水下湿法焊接裂纹敏感性试验

潜水焊工在水深2m的水池里,使用水下专用焊条进行EH36和16Mn试板湿法焊接试验。依据GB4675.1-1984斜Y型坡口焊接裂纹实验方法,评价水下湿法焊接接头的冷裂纹敏感性。小铁研实验表明,水下湿法焊接接头的抗裂性很差,裂纹率基本为100%。裂纹是从根部产生,沿着熔合线向焊缝表面或者焊缝表面熔合线区域扩展。同时提出了水下湿法焊接冷裂纹防止的一些建议。     

Study of pores produced in underwater wet welding

0 IntroductionPore is one of the main defects produced in wet weld-ing, especially in deep water. The integrity, ductility,and strength of a wet weld will be reduced by the presenceof pores. It is very necessary to study the pore formation toimprove the quality of underwater wet welds and to ensurethe security and dependability of the welded structures.Underwater wet welding offers advantages such ashigh speed, good versatility, and cost effectiveness. It ischaracterized by lower visibility, …     

Thermodynamic considerations of pore formation and hydrostatic pressure during underwater wet welding

The pore and crack formations in the weld bead during underwater wet welding are the main cause of failure to reach the required mechanical properties of the weld metal. These defects are closely associated with the decomposition of the water molecule under electric arc conditions. In this paper, the thermodynamic calculations of the complex process of the water decomposition under the conditions of high electric arc temperatures at a pressure of 1 atm of steam are discussed. The values of the partial pressures of the five main products of the vaporizations and decomposition of the water (H₂O_(g), H₂, O₂, H and O) are calculated for temperatures between 1870 and 4000 K. Due to the fact that atomic hydrogen is mainly responsible for pore formation in the weld metal, its partial pressure as a function of partial pressures of atomic oxygen and steam (water vapour) is expressed. Hydrogen solubility values in the liquid metal under the conditions of underwater wet welding at depths of 50 and 100 m, and a comparison between the thermodynamic calculation and porosity measurement results at depths of 50 and 100 m, are presented.     

Fatigue crack growth of bainitic rail steel welds

Abstract

The objective of the present study is to develop and evaluate novel weld repairs of bainitic rail steel defects, such as detail fracture, induced by in service loading. Slots were machined in the bainitic rail steel to simulate the removal of service defects. Multipass gas metal arc welding was used to fill and repair the slots. Three-point bend tests of the parent and welded steels revealed that the flexural weld efficiency was 75%. Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) tests were performed on specimens from the welded joints and compared with the parent materials to determine the mechanical integrity of the slot repairs. The fatigue lifetime and FCP kinetics were similar for the parent and slot welded bainitic steels, indicating similar resistance to FCP. The fatigue fracture surface morphology of the parent and welded bainitic rail steels both revealed mostly a ductile fracture mechanism in all the three FCP stages.     

水下湿法焊接浅水环境下FCAW电弧静特性

为了研究水下湿法焊接浅水环境下FCAW电弧特性,在自制的能够模拟不同水深的高压舱焊接系统内进行了一系列试验.并用编写的Lab View程序在采集到的电弧电压和焊接电流数据中选取焊接时较稳定的数据绘制电弧静特性曲线,对比分析了在相同的焊接工艺参数下常压空气中平板工件焊接和在浅水环境下水下湿法FCAW的电弧静特性,同时研究...     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar welds between 16Mn and 304L in underwater wet welding

Dissimilar joint between 304L austenitic stainless steel and low-alloy steel 16Mn was underwater wet welded using self-shielded nickel-based tubular wire. Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of dissimilar welded joints were discussed. Ni-based weld metal was fully austenitic with well-developed columnar sub-grains. Type II boundary existed between Ni-based weld metal and ferritic base metal in underwater welds similar to that in air welds. Major alloying elements distributed non-uniformly across the austenitic weld metal/16Mn interface. Maximum hardness values in wet welding appeared in a coarse-grained heat-affected zone at the 16Mn side, which possessed very low impact toughness. Underwater Ni-based welded joints fractured at Ni-based weld metal under tensile test. Ni-based weld metal had favourable corrosion resistance similar to 304L base metal.     

