Metallurgical evaluation of austenitic stainless surfacing welding on SAE 4130 steel

The objective of this study was to make a metallurgical evaluation of the austenitic stainless surfacing welding on the sealing area of the riser tubes made of SAE 4130 steel. The study was divided into two steps. The first step aims to determine the dilution rate and deposition rate for the minimum and maximum levels of heat input according to the welding procedure specification (WPS) for TIG and SMAW processes, followed by analysis and study on the Schaeffler diagram in order to identify the welding consumable best-suited to attend the established quality criteria. This study identified the electrode 312 as the filler material for the first layer, and the electrodes 309 and 308 for the second layer, both using the maximum heat input of the WPS and the SMAW process, with benefits to productivity. The second step has as its objective the validation of the empirical results found in the 1st step, with the execution of surfacing welds with two layers each, and the metallurgical characterization of the welded joints by mechanical testing and microstructural analysis by optical and electronic microscopy. The results of mechanical testing and microstructure were considered satisfactory, filling the adopted quality criteria. An austenitic-ferritic microstructure with delta ferrite content between 10 and 15% was observed for both layers of the surfacing. The electrode 312 assumed a prominent position in the application of the first layer of the surfacing weld on the SAE 4130 steel, according to its higher content of delta ferrite and chromium, avoiding hot cracks formation. For the second layer, both the 309 and 308 may be used. All welds were made with high heat input, ensuring increased productivity, without significant change in the physical and mechanical characteristics.     

焊接工艺参数对核电用ER308L埋弧焊材性能的影响

通过调整焊接工艺参数,研究了热输入和道间温度对三代核电用HS308LH+SJ601H埋弧焊焊丝焊剂熔敷金属力学性能、铁素体含量和晶间腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,在1.3~3.0 kJ/mm的热输入范围内和130~250°C道间温度范围内,焊接参数和道间温度对熔敷金属力学性能和耐晶间腐蚀性能无明显影响,铁素体含量均满足要求。焊态和尺寸稳定化热处理态熔敷金属性能均满足三代核电技术要求。     

热输入对海工用钢不同合金系焊缝金属韧性的影响

为探究不同合金系焊缝金属对热输入的适应性,用Si-Mn,Si-Mn-Ni,Si-Mn-Ti-B三种合金系的焊材分别以24和35 kJ/cm的热输入对420 MPa低合金高强度钢板进行埋弧焊. 经过冲击、拉伸、硬度试验及光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析,对熔敷金属的组织、性能进行研究. 结果表明,随着热输入增加,再热区比例增大,晶粒长大,三种合金系的韧性均下降,其中Si-Mn合金系对大热输入的适应性最差,脆性转变温度由?70 ℃降到?65 ℃;Si-Mn-Ni合金系析出大量呈方向性的贝氏体,恶化韧性;而Si-Mn-Ti-B合金系提供大量高熔点含Ti的形核质点,促进针状铁素体形成,改善韧性.     

超低氢高韧性无缝药芯焊丝TME711NiSF的研制

为探究不同合金系焊缝金属对热输入的适应性,用Si-Mn,Si-Mn-Ni,Si-Mn-Ti-B三种合金系的焊材分别以24和35 kJ/cm的热输入对420 MPa低合金高强度钢板进行埋弧焊. 经过冲击、拉伸、硬度试验及光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析,对熔敷金属的组织、性能进行研究. 结果表明,随着热输入增加,再热区比例增大,晶粒长大,三种合金系的韧性均下降,其中Si-Mn合金系对大热输入的适应性最差,脆性转变温度由−70 ℃降到−65 ℃;Si-Mn-Ni合金系析出大量呈方向性的贝氏体,恶化韧性;而Si-Mn-Ti-B合金系提供大量高熔点含Ti的形核质点,促进针状铁素体形成,改善韧性.     

薄板TC4钛合金TIG电弧和激光焊接接头晶粒尺寸与微观组织

对薄板TC4钛合金进行TIG电弧和激光焊接技术研究,重点分析了TIG焊接电流、焊接速度和激光输出功率对TC4钛合金焊接接头晶粒尺寸、微观组织和显微硬度的影响规律. 试验结果表明,在实现薄板TC4钛合金完全熔透的条件下,激光焊接具有更小热输入,接头焊缝区和热影响区宽度也显著降低. TIG焊接接头晶粒尺寸随热输入增加,呈现增加趋势. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,焊接接头晶粒尺寸均逐渐降低. TC4钛合金激光焊接接头焊缝区呈现魏氏组织特征,针状α'马氏体细小. 近缝热影响区组织为网篮状α'马氏体,而近母材热影响区为未转变α相和针状α'马氏体的双相组织. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,马氏体生成量逐渐减少,焊缝显微硬度值呈现降低趋势;同时相比于TIG焊接,TC4激光焊接接头具有更高的显微硬度.     

