左右摆动,进而转变为不发生明显摆动...     

Thermal behaviour of the consumable electrode in the vacuum arc remelting process

The thermal behaviour of the consumable electrode is studied using both experimental measurements and mathematical modelling. Infrared thermography measurements performed on an industrial furnace highlight qualitatively that the electrode height thermally affected by the electric arc is very small and depends on the melting rate. The vertical temperature gradient recorded at the base of the electrode varies between 350 K/cm and 650 K/cm, while the average measured superheat lies between 150 K and 200 K. A 2D mathematical model of the thermal behaviour of the consumable electrode during melting has been developed. Using the operating parameters as model inputs, it makes it possible to predict the melt rate and the evolution of the shape of the electrode base. The results of the model are successfully compared to melt rate experimental data obtained in a real VAR furnace. The thermal effect of cracks in the electrode is investigated and reveals a significant influence on the variation in melt rate.     

窄间隙焊接钨极动态运动轨迹多自由度控制

在厚壁管、压力容器及电站锅炉的窄间隙全位置焊接中，钨极运动轨迹是动态的。根据窄间隙全位置焊接工艺要求，从钨极运动轨迹角度，提出了钨极运动轨迹综合控制方案，通过对钨极柔性接触引弧轨迹上的各参数作用机理研究，提出钨极柔性接触引弧控制方法；根据钨极摆动轨迹分析，提出基值电压控制弧长和基、峰值电压值分别控制弧长两种方案；为避免在窄间隙U形坡口两侧壁出现“爬弧现象”，设计了焊缝横向运动轨迹计算机控制自动跟踪系统；根据全位置焊接重力对钨极纵向运动轨迹影响特点，设计了基于单片机控制的弧压传感可变增益PID弧长控制器。     

双电极焊条TE4303单弧焊接分析

从焊接效率与节能、微观组织、力学性能、断口形貌等方面对钛钙型双电极焊条(TE4303)单弧焊进行了研究.结果表明,与传统单芯焊条(E4303)电弧焊相比,当采用相同的焊接电流时,TE4303单弧焊熔化系数和熔敷系数可提高1倍,熔化单位重量焊条金属节省电能约20%～30%;TE4303单弧焊对母材热输入小,接头熔合比小,...     

铜基自润滑复合材料的电弧烧蚀性能研究

研究了铜-30%(体积分数,下同)石墨、铜-30%二硫化钨和铜-30%二硫化钼3种铜基自润滑复合材料的抗电弧烧蚀性能。结果表明:石墨熔点较高,在电弧放电瞬间主要以氧化的形式损耗,而二硫化钨和二硫化钼则会在电弧放电造成的高温下发生熔化甚至与铜基体发生化学反应,所以铜-30%石墨复合材料的抗电弧烧蚀性能要优于铜-30%二硫化钨和铜-30%二硫化钼复合材料。铜基自润滑复合材料的电弧烧损机制主要有材料的氧化、熔化飞溅、内部化学反应以及疲劳脱落。     

Modelling physical processes in arc welding with a stationary consumable electrode

The model of physical phenomena taking place in welding in a narrow slit-like gap is discussed. It is shown that the main process that determines heating of the electrode and melting in the modelling of the physical phenomena taking place in the electrode is the passage of welding current through the electrode. Measures for producing high-quality welded joints in arc welding with a stationary consumable electrode are proposed.