水下管道焊接技术的研究现状及发展趋势

水下管道的焊接由于受水下环境韵影响,焊接方法与焊接设备都较陆地上的复杂得多,它具有可见度差、焊缝舍氢量高、冷却速度快、电弧电压高和连续作业困难等特点。综述了水下管道焊接技术研究与应用的最新进展,并就水下．焊接技术的发展趋势提出了看法。     

SMAW水下湿法焊接工艺试验及接头性能

为了解决海洋采油平台在使用过程中出现的材料老化及结构受损等问题,开发了适用于海洋工程结构物维修的水下湿法焊接工艺,本研究采用Broco水下焊条在试验水槽内进行了初步的水下焊接工艺研究,并在焊后对接头进行无损检测、力学性能测试和金相分析等试验。试验结果表明,焊接接头的各项性能指标均满足美国水下焊接AWS D3.6:2010标准B级焊缝的要求,为后续开发更大水深的湿法焊接工艺积累了经验。     

水下湿法焊接短路电流控制的探索

通过改变焊接回路的电压反馈比例获得脉冲电压,利用给定电压调节短路电流,用80C196KC单片机的HSO 1口产生脉冲波形控制送丝步进电机,形成脉动送丝方式。在单片机控制下,脉冲电压、脉动送丝与短路电位三位一体同步调控。系统除了具有电压、电流波形均匀工整,短路过渡频率受控,水下焊缝成形较为美观等特点外,在一定送丝频率下,短路时峰值电流明显降低,焊接过程十分稳定。     

Stress corrosion crack growth rate in dissimilar welds

Summary

Dissimilar welds, used to join different sections in light water reactors, are potentially susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in aqueous media, characteristic of nuclear plants. However, the study of these welds has been limited to evaluating weld material susceptibility in these media. Scarce data are available on crack growth rates due fundamentally to inadequate testing techniques. In order to address this lack of information, the crack growth rate at the interface of ferritic SA533B‐1 alloy and 1–82 alloy in a dissimilar weld (SA533B‐1/I‐82/316L) was studied. Experiments were conducted in water at 288 °C, 8 ppm of O₂ and 1 μS/cm conductivity.     

新型水下焊接电源及送丝机构的研究

研究了一种新型的水下焊接系统。系统中孤焊电源输出阶梯型的外特性，送丝系统采用脉动送丝方式。在单片机控制下，脉动送丝波形与外特性同步调控。在停止送丝阶段，单片机夸电源输出电压为峰值，焊丝在此电压下返烧并形成熔滴。送丝脉冲到来的瞬间，电源输出电压切换为基值。熔滴依靠送丝动量向熔地方向前进，最终向熔池过渡，随着焊炬的移动而彤成一道焊缝。实验结果表明，使用这个系统进行气体保护药芯焊丝水下湿法焊接时，电压、电流波形均匀工整，短路过渡频率受控，焊接过程稳定，水下焊缝成形较为美观。     

Sensitivity model for prediction of bead geometry in underwater wet flux cored arc welding

To investigate influence of welding parameters on weld bead geometry in underwater wet flux cored arc welding (FCAW), orthogonal experiments of underwater wet FCAW were conducted in the hyperbaric chamber at water depth from 0.2 m to 60 m and mathematical models were developed by multiple curvilinear regression method from the experimental data. Sensitivity analysis was then performed to predict the bead geometry and evaluate the influence of welding parameters. The results reveal that water depth has a greater influence on bead geometry than other welding parameters when welding at a water depth less than 10 m. At a water depth deeper than 10 m, a change in travel speed affects the bead geometry more strongly than other welding parameters.     