钛合金先进焊接技术研究现状

对薄板TC4钛合金进行TIG电弧和激光焊接技术研究,重点分析了TIG焊接电流、焊接速度和激光输出功率对TC4钛合金焊接接头晶粒尺寸、微观组织和显微硬度的影响规律. 试验结果表明,在实现薄板TC4钛合金完全熔透的条件下,激光焊接具有更小热输入,接头焊缝区和热影响区宽度也显著降低. TIG焊接接头晶粒尺寸随热输入增加,呈现增加趋势. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,焊接接头晶粒尺寸均逐渐降低. TC4钛合金激光焊接接头焊缝区呈现魏氏组织特征,针状α'马氏体细小. 近缝热影响区组织为网篮状α'马氏体,而近母材热影响区为未转变α相和针状α'马氏体的双相组织. 随距焊缝中心位置增加,马氏体生成量逐渐减少,焊缝显微硬度值呈现降低趋势;同时相比于TIG焊接,TC4激光焊接接头具有更高的显微硬度.     

低合金高强钢激光电弧复合焊热模拟热影响区组织与冲击韧性

研制了一种Mn-Si-Ni-Cr系实心焊丝,用于新型船用440 MPa级低合金高强度(HSLA)钢焊接,采用热输入11.5,16.5和21.5 kJ/cm对该钢材进行了熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊,并使用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等设备重点研究了热输入对焊缝组织及性能的影响. 结果表明,随着热输入的增大,焊缝组织先以粒状贝氏体和板条贝氏体为主转变为以针状铁素体为主,再转变为以针状铁素体、侧板条铁素体和先共析铁素体为主,而且焊缝中M-A组元含量、直径大于 1 μm的夹杂物占比和夹杂物的平均直径均逐渐增大;随着热输入的增大,焊缝硬度不断减小,焊缝、熔合线和熔合线 + 2 mm处的冲击韧性均先增大后减小,同时焊缝的耐腐蚀性能也先增大后减小;3种焊接接头的板拉伸弯曲试样均在母材处断裂,弯曲试样均完好.     

DP590镀锌双相钢CMT焊接接头显微组织及力学性能

针对汽车制造中薄板焊接质量问题及鉴于汽车行业对镀锌双相钢的大量需求,在弧长修正系数为0,送丝速度为3.0 m/min,焊接速度为400 mm/min的焊接工艺参数下,对1.0 mm厚的DP590镀锌双相钢进行了CMT搭接焊试验,并通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜与维氏硬度计等设备研究了焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能。试验结果表明,CMT焊接DP590镀锌钢能够得到成形良好的焊接接头。焊缝组织主要为板条马氏体,粗晶区由板条马氏体和少量铁素体组成,细晶区组织多为马氏体及少量贝氏体,不完全相变区中的铁素体含量增加,马氏体含量减少;焊接接头拉伸试验断裂位置在不完全相变区,属于塑性断裂,最大载荷为10.48 kN,与母材接近。焊缝平均硬度值最高,约为260 HV,不完全相变区显微硬度值最低,约为170 HV。该研究为DP590镀锌双相钢薄板CMT焊接提供工艺参考,对汽车轻量化生产制造具有重要的工程意义。 创新点： (1)针对汽车用钢薄板焊接的难点,提出具有低热输入焊接特点的CMT工艺。 (2)研究DP590镀锌双相钢CMT焊接接头显微组织及力学性能,研究结果可为工厂实际生产提供理论依据与数据支持。     

新型Al-Mg-Mn-Er合金TIG焊接头的微观组织及力学性能

对一种Al-Mg-Mn-Er合金薄板进行TIG填丝焊接,并研究接头的微观组织以及力学性能. 结果表明,焊缝中心为等轴树枝晶,熔合线附近未出现典型的联生结晶形貌,而是存在着一个宽度约为100 μm的细晶带,热影响区出现再结晶组织. 焊缝中的析出相主要以初生Al₃Er的形式存在,与母材相比,焊缝中初生Al₃Er的尺寸更加细小,分布更加均匀,焊缝中次生Al₃Er的数量相对较少,而且这些次生Al₃Er是焊接时母材中未熔化而保留下来的. 焊接区和热影响区的硬度均低于母材,其中焊缝区的硬度最低. 随着焊接热输入的增加,接头的抗拉强度先增加后减小,当焊接热输入为218 J/mm时,接头的抗拉强度最高,达到母材的71.4%,试样的断裂位置均位于焊缝区,断口形貌呈现韧性断裂特征.     

The Microstructure and Pitting Resistance of Weld Joints of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) was welded by submerged arc welding. The effects of both heat input and groove type on the ferrite/austenite ratio and elemental diffusion of weld joints were investigated. The relationships among welding joint preparation, ferrite/austenite ratio, elemental diffusion, and pitting corrosion resistance of weld joints were analyzed. When the Ni content of the weld wire deposit was at minimum 2–4% higher than that of 2205 DSS base metal, the desired ratio of ferrite/austenite and elemental partitioning between the austenite and ferrite phases were obtained. While the pitting sensitivity of weld metal was higher than that of base metal, the self-healing capability of the passive film of weld metal was better than that of the base metal when a single V-type groove was used. Furthermore, the heat input should be carefully controlled since pitting corrosion occurred readily in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone near the fusion line of welded joints.     

On process–structure–property interconnection in anti-phase synchronised twin-wire GMAW of low carbon steel

The paper investigates process–structure–property interconnection in anti-phase synchronised twin-wire gas metal arc welded low carbon steel samples wherein process variation is achieved by using similar and dissimilar currents and diameters at lead and trail wires. Scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements are used as characterisation techniques. The investigation offers new observations on heat generation and distribution in twin-wire welding that affect weld bead and microstructure formation due to changes in arc phenomenon and molten metal flow in weld pool. Use of dissimilar currents facilitates effective utilisation of heat. The two-stage arcing in twin-wire welding facilitates slow heating and cooling that leads to weld metal and heat affected zone softening. A combination of polygonal ferrite, pearlite and bainite with varying compositions is observed across the weldment. A higher current value and larger wire diameter at the lead wire leads to coarsening of the grains thereby reducing the hardness.     

超细晶Q460钢CO2气体保护焊焊接接头组织与性能

采用CO2气体保护焊选择ER55-G焊丝焊接了超细晶Q460钢,研究了焊接接头显微组织、断口形貌以及力学性能。结果表明,焊缝主要由铁素体和少量珠光体构成,焊缝中大量针状铁素体的生成有利于提高焊缝金属的强度和韧性。焊接接头热影响区粗晶区为贝氏体组织,相变重结晶区和不完全重结晶区未出现软化现象。焊缝金属同热影响区冲击断口均为韧窝状韧性断裂,由于超细晶Q460钢材质的高度纯净化以及焊接过程中较小线能量的选择,焊接接头热影响区表现出优异的冲击韧性。     

低碳Fe基Nb-Ti-V微合金化堆焊层的显微组织与性能

针对焊接快速成形耐磨功能零部件的需求,采用Nb-Ti-V微合金化的方法制备了一种低碳Fe基金属芯焊丝作为焊接成形材料,采用基于熔化极气体保护焊的焊接快速成形技术制备堆焊层试样,对其显微组织和性能进行了研究.显微组织分析表明:堆焊层金属无气孔和裂纹缺陷,主要组织是铁素体和板条马氏体,沿堆积高度方向上,马氏体的板条由粗大变为细小.堆焊层的硬度测试表明:显微硬度平均值为422.7 HV,具有一定的机加工性.干摩擦磨损试验表明:堆焊层的耐磨性是45钢的2.41倍.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of E36 steel joint welded by underwater wet welding

The microstructure and mechanical properties of E36 steel joint welded by underwater welding using flux-cored wire are comprehensively investigated. The welding depth, welding current and welding voltage is 4 m, 130 A and 32 V, respectively. The weld metal is ferrite which varies in size, with carbide particles distributed on it, while the microstructure of HAZ is mixture of martensite of different size and some tempered structure. The microhardness of the weld metal is 190 HV. Almost all the tensile specimens fracture in weld metal and the average tensile strength of joint is 390 MPa, which is equal to 80% that of base metal. The tensile fracture morphology of joint presents obviously the characterization of brittle fracture, which displays the features of cleavage fracture and intergranular fracture.     