Fatigue crack propagation in single-crystal CMSX- 2 at elevated temperature

The fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of the nickel-base superalloy CMSX-2 in single-crystal form was investigated. Tests were conducted for two temperatures (25 and 700 °C), two orientations ([001][110] and [001][010]), and in two environments (laboratory air and ultra-high vacuum 10^-7 torr). Following FCP testing, the fracture surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FCP rates were found to be relatively independent of the temperature, environment, and orientation when correlated with the conventional mode I stress-intensity factor. Examination of the fracture sur-faces revealed two distinct types of fracture. One type was characterized by 111 fracture surfaces, which were inclined relative to both the loading and crack propagation directions. These features, al-though clearly a result of the fatigue process, resembled cleavage fractures along 111 planes. Such fea-tures were observed at 25 and 700 °C; they were the only features observed for the 25 °C tests. The second type had a macroscopically dull loading appearance, was microscopically rough, and grew normal to the loading axis. These features were observed on the specimens tested at 700 °C (in both air and vacuum) and appeared similar to conventional fatigue fractures. Although in this region the crack plane was mac-roscopically normal to the loading direction, it deviated microscopically to avoid shearing the y ’ precipi-tates. In view of the complex crack growth mechanisms, mixed fracture modes, and lack of any difference in FCP rates, it is hypothesized that the correlation between FCP rates and the stress-intensity parameter is probably coincidental. The implications for life prediction of higher temperature turbine components based on conventional fracture mechanics are significant and should be investigated further.     

LY12/Cu双金属层合板的疲劳性能(Ⅱ) ——角裂纹

对爆炸复合双层金属板LY12 /Cu和LY12 /LY12中L T取向角裂纹的疲劳扩展行为进行了对比性实验研究和理论分析。结果表明 ,双层金属板的界面相性能、体积分数及界面两侧材料的性能差异对层合板中角裂纹的疲劳扩展具有重要影响。对由不同金属构成的双层复合板 ,角裂纹疲劳扩展过程中试样两侧面的裂纹长度不同 ,并且随着裂纹扩展其差距逐渐加大 ,但存在最大值Δac。当两侧面裂纹长度差Δa <Δac 时 ,两侧裂纹扩展速率不同 ;当Δa≥Δac 时 ,两侧裂纹扩展速率相同。对整个裂纹扩展过程可用Δac 和其后任一侧的裂纹扩展ΔK—da/dN曲线共同描述。     

Fatigue crack growth in the welding nugget of FSW joints of a 6060 aluminum alloy

Friction stir welded butt joints were performed on 8 mm thick sheets made of AA6060 T6 aluminum alloy by means of a CNC machine tool, at feed rates between 117 and 683 mm/min and tool rotational speed between 838 and 1262 rpm. Tensile tests, metallographic analyses and micro-Vickers tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of the joints as a function of the process parameters. The fatigue behavior was studied by means of crack growth tests performed according to ASTM E647 standard on CT specimens, with propagation in the middle of joint along the weld nugget. The results show the influence of welding process parameters on mechanical properties and fatigue behavior. Reduction of UTS of about 20–30% with respect to base material occurred with rupture in the softened zone of welding, usually HAZ. In this range, slight variations of joint efficiency were observed with f/S ratio, while the width of the softening area increases for decreasing values of this parameter. Fatigue crack growth was always slower than that in the base material at low ΔK below 12 MPa m^1/2. The effect of non-optimal welding parameters was evident at intermediate and high ΔK, due to defects, such as tunnels, that cause dramatic increase of propagation rate up to five times higher than the base material.     

搅拌摩擦焊AA7075-T651铝合金接头的疲劳裂纹扩展(英文)

研究12 mm厚AA7075-T651铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。从搅拌摩擦焊接头以及母材中截取试样,对试样进行疲劳裂纹扩展实验。对搅拌摩擦焊接头以及母材的横向拉伸性能进行评估。用光学显微镜和透射电镜分析焊接接头的显微组织。用扫描电镜观察试样的断裂表面。与母材相比,焊接接头的ΔKcr降低了10×10-3 MPa·m1/2。搅拌摩擦焊AA7075-T651接头的疲劳寿命明显低于母材的,其原因可归结于焊缝区的析出相在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的溶解。     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior of K40S cobalt-base superalloy at elevated temperature

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Solidification crack initiation and propagation in pulsed laser welding of wrought heat treatable aluminium alloy

The effect of preheating on strain rate and liquid flowrate is analysed to develop a model for solidification cracking in successive laser weld spots in 2024 aluminium alloy. It is shown that the lower tendency for solidification cracking with preheating can be attributed to the lower strain rate but not the feeding rate. It is also shown there is a strong tendency for solidification crack propagation through the fusion lines between the consecutive weld spots where there is already a crack present at the fusion line. This observation can be attributed to the higher local strain rate and lower feeding rate.