热输入对800 MPa级钢接头组织及性能的影响

系统研究了焊接热输入对新一代800MPa级高强度结构钢(RPC钢)焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响。研究结果表明，采用最新研制的超低碳贝氏体焊丝焊接800MPa级RPC钢获得了强韧性匹配良好的焊接接头；焊缝一次柱状品的宽度随热输入的增加而增大，焊缝金属二次组织中基本上消除了先共析铁素体和侧板条铁素体，组成焊缝的基本类型为板条贝氏体、针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体；随着热输入的增大，焊接接头的抗拉强度逐渐降低，而低温冲击韧度则先升高，然后又下降；在热输入为20kJ／cm时焊缝金属低温韧性出现峰值与焊缝获得细小密集的针状铁素体组织有关。     

700MPa级低合金高强钢低匹配焊接接头组织和性能研究

按照低匹配设计原则,采用熔化极气体保护焊对屈服强度为700 MPa级的低合金高强钢进行了焊接。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和力学性能试验研究了焊接接头的组织和性能。结果表明,焊缝区组织主要为针状铁素体和少量先共析铁素体,粗晶热影响区组织为上贝氏体;焊缝区显微硬度明显低于母材,焊缝区-40℃时的冲击韧度(AKV)为58 J,抗拉强度达到了母材抗拉强度的92.4%,焊接接头的综合力学性能良好。     

Optimal Weld Parameters, Weld Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Hydrogen Absorption: An Effective Analysis

Weld bead-in-grooves were deposited on low alloy, high strength steel plates (ASTM A 517 Grade “F”) with a commercial flux-cored filler wire, Auto-MIG 420, at different welding conditions. Microstructure and mechanical properties of welds were characterized by means of optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, EPMA, microhardness measurements, tensile tests, and Charpy impact tests. Hydrogen content of weld metals in as-weld condition and after exposing in simulated service condition was measured by LECO Gas Analyzer. Microstructure of weld metals consisted primarily of lath martensite with small amount of M-A constituents (Martensite-Austenite alternating layers). For some particular welding conditions, such as higher heat input and lower preheat temperatures etc., acicular ferrite is observed with lath martensite. Welds consisting of acicular ferrite in the microstructure showed improved mechanical properties as well as lower hydrogen absorption. The study provides guidelines for selecting proper welding conditions, which results in lower propensity to absorb hydrogen during service, as well as better mechanical properties. Necessity of post-weld heat treatment processes, which is mainly performed to achieve toughness, may be reduced; consequently saving cost and time of the welding process.     

焊接热输入对核级B508-Ⅲ低合金钢焊丝熔敷金属低温韧性的影响

采用自动脉冲热丝TIG焊接技术,对自主研发的B508-Ⅲ低合金钢焊材进行性能验证,选定4种热输入进行熔敷金属试验,使用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)等分析手段研究熔敷金属显微组织以及力学性能在不同热输入下的变化规律。结果发现,焊缝组织为均匀细小的针状铁素体和板条贝氏体,组织晶粒细小且分布均匀;随着热输入增大,大尺寸夹杂物增多,夹杂物面积比有所升高。熔敷金属强度随热输入增大呈下降趋势,塑性随之升高,低温冲击吸收能量最高为310 J,低温冲击断口微观形貌主要是韧窝+准解理。焊缝金属中AF的含量以及大角度晶界的比例随热输入的增大均呈先升高后降低的趋势,与熔敷金属低温韧性随热输入的变化规律基本吻合。     

堆焊快速成形低碳钢件的组织与微观力学性能

采用自制的低碳Ti、B微合金化金属芯焊丝进行了金属零件的堆焊快速成形试验,研究了成形件的组织特征和显微硬度,结果表明:沿沉积高度方向上,成形件的连续组织具有分层特征,珠光体的含量逐渐减少,铁素体的含量逐渐增加,表层主要为块状铁素体,这与成形件各区域的热循环条件和基板材料中C元素的扩散有关;成形件底部和中间区域的显微硬度显著高于表层区域的显微硬度。采用纳米压痕法研究了成形件组织中针状铁素体和块状铁素体的微观力学性能,结果表明:针状铁素体的硬度是块状铁素体的1.28倍,两者的弹性模量相当。因此,获得大量的针状铁素体组织是提高成形件力学性能的重要途径。     

热输入对SAF2507超级双相不锈钢焊接接头显微组织及硬度的影响

采用显微观察、化学成分分析、硬度测定、EBSD分析的方法,研究了TIG焊接热输入对1.2 mm厚的SAF2507超级双相不锈钢焊接接头显微组织和硬度的影响机理.结果表明,在焊缝中,随着热输入由110 J/mm增加至156 J/mm,铁素体晶粒尺寸由90μm增至200μm,晶粒的粗化减少了奥氏体的形核位置,同时热输入的增...